Animal Husbandry and Sanitation (Module 3) PDF

SANITATIO N AND HUSBANDR Y PART 1 Module 3 Husbandry 1 CHEMICAL CLASSES This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY WHY ARE SOME ORGANISMS HARD TO DESTROY? Reference: Antiseptics, Disinfectants and...

SANITATIO N AND HUSBANDR Y PART 1 Module 3 Husbandry 1 CHEMICAL CLASSES This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY WHY ARE SOME ORGANISMS HARD TO DESTROY? Reference: Antiseptics, Disinfectants and https://www.cdc.gov/infectioncontrol/ Sterilization guidelines/disinfection/index.html  Most resistant – Least resistant Spores: spore coat and cortex act  Bacterial endospore as a barrier  Mycobacteria Mycobacteria have a waxy cell  Fungal spores wall  Nonenveloped viruses Gram-negative bacteria: have an  Vegetative fungi outer membrane  Enveloped viruses  Bacterial cells CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Ability to produce a desired effect is dependent on:  Chemical concentration-more concentrated = greater efficacy in less time (there are exceptions to this)  Contact time – shorter is better. Contact time should be less than the drying time  Amount and type of contamination (organic/inorganic matter) CHEMICAL PROPERTIES  Material surfaces-we don’t want the chemical absorbed into the surface, and we don’t want the surface destroyed by the chemical  Temperature – activity increases as temp increases-some exceptions (i.e., cold water detergents)  pH -An increase in pH improves the antimicrobial activity of some disinfectants (e.g., glutaraldehyde, quaternary ammonium compounds) but can decreases the antimicrobial activity of others (e.g., phenols, hypochlorites, and iodine). CHEMICAL PROPERTIES  Humidity-Important for gaseous disinfectants/sterilant such as EtOH  Water hardness- Can decrease the activity of a disinfectant due to the formation of insoluble precipitates  Type of organism present- spores (resistant because the spore coat and cortex act as a barrier) vs vegetative bacteria  Location of the microbes – i.e., on a flat surface, or inside surgical instruments STERILIZATION Chemical – cold sterilization – surgical instruments  Glutaraldehyde Heat/steam – autoclaves for surgical packs and glassware (we will not cover this in detail) Mechanical – gravity filtration – lab settings, used to sterilize dosing solutions  Quats Phenols CHEMICAL Soaps/Detergents Aldehydes CLASSES Oxidizing Biguanides Halogens This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS Benzalkonium chloride Commonly used disinfectant Low toxicity and generally no irritating Inactivated by organic material, soap and hard water High cidal activity-Gram + and Gram – bacteria Poor efficacy –fungi Ineffective against Depends on generation of non-enveloped the chemical, use, and manufactures instructions viruses (Parvo) Use = cleaning runs, kennels This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC- PHENOLS  Are typically household disinfectants*** - Parvosol and Lysol – neither contain phenol-based compounds  Carbolic acid (phenol)-oldest antiseptic agents  Bacteriostatic and cidal at low concentrations; kills anthrax spores with a 5% solution in 48 hours.  Toxic to cats at concentrations over 2%  May be toxic to rabbits and rodents  Decreased activity if mixed with quats  May be prepared in soap solutions-good efficacy (unlike Quats)  Not inactivated by organic matter, soap or hard water (unlike Quats)  Not effective against Gram – bacteria, nonenveloped viruses, fungi or spores SOAPS AND DETERGENTS  Natural sources/synthetic sources  Ineffective in hard water  Not good with quats  Reduce effectiveness of halogens  Not good antimicrobials This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA CHEMICAL CLASSES – ALDEHYDES REDUCING AGENTS Aldehydes (formaldehyde) Aldehydes (gluteraldehyde)  Must be used occur in an air tight  Oil at room temperature building, which must remain closed for  Sterilant with 12 hrs contact time at least 24 hours after treatment.  Effective against bacteria, spores,  Efficacy of formaldehyde is dependant viruses, fungi on relative humidity and temperature  Cidex – supplied as acid – activated  Remains effective in presence of with sodium bicarbonate organic debris  Good for cold sterilization  Gas at room temperature  High cidal activity  Not inactivated by organic matter  Irritating to respiratory tract and skin This Photo by Unknown Author is This Photo by Unknown licensed under Author is licensed under CC BY-SA CC BY-NC  OXIDISING COMPOUNDS Peroxygen/Peroxide compounds  Sterilant but may not kill pinworm eggs  No virucidal activity  Effective against bacteria and fungi; no action on spores  2% solution for 30 minutes (contact time) at 80% humidity This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY  Explosive, irritating to skin  Long contact times!  Hydrogen peroxide, Peracetic acid, AHP Accelerated Hydrogen Peroxide (Prevail)  Breaks down into oxygen and water  Short contact times  Better efficacy - viruses and mycobacterium This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND ETHYLENE OXIDE Bacteria, viruses, fungi, spores Sterilant Good for heat sensitive items Colorless, odorless gas Flammable and explosive Toxic, carcinogenic and irritating to tissues Contact time is 1 to 18 hours Minimum humidity = 30% Ventilation required post sterilization for up to 48 hours This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY BIGUANIDES Example: chlorhexidine (antiseptic), Nolvasan, Hibitane Have a broad antibacterial spectrum Effective against viruses, fungi and bacteria Function in a limited pH range (5-7) Easily inactivated by soaps and detergents. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND HALOGENS Halogens/Iodophors Examples: chlorine or iodine compounds Broad spectrum compounds (bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungi) that are considered low toxicity, low cost, and easy to use. Lose potency over time and are not active at high temperatures or pH Lose activity in organic debris, sunlight and some metals; therefore they must be applied to thoroughly cleaned surfaces Hypochlorites should never be mixed with acids or ammonia as this will result in the release of toxic chlorine gas Bleach Dilutions (example): Regular cages-20 mL bleach in 5L water Infectious cages-100 mL bleach in 5L water This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY  SANITATION AND HUSBANDRY-PART Week 5 2 17  How we care for animals Term “husbandry” is an agricultural term Selection, storage, preparation, and provision of food, bedding, and water WHAT IS Sanitation of enclosures (primary and secondary) and ANIMAL physical facility; HUSBANDRY?  waste disposal  pest control  emergency, weekend, and holiday care Population management  including animal identification  records Preparation of a disaster plan that takes into account both personnel and animals 18 This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-  Proper techniques -Right tool for the job -Standard operating procedures -Standardized practices Species specific requirements This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC -Rabbits vs cats vs dogs HUSBANDRY AND EFFICACY 19  Sterilization Destruction or removal of all living microorganisms from an object or the environment. It also involves inactivation of all forms of microbial life in terms of the organism’s ability to reproduce E.g., Autoclave Disinfection The use of physical process or chemical agent (disinfectants) that promotes killing, inhibition, or removal of pathogenic TERMINOLOGY microorganisms (usually on inanimate objects) E.g, Quatricide Sanitization Is any cleaning technique that mechanically removes microbes. Reduces level of microbial population to a safe level as determined by public health standards E.g., Germex 20  Sepsis Growth of microorganisms or the presence of microbial toxins in the blood and other tissues Asepsis Refers to any practice that prevents the entry of infectious agents into sterile tissues and thus prevents infection Antisepsis Aseptic technique practiced in health care, range from sterile TERMINOLOGY methods that uses chemical agents (antiseptics) which are applied directly to exposed body surfaces, wounds, and surgical incision to destroy or inhibit vegetative pathogens Disinfectant Are used to reduce the viability of microbial populations below a level that would be likely to causes infection. These are typically used on inanimate objects. On living tissues, these are called antiseptics. 21  WORD “static” inhibit growth of the organism. ENDINGS “cidal” refers to killing of the microorganism. 22 VETERINARY Reception CLINIC Treatment Area Surgery ZONES Kennels 23 This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY  # of pets Clients Clean 1-2X/day AND as needed Wet – soak up first, then mop with disinfectant Windows and floors- disinfect Garbage? This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND Plants? Items at “pet level”? RECEPTION 24  Dust what the client can see Clutter-proper storage space for products/goods sold to clients Keep items off the floor – if possible RECEPT Lots of lighting, natural and ION artificial Enough space for people to move, AREA pets to move Smell – should be “odour free” Vacuum mats if applicable Location of plants 25 RECEPTION AREA 26  -Lighting -Surfaces -Space -Access TREATMENT AREA 27  Disinfected not sterilized. What is sterilized in this room? Disinfected after each patient, or after last patient for the day. Disinfect before use if not used frequently Disinfect all surfaces, including window frames, handles and the SURGERY ROOM surgical table 28 KENNEL AREA Sick vs. boarding animals Pick up/soak up waste before cleaning and disinfecting-empty litter box Lots of storage required-away from pets Ability to wash floors, cage and walls Clean all surfaces-upper and lower cages, top of cages 29  Temperature Humidity ENVIRONMENTAL Lighting Primary Enclosure CONDITIONS 30 TEMPERATURE, LIGHT AND VENTILATION For small animals , temperature = 18-29 degree C Humidity 40-70% (approx.) How would the temperature change?– old, sick  How can we do this without increasing the building temperature? 31 TEMPERATURE, LIGHT AND VENTILATION Lighting that is fine for us is typically fine for animals Exceptions: albino animals Don’t want to expose animals to constant direct sunlight – heat stroke What can happen if we don’ t have proper ventilation?  Too cold? Too warm? 32 VENTILATION Increased odours from ammonia levels Increased airborne bacteria and viruses Can make the animal more susceptible to respiratory diseases In research/lab facilities, we regulate the number of air changes/hr for EACH room CCAC 15-20 33 PRIMARY ENCLOSURE HOUSING -PREVENT -PROVIDE -APPROPRIATE CONSIDERATI CONTAMINATI PSYCHOSOCIA FOR THE ONS ON L COMFORT SPECIES - -FREE OF -PREVENT -EASY OF STRUCTURALL DANGEROUS ESCAPE AND CLEANING Y SOUND SURFACES ENTRY OF VERMIN 34  Animals maintained in clean cages, bedding In-cage provisions Towels Blankets Species Frequency of Situation cleaning Sanitize vs disinfect HUSBANDRY PRACTICES 35 CLEANING METHODS Clinics vs. research vs. large animal barns/stalls  Types of cages  Number of cages  Hand washing vs machine washing  Full rack cleaning vs individual cages?  Shoeboxes vs unit cages 36 CLEANING THE PRIMARY ENCLOSURE Gloves Mask (if required) Something to wipe the cage – paper towel, cloth Disinfectant Steps Wipe out debris Spray disinfectant on all surfaces of the cage Allow disinfectant to remain in contact with the cage surfaces for the duration of the contact time Wipe dry Restock cage 37  Hose down first-why?  Allow to completely dry before the animal goes in  Drains  Types of bedding used  Can interfere with clinical observations  E.g. Red towels will hide blood RUNS VS. KENNELS 38  -Surfaces touched by animals -Other surfaces (i.e., taps) -Products used- caution This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND -Cleaned often SINKS 39 SPECIES-SPECIFIC BEHAVIOUR House different species in different rooms if possible Watch predators and prey relationships – i.e., cats with small rodents Know your species Small rodents – nesting, digging, burrowing Cats – scratch posts and resting boards Want to provide for normal movement of the animal Want to provide for postural changes  Pacing, excessive barking increased risk of disease 40  Understanding normal can help us identify abnormal Varies ANIMAL depending on OBSERVATION species Need to know cat “normal” rabbi for t different species 41  Colour, texture, consistency Abnormal - reported Slimy appearance FECES Reddish Watery Frequency – how often does the animal “go” 42 Colour, odour, opaque Light – no colour Excessively dark – rabbits Frequency - litter URINE Easy of “going” Wet spots in litter Scratching but not being able to go – FLUTD? 43 PHYSICAL APPEARANCE How does the animal look Normal vs abnormal BAR vs dull, depressed Vomiting – report  Amount (approximate), especially if medication was given – clinic and in research  Colour 44  Restlessness or lack of movement  Anxiety vs. something is really wrong  Sleeping vs. not interested in surroundings  Anxious animals can hurt themselves and you! OTHER  Check cages to make sure everything that was there is still there! OBSERVATIONS  Why is this important?  Eaten toys – balls, ropes  Enrichment – watch type with certain species 45 FOOD Fresh-define this term. Measured amount  So we know if the animal is eating  Food consumption vs. appetence  What is the difference? 46 This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-  Fresh – especially for cats Measured amount Careful with water bottles and some animals Frequency to replace – was water spilled or is the animal actually drinking a lot.........diabetes?  Client complains about having to fill up the water bowl a lot and the animal is urinating all over the house. Ins and outs WATER 47  How often How often CLEANING should exam rooms be should the trash be taken THE cleaned? out? HOSPITAL How often How often should walls be should blinds cleaned? and vents be cleaned? 48 HOW WOULD YOU CLEAN THIS ROOM? 49