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Questions and Answers
What concentration level of a certain substance is toxic to cats?
What concentration level of a certain substance is toxic to cats?
Which chemical class is effective against bacteria, spores, and viruses?
Which chemical class is effective against bacteria, spores, and viruses?
What is the primary disadvantage of using soaps and detergents in antimicrobial applications?
What is the primary disadvantage of using soaps and detergents in antimicrobial applications?
Which statement is true regarding aldehydes?
Which statement is true regarding aldehydes?
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What potential effect do peroxygen/peroxide compounds have on pinworm eggs?
What potential effect do peroxygen/peroxide compounds have on pinworm eggs?
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What must be ensured when using formaldehyde as a sterilant?
What must be ensured when using formaldehyde as a sterilant?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of glutaraldehyde?
Which of the following is a characteristic of glutaraldehyde?
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What is the first step in cleaning a primary enclosure?
What is the first step in cleaning a primary enclosure?
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Why is it important to house different species in separate rooms?
Why is it important to house different species in separate rooms?
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Which of the following bedding types can interfere with clinical observations?
Which of the following bedding types can interfere with clinical observations?
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What should you do if you observe feces with a slimy appearance?
What should you do if you observe feces with a slimy appearance?
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Which characteristic of urine can indicate potential health issues in animals?
Which characteristic of urine can indicate potential health issues in animals?
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What is the primary byproduct of Accelerated Hydrogen Peroxide when it breaks down?
What is the primary byproduct of Accelerated Hydrogen Peroxide when it breaks down?
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Which of the following properties applies to Ethylene Oxide?
Which of the following properties applies to Ethylene Oxide?
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What is a limitation of Biguanides like chlorhexidine?
What is a limitation of Biguanides like chlorhexidine?
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Which statement about Halogens is true?
Which statement about Halogens is true?
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What is the minimum humidity requirement for Ethylene Oxide sterilization?
What is the minimum humidity requirement for Ethylene Oxide sterilization?
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What is the contact time range required for Ethylene Oxide sterilization?
What is the contact time range required for Ethylene Oxide sterilization?
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Which of the following is not a characteristic of Accelerated Hydrogen Peroxide?
Which of the following is not a characteristic of Accelerated Hydrogen Peroxide?
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What type of pathogens are Biguanides like chlorhexidine effective against?
What type of pathogens are Biguanides like chlorhexidine effective against?
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Which of the following is true about the contact time for Ethylene Oxide?
Which of the following is true about the contact time for Ethylene Oxide?
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What is the primary purpose of disinfection?
What is the primary purpose of disinfection?
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Which of the following best defines asepsis?
Which of the following best defines asepsis?
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What does the term 'cidal' refer to in microbiology?
What does the term 'cidal' refer to in microbiology?
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In which scenario would antiseptics be appropriately used?
In which scenario would antiseptics be appropriately used?
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What does sanitization aim to achieve?
What does sanitization aim to achieve?
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Which of the following statements about disinfectants is true?
Which of the following statements about disinfectants is true?
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What is an example of a method used to achieve sterilization?
What is an example of a method used to achieve sterilization?
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Which term describes the growth of microorganisms or the presence of toxins in blood and tissues?
Which term describes the growth of microorganisms or the presence of toxins in blood and tissues?
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What is the main difference between antiseptics and disinfectants?
What is the main difference between antiseptics and disinfectants?
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What is the recommended frequency for cleaning the reception area?
What is the recommended frequency for cleaning the reception area?
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Which of the following should be done to disinfect surfaces in the reception area?
Which of the following should be done to disinfect surfaces in the reception area?
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What is an important aspect of the treatment area during patient procedures?
What is an important aspect of the treatment area during patient procedures?
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How should clutter be managed in the reception area?
How should clutter be managed in the reception area?
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What is the guideline for light in the reception area?
What is the guideline for light in the reception area?
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What needs to be disinfected in the surgery room?
What needs to be disinfected in the surgery room?
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What is the expected odor condition in the reception area?
What is the expected odor condition in the reception area?
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What cleaning action should be taken if an area has not been used frequently?
What cleaning action should be taken if an area has not been used frequently?
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How should vacuuming be handled in the reception area?
How should vacuuming be handled in the reception area?
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What is the main purpose of keeping items off the floor in the reception area?
What is the main purpose of keeping items off the floor in the reception area?
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Study Notes
Sanitation and Husbandry Part 1
- This module covers sanitation and husbandry practices.
Chemical Classes
- Pictures of cleaning supplies and various chemicals used for cleaning.
Why are Some Organisms Hard to Destroy?
- Antiseptics, disinfectants, and sterilization methods
- Bacterial endospores are the most resistant organisms, followed by mycobacteria, fungal spores, nonenveloped viruses, vegetative fungi, enveloped viruses, and bacterial cells.
- Spores have a spore coat and cortex that act as a barrier
- Mycobacteria have a waxy cell wall
- Gram-negative bacteria have an outer membrane
Chemical Properties
- Chemical concentration — higher concentration leads to faster and more effective disinfection.
- Contact time — shorter is better, avoiding contact time exceeding the drying time of the disinfectant
- Amount and type of contamination — organic and inorganic matter influence effectiveness.
- Material surfaces should not be absorbed or destroyed by the chemical.
- Temperature — higher temperature increases activity, with exceptions for some cold water detergents.
- pH — higher pH improves antimicrobial activity for some disinfectants (e.g., glutaraldehyde, quaternary ammonium compounds) but may decrease the activity of others (e.g., phenols, hypochlorites, and iodine).
- Humidity is important for gaseous disinfectants/sterilants such as EtOH.
- Water hardness can decrease the disinfectant activity due to precipitation.
- The type of organism present affects efficacy; spores are more resistant than vegetative bacteria.
- Location of microbes influences effectiveness; efficacy is reduced in hard-to-reach areas and inside instruments.
Sterilization
- Chemical sterilization — cold sterilization for surgical instruments (glutaraldehyde)
- Heat/steam sterilization — autoclaves for surgical packs and glassware.
- Mechanical sterilization — gravity filtration (used in lab settings to sterilize solutions).
Chemical Classes
- Quats (quaternary ammonium compounds)
- Phenols
- Soaps/Detergents
- Aldehydes
- Oxidizing agents
- Biguanides
- Halogens
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
- Benzalkonium chloride
- Commonly used disinfectant
- Low toxicity
- Inactivated by organic material, soap, and hard water
- High cidal activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria
- Poor efficacy against fungi
- Ineffective against non-enveloped viruses (parvo)
- Used for cleaning runs and kennels.
Phenols
- Typical household disinfectants (e.g., Lysol, Parvosol)
- Carbolic acid (phenol) is the oldest antiseptic
- Bacteriostatic and cidal at low concentrations, kills anthrax spores in 48 hours with a 5% solution
- Toxic to cats (>2%) and possibly rabbits and rodents
- Decreased activity when mixed with quats
- Effective in soap solutions
- Not inactivated by organic matter, soap, or hard water
- Ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria, nonenveloped viruses, fungi, or spores.
Soaps and Detergents
- Natural and synthetic sources
- Ineffective in hard water
- Not good with quats
- Reduce effectiveness of halogens
- Not good antimicrobials.
Aldehydes (Reducing Agents)
- Formaldehyde — must be used in air-tight buildings for 24 hours post-treatment. Efficacy is dependent on relative humidity & temperature, and remains effective in presence of organic debris (gas at room temperature).
- Glutaraldehyde — oil at room temperature, effective sterilant with 12 hr contact time effective against bacteria, spores, viruses, and fungi. Supplied as an acid, activated with sodium bicarbonate, good for cold sterilization. High cidal activity, not inactivated by organic matter; irritating to respiratory tract and skin.
Oxidising Compounds
- Peroxygen/peroxide compounds are sterilants but may not kill pinworm eggs. No virucidal activity.
- Effective against bacteria & fungi, no action on spores. 2% solution with 30 min contact time (80% humidity). Explosive, irritating to skin. Long contact times preferable. Hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid, and AHP
- Accelerated hydrogen peroxide breaks down into oxygen and water, with shorter contact times and better efficacy against viruses and mycobacteria.
Ethylene Oxide
- Sterilant for bacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores
- Colorless, odorless gas, good for heat sensitive items.
- Flammable and explosive, toxic, carcinogenic and irritating to tissues. (contact time 1–18 hours, minimum humidity 30%). Ventilation required post-sterilization (up to 48 hours).
Biguanides
- Chlorhexidine (antiseptic), Nolvasan, Hibitane
- Broad antibacterial spectrum
- Effective against viruses, fungi, and bacteria
- Functions in a limited pH range (5–7)
- Easily inactivated by soaps and detergents.
Halogens
- Chlorine or iodine compounds (broad spectrum, low toxicity, low cost, easy to use).
- Lose potency over time and are not active at high temperatures or pH
- Lose activity in organic debris, sunlight, and some metals.
- Applied to thoroughly cleaned surfaces; Hypochlorites should not be mixed with acids or ammonia (releases toxic chlorine gas)
- Bleach dilutions—regular cages (20 mL/5L water), infectious cages (100mL/5L water).
Veterinary Clinic Zones
- Reception, Treatment Area, Surgery, Kennels
Reception Area
- Number of pets, Cleaning (1–2X/day), Windows and floors, Garbage, Plants, Items at “pet level”.
- Clutter-proper storage space for products/goods. Keep items off floor. Lots of lighting, natural light, and artificial light. Space for people & pets to move freely, free from odors. Vacuum Mats if applicable. Location for plants is crucial.
Treatment Area
- Lighting, Surfaces, Space, Access
Surgery Room
- Disinfected (not sterilized) after each patient, or after the last patient for the day. Disinfect all surfaces before use and disinfect frequently. Disinfect all surfaces, including windows, frames, handles and the surgical table.
Kennel Area
- Sick vs. Boarding Animals
- Picking up/soaking waste and disinfecting empty litter boxes.
- Lots of storage. Ability to wash floors, cage, and walls. Clean all surfaces (upper & lower cages, top of cages).
Environmental Conditions
- Temperature, Humidity, Lighting, Primary Enclosure
Temperature, Light, and Ventilation
- Suitable temperature (18-29 °C) and humidity (40-70%) for small animals.
- Appropriate lighting (avoid direct sunlight for animals, especially albinos, to prevent heat stroke).
- Proper ventilation to prevent overly cold or overly warm conditions.
Ventilation
- Increased odors from ammonia levels and increased airborne bacteria & viruses.
- To regulate the number of air changes per hour (CCAC 15-20) for better animal health in research, labs.
Primary Enclosure
- Housing considerations (prevent contamination, provide psychosocial comfort, appropriate for the species)
- Structural soundness, free from dangerous surfaces, prevent escape and entry of vermin, easy cleaning.
Husbandry Practices
- Animals in clean cages, bedding
- In-cage provisions (towels, blankets), Species & situation-specific needs to sanitize or disinfect cages.
- Cleaning frequencies
Cleaning Methods
- Clinic vs. research vs. large animal barns/stalls
- Number of cages, Hand washing vs. machine washing, Full rack cleaning vs. individual cages, Shoeboxes vs. unit cages.
Cleaning the Primary Enclosure
- Procedure for cleaning cages. Gloves, mask if required. Use something to wipe the cage (paper towel, cloth). Use disinfectant and follow manufacturer’s instructions. Wipe everything dry and then restock the cage. Allow time for the disinfecting agent to completely dry.
Runs Versus Kennels
- Hosing down and allowing to completely dry out before animals are placed in enclosures.
- Type of bedding used.
- Types of bedding can interfere with clinical observations (e.g. Red towels hide blood)
Sinks
- Surfaces that are touched (by animals), other surfaces (e.g. taps), cleaning products.
- Sinks should be cleaned frequently.
Species-Specific Behavior
- House different species in different rooms, if possible.
- Know predator/prey behaviors in order to prevent animals from harming themselves or each other.
- Provide normal movement to prevent disease.
- Observe behavioral changes.
Animal Observation
- Understanding normal behavior.
- Identification of abnormal behaviors.
- Observing different animal species.
- Frequency, and type of abnormal behaviors.
Feces
- Color, texture, consistency, abnormality, slimy appearance, reddish appearance, watery appearance.
- Frequency—how often the animal "goes".
Urine
- Color, odor, opacity.
- Frequency of urination.
- Light vs. Dark, wet spots in litter box.
- Unusual behaviors associated with urination.
Physical Appearance
- Normal vs. abnormal appearance.
- Dullness, depression, BAR, vomiting. Note amount of vomit, especially if medication was given, and color of vomit/stools.
Other Observations
- Restlessness or lack of movement-anxiety vs an underlying issue.
- Anxious animals sometimes hurt themselves or others in their environment.
- Check that all equipment is still present in the cages.
- Environmental Enrichment and animal species specific needs are crucial.
Food
- Fresh food—defining the term, amount, frequency.
- Relationship between consumption and appetite, food consumption versus appetite.
- Quantity and quality of food.
Water
- Fresh water, especially for cats.
- Measured amounts.
- Careful with water bottles (and some animals).
- Frequency of replacement, spilled water, actual drinking levels, potential diabetes.
- Complaints about water bowl filling & animals urinating.
Cleaning the Hospital
-Frequency needs to be consistently observed for exam rooms, walls, windows, trash removal, and blinds/vents.
How Would You Clean This Room?
-Cleaning procedures for a veterinary clinic room with blood on the floor and blood inside cages.
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Description
This quiz explores essential sanitation and husbandry practices, focusing on the chemical classes of cleaning supplies and the effectiveness of various disinfectants. It includes insights into why certain organisms, like bacterial endospores, are particularly resilient against these sanitation methods. Join to test your knowledge and understanding of these critical topics.
