Modern Aviation Transport Modes PDF

1.​ OVERALL MARKET DEVELOPMENT AND BASIC CONCEPTS. INTRODUCTION MARKETING: social/managerial process, individual/groups obtain what needed = creation, exchange products, value FOUR Ps or Marketing Mix( 4 key factors): 1.​ PRODUCT 2.​ PRICE 3.​ PLACE 4.​ PROMOTION 1950: known by Neil Bo...

1.​ OVERALL MARKET DEVELOPMENT AND BASIC CONCEPTS. INTRODUCTION MARKETING: social/managerial process, individual/groups obtain what needed = creation, exchange products, value FOUR Ps or Marketing Mix( 4 key factors): 1.​ PRODUCT 2.​ PRICE 3.​ PLACE 4.​ PROMOTION 1950: known by Neil Borden (Harvard): business methods → target customers 1964: “The concept of the Marketing Mix” (article): suggested techniques still used -​ design/execute business models -​ market good/services MARKET DEVELOPMENT: expand/promote products new market 1→ new customers 1.1 WHAT ARE BUSINESS MODELS? BUSINESS MODELS: business strategy → generate profit -​ product/service provide -​ market selected -​ anticipated costs businesses determine -​ capital/investment requirements -​ personnel/hiring needs -​ short/long term business objectives business models help -​ investors: companies + interesting for them -​ employees: understand future of a company Constantly changing demands/industry development → adapt business strategies -​ find response to trends ​ CUSTOMER: purchase product/services own use/consumption. CONSUMER: individual/corporation gets, utilize, pay for good, service → has access range goods, providers COMPANIES: attract clients/customers, persuade them → purchase products/service - - > retain/keep customers ​ CUSTOMER VALUE: how customer perceives worth of product/services (advantages, price-to-quality ratio) ​ VALUE PROPOSITION: what makes product/services desiderable? (cosa lo rende unico diversamente dagli altri prodotti simili/uguali?) 1 RETARGET existing customers: create a new products for customers  ​ PRICING: customer pay for goods/services + COSTS: outlay2 required produce goods/services need to be sold (mainly elements business model) ​ GROSS PROFIT: results between selling + buying STRONG BUSINESS PLAN = HEALTHY GROSS PROFIT HOW TO CREATE A BUSINESS MODEL? no one size, depends on business type, market environment 1.​ IDENTIFYING TARGET AUDIENCE: customers, characteristic customers, customer needs → specific strategy develop products, sell, appeal them 2.​ DEFINING THE PROBLEM: issues resolved? Need satisfied? 3.​ PROPOSING CLEAR SERVICES: how to sell? How to meet customer needs? 4.​ MAPPING THE OPERATIONAL PLAN: activities company undertake coming 12 months to deliver service/product 5.​ MONETIZATION: how generate revenue? Customers willing to pay? How much company operate, cover costs, generate profit? 6.​ TESTING THE BUSINESS MODEL: testing/evaluation each aspect → validity, viability - - -> customer feedback + market studies 1.2 WHAT ARE AIRLINE BUSINESS MODELS? -​ How operator provide service to customers? -​ Value propositions made (ipotesi del valore) -​ How revenue generated? airline concerned generate profit: even if bailouts 3government < - - > majority from passengers → ticket price + additional fees TRANSPORTATION METRICS4: traffic measured by -​ RPKs: revenue passenger kilometers -​ RPMs: revenue passenger miles (distance paying passenger traveled), traffic indication of airline RPMs: quantity paying passengers X distance traveled ASMs5: available seat miles → airplanes overall carrying capacity → generate revenue ASMs= number seats aircraft X total distance traveled load factor: RPMs/ASM or sold seats /available seat MERGERS + ACQUISITIONS6 EXISTING AIRLINE BUSINESS MODELS 7 business model → hard to define 2 spesa 3 sostegni economici del governo 4 method → measure capacity transport people, by airline 5 entrate relative posti sedere → possono vendere 6 ownership business transferred/combined another one. Full-Service Network Carriers (FSNC) or FLAG CARRIERS: -​ hub and spoke system → + passengers -​ additional services passengers: in-flight comfort, connected baggage services -​ Past (government) vs today: private Low-Cost Carriers (LCCs): -​ basic transportation between city pairs → lower fares -​ less facilities -​ not included: baggage, meals drinks Charter/Integrated Tour Operators: -​ unscheduled flights, not part routine airline -​ operator choose departure, arrival locations, timings -​ ex: tour companies, tour operator Regional carriers: -​ insufficient demand major airline -​ shorter routes - smaller aircraft (100/50-80 seats) -​ usually referred as commuter airlines General and Business Aviation: -​ flights not operated: military/commercial airlines -​ aircraft/helicopter: commercial purposes Urban Air Mobility: -​ moving people/freight7 lower altitudes: urban, suburban areas → tiny, highly automated planes -​ ex: traffic congestion -​ conventional helicopters, VTOL8, UAVs9 Cargo Carriers: -​ cargo, freight carriers (no passengers) -​ scheduled wide body, containerized air freight → move commodities government/corporations 1.3 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF AIRLINE BUSINESS MODELS MID-1990s: new airline business models (low cost - hybrid airlines) 7 business models → low-cost carriers: network operator characteristic10 because of competition + increased interconnectivity (other airlines) → frequent flyer programs -​ 1903:Orville and Wilbur Wright: first powered flight built by them (12 seconds) -​ 1905: first usable airplane -​ early 20th century: new planes + new technologies 7 carico 8 vertical-takeoff-and-landing-aircraft 9 unmanned aerial vehicle → no equipaggio 10 hub and spoke models ex: ATLANTA-BALTIMORE - -> BALTIMORE-ATLANTA  -​ WWI -​ Airmail service after WWI: flying = dangerous -​ pilots only magnetic compasses → navigational aid -​ landing field - night/limited visibility: bonfires 11 < - - > accidents -​ 1925: US Air Mail Act → + companies: Pan American Airways, Western Air Express, Ford Air Transport Service (scheduled for passengers) -​ middle 1930s: United, American, Eastern, Transcontinental, Western Air early days aviation: EUROPE + USA THE JET AGE: transformed aviation (jetting) Jet engine: -​ less complex piston engines -​ + reliable, safe, affordable -​ burn kerosene, not gasoline -​ + thrust (spinta) → be bigger, fly faster -​ + endurance (resistenza) -​ less operating costs, ticket rates jet set: new type traveler 1970: dropped 12airline prices 1955 - 1972: + doubled passengers DEREGULATION: remove government restrictions - airline entry + costs 1978: Airline Deregulation Act: first complete demolition 1935: National Recovery Act Illegal → Supreme Court DEREGULATION SUCCESSFUL: lower fares → + productivity 1990: Air Transport Association: 91% passenger miles travelled with discount tickets (of 65%) not equally benefit - price competition, depends on markets -​ less traffic (+ pay) vs more traffic (-pay) -​ some passengers: pay more (full coach costs13) → no discounts (refusal/inability requirements) = advance booking - non-refundable fares EUROPE: market regulated by government middle 1980s: big desire for single market 80s-90s: EU (European Union): liberalization Aviation Industry 11 falò 12 abbassamento 13 prezzo intero del biglietto (economy seat) April 1997: regional integration member states: Iceland, Norway, Switzerland (POST CHICAGO CONVENTION)14 DEREGULATION ISSUES: -​ traffic congestion + fierce competition (FSNC vs LCC) -​ bankruptcy major airlines -​ 1980s: airlines → losses, bankrupt, less financial growth 2. FULL-SERVICE NETWORK CARRIERS INTRODUCTION FSNC or network, legacy, traditional airlines -​ air services several destinations - a lot of services (in-flight amenities, flexible booking options, multiple classes, airport lounges) -​ domestic - international flights → business + leisure travellers hub and spoke network -​ + connections, + flights schedule options → no change airline < - - > precise network management15 -​ hub = center airline activities -​ yield management: distribute tickets most lucrative way (resources/capacity) → + profit 2.1 MAJOR PLAYERS: -​ variety classes: first, premium, confort, economy class -​ many in-flight amenities: food + drinks -​ short/medium/long-haul → leisure + business travellers -​ high-quality services → higher rates (people different contents) -​ flyer programs -​ airport lounges: other airports because of airline partnerships: joint reward programs -​ different range aircraft = + capital, + labor, + operating costs -​ yield management, computerized reservation systems, customer relationships management ( hard schedules, capacity, frequency). EX: AMERICAN AIRLINES, UNITED AIRLINES, DELTA AIRLINES, LUFTHANSA, KLM, BRITISH AIRWAYS (IAG GROUP), AIR FRANCE KLM: longest-running airline Europe - past Air-France-KLM → strong brand image EXTENSIVE FLEET: -​ sizable, diverse fleet → regional/international services + high demand-supply requirements -​ FLEET COMMONALITY16 NOT IGNORED: not high crew training, sharing maintenance infrastructure < - - > some aircraft families - specific flight 14 1944: creation ICAO -1945 15 Routing, scheduling, fleet assignment. 16 airplanes with similar parts FREQUENT FLYER PROGRAMS (FFP): loyalty programs - passengers high frequency travels -​ motivate earn points - -> change in flights/other benefits managed by Customer Relationship Management (CRM): -​ customer contacts -​ employing data analysis → + revenue -​ entire department → promotion, strategy, customer service 2.2 S.W.O.T: analysis -​ strengths: -​ weaknesses: -​ opportunities: maximize profit -​ threats: current operations, potential growth → infos: market, competitions, future business plans STRENGTHS: punti di forza -​ fly = speedy/secure mode transportation 2022 Global Safety Report (ICAO): 2018 = 9,8% less accidents than 2020, 66% less accidental deaths - aircraft -​ + tourism → + international travelers -​ salaries rise → + profit → + people use airlines (decline COVID 2020/2021) -​ + global population → + people travel WEAKNESSES: debolezze -​ capital investment: aircraft costs -​ marketing strategies → return/investment -​ infrastructure development: not positive → should modern airports (runways passenger areas + improve traffic delays - passengers) -​ high SPOILAGE RATE17: passenger late = loss airline → remind passengers for trip -​ examination staff: verify competence, abilities employees → little supervision → less workforce18 management costs OPPORTUNITIES: -​ investment -​ Information Technology (IT) -​ Technical innovation → passengers pay more → + profit -​ Supply chain19 improvements: fuel source lower costs → less expenses, + profit -​ grow underserved markets → + customers = + revenue THREATS: minacce -​ fluctuating global economy → negative impact business/leisure travelers → low operating costs: prevent losses, avoid economical issues 17 ratio of denied (mancati ) boarding related to total boardings. 18 manodopera, forza-lavoro 19 catena di produzione  -​ government laws: REGULATION LIBERALIZED MARKETS → + threats foreign airlines operating similar points/routes 3. LOW-COST CARRIERS: LCC INTRODUCTION low prices < - -> fewer comforts -​ reduced leg room -​ no on board meals -​ no passenger services (lounges, reading material) Charges extra services (meals, baggage) SOUTHWEST AIRLINES: American carrier - Texas, first LCC ​ followed Deregulation Act of 1978 ​ based on cost saving + low-cost strategies (low ticket prices) BUSINESS MODEL 1.​ Short Haul, point to point < - - > Texas only —> US REGULATED 2.​ Offer limited services (just for one class) 3.​ Late 1970: post deregulation —> flights between US States 4.​ 1990: new LCC with that model RYANAIR, EASYJET copy it Some changements: -​ Not provide services -​ Food + drink purchased on board -​ No money back guarantee, reservation options -​ Online selling tickets (no travel agents) —> less distribution costs, avoiding commissions + fees. 3.1 MAJOR PLAYERS Southwest Airlines: + successful low cost carriers US 1971 start operations + growth By 1974 one millionth customer —> new jets 1977 5 locations more 1978: Airline Deregulation Act no government control on fares, routes, market entry new airlines Middle 1988 900 flights daily (27 destinations in 13 states) By 1989 revenue + $ 1 billion mark20 SOUTHWEST BUSINESS MODEL: 20 Mille miliardi di marchi  -​ low cost < - -> high efficiency (because of deregulation act) -​ lower fares than competitors -​ low costs (using single type aircraft, keeping fleet young) → less maintenance costs -​ By 1993: Southwest Airlines: lower operating costs other airlines -​ Post Deregulation: expansion route Network (+103 destinations US) → + flexibility: routes, schedule, pricing Other LCC: modified version Southwest Airlines Low-cost leadership strategy: provide goods/services less money than rivals LCC MAIN CHARACTERISTICS: FARE restricted < - - > affordable NETWORK high frequency point-to-point DISTRIBUTION no tickets (phone centers + online platforms) FLEET high utilization, uniform type aircraft AIRPORT smaller airports -quick turnaround times SECTOR LENGTH short (400 nautical miles) DIFFERENTIATION STRATEGY: differentiate from competition = selling additional services -​ priority boarding passes -​ extra legroom seats -​ hot meals on board EASYJET, RYANAIR PAST: secondary airports = home base/destination LCC -​ lower charges handling -​ develop region → subsidies NOW: LCC also big cities RYANAIR, EASYJET = -​ PARIS CHARLE DE GAULLE -​ AMSTERDAM -​ GENEVA INTERNATIONAL -​ DUBLIN -​ GATWICK -​ MANCHESTER USA: Southwest Airline: operates OUT Los Angeles International - -> connecting flights other destinations HOW DO LCCS MAKE MONEY? from supplementary revenue ancillary services21: not fare, not taxes -​ non-flight scheduled services -​ internet related services -​ sale goods/beverages during flight ancillary revenue: money from ancillary services average booked passenger fare: money ticket booking passenger ancillary revenue passenger: -​ money extra legroom seats -​ food/beverages on board -​ checked-in bags RYANAIR: revenue from ancillary services → base fares low -​ baggage fees -​ seat selection -​ in-flight meals -​ snacks -​ travel insurance -​ booking flights - online website company -​ printing boarding passes - airport -​ changing/cancelling reservation -​ check in (when not online) 2016-2020: revenue tickets declined vs revenue ancillary services rosed (33,7%) 2020: ancillary revenues = 34% total revenues 2021: ancillary revenues = 37% total revenues grow business: adding services on board -​ extra luggage -​ food -​ duty-free products -​ hotels -​ car rentals -​ insurance 1970: LCC significant development Southwest Airlines: 742 aircraft - Dallas -​ behind American Airlines, Delta Air Lines, United Airlines -​ fourth largest operator: fleet size -​ largest Boeing operator = B737 fleet 21 secondari  -​ PAST: B737-200, 737-300, 737-500 Ryanair: 505 aircraft - Irish -​ Buzz - Polish, Warsaw -​ Malta Air -​ Lauda Europe - Malta → introduction A320 -​ B737 majority Easy Jet: 318 aircraft , previously based UK -​ EasyJet Switzerland -​ EasyJet Europe (from 2017 - Brexit) -​ EasyJet UK -​ A319 - A320 majority airlines Jet Blue (from 2000): 282 aircraft - US based -​ formed by David Neeleman - businessman -​ NY - center - -> NY - LAX, NY - SFO -​ 2014: MINT introduction = business class airline -​ A321LR: transatlantic flights (NY - London) -​ A320 - A321: majority < - - > ERJ190 Indigo Airlines: 280 aircraft - India -​ from 2005 -​ Airbus -​ ATR -​ Franco-Italian aircraft STRENGTHS: lowering cost bases -​ in-flight amenities -​ crew -​ aircraft utilisation -​ seating arrangements -​ use secondary airports -​ digital/direct distribution Innovation: technology, marketing, strategy:no-frills approach22: low base fares, extra - ancillary services → low fares customers single aircraft type fleet: -​ younger fleet → fuel efficient (10-20% airlines total cost) -​ less maintenance -​ less training costs 22 a basso costo run more flights per day: -​ shorter distances → high throughput23 -​ strict time → turnaround time: 30/40 minutes -​ schedule additional flights each day → increase use aircraft simplicity: -​ unified fleet -​ lack complicated infrastructure -​ mileage programs → cost savings WEAKNESSES: -​ less safe FSNC < - -> not true → newest aircraft, modern -​ outsource pivotal functions24 < - -> no impact safety -​ point-to-point: constraints25 + geographical limitations: destination not offered → FSNC/not plane anymore 2019 Skytrax: top 50 airlines: 10 LCC (Jetstar - AU, Easyjet) LCC aim: transportation from A to B, most efficient way < - -> legacy carrier passengers: meals, free bags, free seat selection OPPORTUNITIES: -​ huge26 market < - -> competitive -​ flights for business travellers RYANAIR: business traveler package: advantages single prices -​ flexible booking options -​ quick lane security -​ reserved seating - premium rows27 -​ grow: FSNC mergers/partnerships LCC (cost-effectiveness) THREATS: -​ fuel costs: majority costs → sensitive price rises → risks: jet fuel high -​ competition tour operations/regional airlines: transporting passengers short distance trips + target segment passengers -​ owns business model: FSNC owns LCC/acquired LCC → offer same value proposition customers EUROWINGS - LUFTHANSA VUELING - IAG GROUP TRANSAVIA - AIR FRANCE/KLM 4. CHARTER/INTEGRATED TOUR OPERATORS: INTRODUCTION 23 rendimento 24 dare appalto per alcune cose 25 vincoli 26 enorme 27 fila ICAO: general aviation: recreational activities commercial aviation: -​ transactional aviation activities → services passengers -​ scheduled (FSNC - LCC) -​ non-scheduled (Charter flights28 → tour operators, + 150 seats) Tour operators: not only flight < - -> package -​ accommodations -​ cruise reservations -​ others Global Aviation Market - integrated tour operators - Western Europe TUI - GERMANY → tourists practical services → reach destinations PAST: tour operators owned fleet < - -> TUI still today -​ network29 travel agencies → + effective product distribution (no commissions) -​ save costs: primary goal < - -> capital required (supply chain management investment + integration) -​ big competition -​ major costs: distribution channels, marketing, promotion 4.1 MAJOR PLAYERS Tour operator: create final tourist product = travel elements + tourism services → planned tour/vacation (flight enclosed) TASKS TOUR OPERATOR -​ purchasing30 tourism services from supplier -​ planning tours - future anticipated demand -​ reserving all/some rooms lodging units - season/annually -​ airline reservation = seat blockage/allotment -​ cruise reservations -​ chartering flights/hiring aircraft -​ determining specifics tours/holidays -​ promoting/marketing tours -​ selling products online/offline/indirect distribution channels Tour operator sells organized tours -​ contractual arrangements -​ bulk purchases31 -​ produces/directs tourist demand + matches need destination tourism supply (high investments < - -> low costs development products) 28 voli noleggiati 29 rete 30 acquisto 31 acquistare a grandi quantità Tour Operator: -​ vacations + trips -​ particular locations -​ diversifies tourists goods in sales range → less operational/investment risks, + sales, profit primary service providers tour operator: -​ airlines -​ cruise operators -​ accommodation units -​ hotels -​ vacation resorts -​ ground operators -​ tour operation + organization (destination) -​ conduct32 sightseeing + leisure activities itineraries based on: anticipated future demand, estimated sales → based on historical occupancy rates, sales numbers, market analysis THE ROLE OF AVIATION IN INTEGRATED TOUR OPERATORS: airlines = tourists transportation to/from destinations -​ direct flights -​ connecting flights -​ charter flights air travel - big impact: costs + logistic tour operator tour operators: -​ own airlines -​ negotiate existing airlines → discount rates + favorable flight schedule → offer cheaper tickets airlines used for -​ package -​ tour products: all-inclusive (flights, accommodation,activities) → contracts airlines → lower cost flights, package flights + hotels NOW: charter flights any size, any location by integrated tour operators PAST: collaborating: travel agencies, tour operator, travel organization → all inclusive Integrated tour operators: indirect sale approach (by third parties)→ + services/products < - - > different suppliers sometimes own fleet aircraft, lodging properties < - -> + services needed -​ sightseeing tour -​ food 32 gestione  -​ beverage -​ ground transportation direct sale approach: customer + service provider - direct contact -​ flexible negotiation - customer (different prices, services, different dates) 1841: railway33 tours - -> hotels - -> airline: Thomas Cook: integrated tour operator - 2019: failed ( after 187 years) TUI: 150 aircraft - Hannover - Germany -​ TUI fly: charter - Belgium enclosed in TUI -​ renting aircraft → 175 aircraft -​ Netherlands, Belgium, France, Morocco → + 100 locations CONDOR: 50 aircraft - Germany - Frankfurt -​ leisure airline → over 9 million passengers -​ 100 locations: Europe, Africa, Americas -​ subsidiary34 Thomas Cook (british tour operator) -​ Condor Technik GmbH (CTG): Frankfurt, Munich, Düsseldorf, Hamburg -​ integrated tour operation + scheduled flights 4.2 S.W.O.T. STRENGTH: -​ a lot of locations -​ robust distribution network → easily products - customers TUI: minimum expenses, sell packages low price → accessible customers -​ social media (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram): marketing, branding TUI: 6 million followers only Facebook -​ Partnerships: alliances - vendors35, agents, merchants → supply chain 36 facilitated WEAKNESSES: -​ high costs: + vulnerable - economic downturns/changes consumers -​ competition - LCC (holiday package): car rental, hotel booking → same segment consumers OPPORTUNITIES: -​ reaching new customers: new markets, new product, new services TUI: + internet users→ new markets, new customers -​ new sectors: health tourism THREATS: 33 ferrovie 34 filiale 35 venditori 36 produzione  -​suppliers: issues supply chain - COVID-19 pandemic → not match demand/renegotiate agreement terms —> + expenses (operations) -​ exchange rate TUI: exchange rate fluctuations: international sales < - -> local suppliers -​ Political unrest/turmoil: disordini politici 5.​ REGIONAL CARRIERS INTRODUCTION: Before Airline Deregulation Act (1978): FSNC -​ direct route/point-to-point model -​ planes half empty + operate minor market Regional Airlines (commuter airlines): require PRORATION OF CHARGES37 → -​ FSNC: specific locations RA network -​ scheduled services: MAX 50 seats -​ obtainment operating certifications + reporting requirements38 Codesharing FSNC + Regional Airlines - extended with hub and spoke → Regional Airlines passengers: flying FSNC + regional flights → feeder traffic39 source FSNC: 1.​ short-haul routes on their own 2.​ deal with commuter carriers larger airlines - tiny towns: + costs vs regional airlines → RA + FSNC: alliances 5.1 Environment and Trends RJ: regional Jet: big commercial success US by Comair (delta): first intro - -> end 1992: Europe by Lufthansa Cityline -​ 30/100 passengers (small RJ) -​ up 150 passengers (current RJ) -​ + costs seat mile < - -> money few travelers pay expenditures RJ → + profit thinly route (FSNC not big profit) RJ useful FSNC: 4 motives 1.​ minimize overcapacity, + load factor40: replace larger airplanes - RJ specific routes 2.​ maximize flight frequency off-peak hours41 → modify airline’s capacity route 3.​ substitute turbo-prop services → better jet + passengers capacity 4.​ launch new services → unprofitable FSNC → single-aisle aircraft (A320, B737) 37 divide fare customers pay multiple carriers (connecting service) according to segment travelled 38 rispettare requisiti operativi + rendiconto (obbligatoriamente) 39 feeder airline: transport passengers hub airports from location not served FSNC 40 related to efficiency, + seats full airplanes 41 ore di punta Future trends: -​ RJ grow in size -​ harder distinguish LCC aircraft vs Regional Jets -​ Embraer + Airbus: 70/100 seats RJ competition regional airlines vs LCC: location airports operate -​ regional airline: feeder service to/from hub airports -​ LCC: secondary airports TYPES OF REGIONAL AIRLINES: 3 different business models Totally owned by airline it serves: -​ American Airlines owns 3 companies < - -> competition → AA decides allocation regional flights -​ Delta Air Lines Owned by holdings company: -​ ownership few regional airlines -​ SkyWest: SkyWest + ExpressJet -​ work FSNC→ regional flights hub-spoke system Privately owned regional airline: -​ before: wholly owned - - > investors -​ Thai Airway -​ not mandatory: share financial reports < - - > state-owned yes. 5.2 MAJOR PLAYERS USA: Delta, American Airlines, United Airlines rely on regional airlines -​ transport passengers places too small/unprofitable large jets to reach SkyWest Airlines: 530 aircraft -​ 1972 established: 25 $ round-trip: Cedar City, Utah, Salt Lake City. -​ biggest regional airline US -​ E175, Bombardier CRJ -​ better than JetBlue, Alaska, Spirit, Hawaiian Airlines -​ 2020: + 21 million passengers Republic Airways: 328 aircraft -​ E170, E175 -​ services with name: American Eagle, Delta Connection, United Express -​ Indianapolis: base PSA: 169 aircraft -​ 1979: Latrobe (Pennsylvania): foundation -​ + names, + changes, + mergers + acquisitions -​ past called Vee Neal Airlines - - >  -​ 1980: subsidiary42 US Air called Jetstream International Airlines -​ 1995: PSA took place of Jetstream - US Air -​ 2013: American + Us Air merged → PSA joined KLM Cityhopper: 55 aircraft -​ feeder airline: regional connections - out Amsterdam/neighboring nations -​ 2017: retired Fokker 70 aircraft → now: E175, E190 Air Baltic: 34 aircraft -​ regional jets (A220-300) -​ 1995: founded -​ affordable ticket Middle East, CIS43, Europe, Scandinavia. 5.3 S.W.O.T. STRENGTH: -​ regional airlines long-term contracts - FSNC → financial stability + planification/expansion fleet or RJ -​ regional airlines business model: less risky ( fixed-fee contract) → always profit + less risks (fuel prices, load factors, fares) -​ strong presence local markets: established relationships customers + businesses -​ lower costs x trip → + efficient, + competitive fares thinner routes WEAKNESSES: -​ higher costs seat than larger jets -​ B737, A320: + profitable alternative -​ altered operational arrangement FSNC vs RA: no stability anymore -​ pilots shortages44 → big suffer: pilots fly RA : accumulate hours in advance - -> FSNC -​ less brand recognition: hard attract new customers OPPORTUNITIES: -​ eco-friendly travel: smaller airplane (+ fuel efficient) -​ consolidation45: partnering other airlines → + destinations -​ RJ = route openers: airlines test new markets without risks THREATS: -​ product less appealing: LCC offer cheap fares -​ shrinking46 value as feeder 6. GENERAL AND BUSINESS AVIATION: INTRODUCTION: 42 succursale 43 Commonwealth of Independent States 44 mancanza 45 unificazione 46 si sta riducendo General Aviation: largest segment aviation based on number aircraft, number pilots, number airports, communities served ICAO: GA = different activities from -​ scheduled flights -​ non-scheduled flights for hire47/remuneration48 classification GA: -​ non-commercial business flights /voli d’affari non commerciali49 -​ aerial work -​ instructional50/pleasure flying -​ other flying Early 1950: creation by Aerospace Industries Association (AIA) - -> called Utility Airplane Council 1.​ utility aircraft: developed by light -plane manufacturers - -> set apart larger aircraft 2.​ 220.000 aircraft: differents costs, performance, usage GA aircraft: -​ smaller, less complex -​ owned/operated individuals, businesses/organizations -​ personal/business travels on charter basis51 -​ transporting goods -​ conduct aerial surveys -​ flight training -​ sightseeing -​ leisure -​ hobby flying -​ emergency medical services 6.1 Environment and Trends GA operations: not heavily regulated as commercial aviation pilots: -​ + flexibility: routes/type aircraft -​ follow safety regulations procedures -​ appropriate licenses + certifications -​ training career: GA GA operations -​ private/business flights 47 noleggio 48 retribuzione 49 voli trasporto pubblico passeggeri/merci/posta a titolo oneroso o a noleggio 50 flight training 51 customer pays all costs aircraft  -​ flight training -​ agricultural aviation -​ air ambulance services Business Aviation/corporate aviation: use aircraft business/professional purpose -​ transporting company executives52 or employees -​ aerial services/inspections -​ attending meetings/events -​ flying - business/professional activities organization What does it offer for companies (aziende)? -​ + flexibility, + convenience travel -​ reach destinations not served by commercial airlines -​ + efficient: customize travel schedules/routes → meet needs Business Aviation Aircraft: -​ small/single-engine planes -​ large-long-range jets -​ some companies: own/operate own aircraft -​ others companies: contract “third-party-providers”53 Business Aviation Pilots: -​ commercial pilot’s license -​ additional training/certifications specific types aircraft -​ adhere safety regulations/procedures → ensure safe operations aircraft Private Aviation: use aircraft personal/recreational purposes -​ family flights -​ leisure flights -​ participating aviation -related events Private Pilots -​ own/operate own aircraft -​ rent aircraft flight school/other organizations -​ private pilots license: amount flight training - -> written exam + flight test -​ safety regulations, procedures - -> keep knowledge (ongoing training, education) Benefits of private aviation: -​ travel variety destinations -​ increased flexibility + convenience54 x travel -​ experience thrill of flying - brivido volare -​ cost-effective options - individuals/groups fly frequently → cheaper tickets than commercial airlines 52 dirigenti 53 independent/individual/business/organizations provide services to a business - compensated 54 vantaggio 2021: number ultra-wealthy people: + 2,4% -​ market private planes/jet expanded -​ private jet modest: Jezz Befos, Bernard Arnault, Elon Musk, Bill Gates -​ B747-430, 6 small jets, A340: Sultan of Brunei - richest in the world Agricultural Aviation (ag aviation/crop dusting): use aircraft - apply chemicals, seed55, fertilizers to fields/other tasks Type of Aircraft: small, single-engine planes → carry/dispense necessary material modern farming: -​ + crop yields (raccolto) -​ + control pests (parassiti) -​ + health/productivity crops -​ effective: large/hard-to-reach fields -​ quickly application treatments Agricultural Pilots: -​ commercial pilots license -​ additional training/certifications: specific type aircraft/agricultural applications -​ safety regulations/procedures - -> familiar with chemicals, using material + risks, hazards use associated -​ operate aircraft safely/accurately: challenging weather conditions, low altitudes -​ great: keen on agriculture + aviation Air Ambulance: use aircraft transport patients (medical attention) -​ emergency medical transport -​ Organ transplantation -​ not locally available: specialised medical care —> transfer patients between hospitals/medical facilities -​ Search/rescue operations -​ Other emergency services Operated by: -​ hospitals -​ Private companies -​ Government agencies Aircraft Type: -​ Helicopters -​ Fixed-wing aircraft56 Valid services: -​ transport quickly passengers regardless location 55 semi 56 Aerei ad ali fisse: non si muovono  -​ Less stress patients: advanced medical equipment - board Air Ambulance Pilots: -​ Commercial pilots -​ Additional training/ certification: emergency medical services -​ Strict safety regulations, procedures -​ Operate aircraft different conditions/environments Flight Training: part GA, ensure pilots: knowledgeable, skilled, capable operating aircraft safely FT= adapted to specific needs/goals pilots EX: Fly personal/recreational purposes —> own already PPL—> fly hire57/compensation Flight training programs: -​ Flight school -​ Colleges -​ Universities -​ Military aviation programs EX: - Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University (Sixty-two Cessna Skyhawks + ten Diamond DA42-VIs -​ specified training: meet needs student -​ Accelerated courses -​ Specialised training - set aircraft Pilots Flight Training: -​ Ongoing training/education: keep knowledge/skills + stay current: safety regulations, procedures -​ Passengers safety: main concern Emergency Aviation: use aircraft emergency situations -​ search/rescue -​ Disaster relief -​ Other emergencies situations -​ Advanced medical care/ equipment/ personnel: save life + minimise impact emergencies Conducted by -​ Government agencies -​ Military Organizations -​ Private companies Aircraft type: -​ Helicopters 57 Noleggio  -​ Fixed-wing aircraft -​ Drones Valuable services: crisis —> + emergencies Emergency Pilots: -​ Highly trained/experienced -​ Strict safety regulations + procedures -​ Operate aircraft accurately, safely -​ Demanding, stressful job < - - > Rewarding job: positive impact emergencies Firefighting: use aircraft - support firefighting efforts -​ drop58 fire retardants / water - wildfires -​ aerial reconnaissance → help firefighting efforts -​ transport firefighters, supplies to, from fire zone -​ aerial firefighters ( global warming → + forest fires) Type of Aircraft: -​ fixed-wing aircraft: air tankers, water bombers (drop fire retardants, water) -​ helicopters: drop water, transport firefighters + supplies -​ converted commercial aircraft - different range (from turboprop to B747) Firefighting Pilots: -​ challenges + risks -​ highly skilled, trained → bad conditions /low visibility, high wind, smoke) Firefighting operations: expensive + challenging (high wildfire activity → high demand firefighting aircraft) Aerial Advertising: display banners/signs → promote products/events -​ reach large audience/crowds → beaches, tourist attractions (high foot traffic59) -​ announcing events/sales -​ raising awareness (sensibilizzazione): cause/issue -​ create visual impact → aircraft seen by many people Type of Aircraft: -​ small planes -​ helicopters -​ blimps60 -​ hot air balloons: mongolfiere Pilots: -​ commercial pilots -​ additional training, certification 58 rilasciare 59 traffico pedonale 60 dirigibili: non-rigid aircraft without internal structural/ keel, rely on pressure lifting gas inside → keep shape  -​ strict safety regulations, procedures -​ operate aircraft accurately, safely Aerial Photography: use aircraft take aerial photographs/videos -​ capture unique perspectives/views -​ real estate: settore immobiliare -​ film production -​ mapping Type of Aircraft: -​ small planes -​ helicopters -​ drones Pilots: -​ commercial pilots: additional training + certification -​ strict safety regulations, procedures -​ operate accurately, safely Sightseeing Aviation: use aircraft sightseeing/take views passengers: specific location/area -​ scenic flights: mountains, coastlines, national parks -​ tours -​ flights: enjoyment, entertainment passengers Type of Aircraft: -​ small planes -​ helicopters -​ hot air balloons Pilots: -​ commercial pilots -​ additional training, certifications -​ strict safety regulations + procedures -​ operate aircraft safely, accurately -​ rewarding career: aviation love + sharing love flying -​ prioritize safety regulations, procedures → ensure enjoyment flights Other types GA operations: -​ flying scientific research -​ airshows -​ sporting events 6.2 Major players: companies, organizations -​ aircraft manufacturers -​ aircraft components manufacturers -​ aircraft operators -​ aviation services providers Major contributors GA: -​ aircraft manufacturers: design, build variety aircraft (small planes, helicopters, drones → used GA) -​ maintenance and repair organizations: maintenance, repair services aircraft (inspections, repairs, modifications) + manufacture/distribute parts or equipment → used aircraft maintenance -​ flight schools and training organizations: flight training, education: aspiring/experienced pilots → improve skills, earn additional certifications -​ air ambulance and emergency service providers: operate aircraft: medical/emergency services (air ambulance transport, search/rescue61, disaster relief62 -​ aviation fuel and service providers: fuel/other services aircraft (ground handling, hangar rentals, catering) Major manufacturers of General Aviation Aircraft: smaller/less complex aircraft -​ single-engine (smaller, less expensive - operate vs multi-engine (+ safety, + performance) depending on specific needs/requirements aircraft -​ propeller (+ common, used many purposes) vs jet powered (+ expensive, used high speed/high altitude operations) -​ Fixed-wing (planes: longer-range - faster flights) vs rotary wing (helicopters: shorter-range - vertical take off and landing) -​ High-wing (on top fuselage) vs low-wing (bottom of fuselage): both affect stability, handling characteristics aircraft -​ Seating capacity: from small planes (few passengers/pilot + copilot) to larger planes (dozens passengers) -​ range and performance: some short-range vs long range Major light aircraft manufacturers - GA- USA Cessna: since 1927 -​ single-engine planes -​ twin engine planes -​ turboprop -​ high quality aircraft: personal/business aviation/flight training, more Piper: -​ single-engine -​ twin-engine -​ turboprop -​ big reputation → reliable, affordable aircraft -​ wide range models → meet needs pilots, applications63 Beechcraft: over 80 years operations -​ single-engine -​ twin-engine -​ turboprop 61 salvataggio ex: emergenza 62 soccorso come catastrofe 63 a che cosa è adibito  -​ business jets -​ high quality aircraft → variety GA application Diamond: -​ single-engine -​ twin-engine planes -​ turboprops -​ innovative, efficient aircraft -​ wide range models → meet needs pilots, applications 6.3 S.W.O.T. (GA) STRENGTH: -​ wide variety aircraft/applications: from small planes/helicopters - drones/air ambulance services → possibility serve diverse customers needs -​ high safety record: low incident/accident rate → + confidence/trust GA -​ innovation/technology: evolution/improvement → + performance/efficiency aircraft WEAKNESSES: -​ high operating costs: fuel, maintenance, insurance premiums → pilots can’t afford own aircraft -​ limited access: fewer airports/service providers → not easy access GA services -​ environmental impact: aircraft emissions (air pollution, climate change) → concern stakeholders - impact industry reputations OPPORTUNITIES: -​ growing demand: developing countries (economic growth → travel need) → expansion/growth industry -​ advanced technologies: electric/hybrid aircraft —> reduce environmental impact GA + opportunities for industries -​ Diversification: wide range application → diversification/expansion new markets/industries THREATS: -​ competition: from others modes transports (commercial air travel, ground transportation) → challenging attract/retain new customers -​ economic downturns/recession64: impact demand GA services → individuals/organizations - minimize costs business travel/recreational flying activities 7. URBAN AIR MOBILITY Introduction UAM: urban air mobility: use aircraft transportation urban areas 64 attività economica va male —> goal = + efficient, convenient, environmentally friendly way: move people/goods cities FAA: defines UAM: safe, efficient aviation transportation system -​ will adopt highly automated aircraft → operate/transport passengers/cargo at lower altitudes - urban/suburban areas UAM includes -​ wide range aircraft, technologies -​ VTOL: vertical take off and landing aircraft65 -​ electric aircraft -​ hybrid aircraft -​ autonomous flight systems UAM defined also as advanced air mobility: -​ solution urban transportation (congestion, pollution, limited infrastructure) -​ electrically powered aircraft bypass66 traffic/areas impossible to reach - ground transportation → + efficient, sustainable transportation urban areas UAM: still development → technical, regulatory, challenges overcome before adapted= -​ range: related current state battery technology → heavy, weight: issue aircraft designers electrical powered aircraft → revolutionize urban transportation, improve quality life cities 7.1 Air Taxis: designed on-demand: short-range transportation passengers/cargo urban areas -​ small electric/hybrid electric aircraft -​ 4/5 passengers max take off, land vertically (VTOL) -​ + efficient, convenient alternative ground transportation still experimental phase → technical, regulatory, economic challenges be overcome < - -> + transformative technologies aviation history → improve efficiency/sustainability urban transportation companies + organizations: -​ developing/testing/certifying VTOL air taxi designs -​ demonstrations/pilot projects many cities world → air taxis: on-demand transportation people/businesses 2022: world’s first urban air taxi: constructed, commissioned Coventry - Uk issue: urban airports destroy landscapes smaller village: just cars 65 no runway needed 66 aggirano AIR TAXIS EXPERIMENTS: test feasibility67, performance, safety - -> gathering data/insights68 → develop/improve technology LILIUM AIR TAXI: Munich - Germany: transportation company - electrical VTOL → adopted UAM -​ fast/convenient/sustainable mode transportation urban areas -​ several partnerships → helps enter market 2019: Lilium vs Uber → users book Lilium - Uber app → + models transportation VOLOCOPTER AIR TAXI SERVICE: -​ demonstrations/pilot projects: Singapore/Dubai/Stuttgart -​ electric VTOL aircraft -​ 2 passengers MAX -​ range: 35 km → 22 miles -​ launch commercial air taxi service when regulatory approvals in place EHANG AIR TAXI: -​ demonstrations/pilot projects: Guangzhou, China/Las Vegas - Nevada -​ electric VTOL -​ 1 passenger -​ range: 30 km → 18 miles -​ developing commercial air taxi service < - - > already signed agreements cities world OTHER COMPANIES ALSO: -​ develop/test air taxis prototypes -​ not unmanned69: lack public’s acceptance -​ common sight urban areas → on-demand transportation people/businesses 7.2 Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: (UAVs): definition: -​ powered, aerial vehicle → no human operator -​ uses aerodynamic forces - provide vehicle lift -​ expendable/recoverable (sostituibile, recuperabile) -​ operated remotely/autonomously -​ carry lethal70 or non-lethal payload EX: drones, aircraft used: military, commercial, recreational applications different shapes/sizes: -​ small drones: carried by hand 67 fattibilità 68 intuizione 69 senza equipaggio 70 military field: conventional explosives, biological, chemical, nuclear warheads (testate nucleari), mounted UAV military operations  -​ large/heavy - duty drones: carry payloads71 several hundreds pounds -​ powered by electric motors, internal combustion engines, solar panels UAV characteristics: -​ controlled human operator/onboard computer (follows pre-programmed instructions) -​ wide range sensor/technologies: cameras, radar, GPS → gather data, perform surveillance72 -​ navigate different environments UAV advantages: -​ lower operating costs -​ greater flexibility -​ operate difficult reach environment UAV applications: -​ aerial photography -​ mapping -​ inspection -​ search and rescue -​ delivery concerns: safety/privacy: camera attachment → many regulations/guidelines - responsible use EXPERIMENTS AND UTILITY: -​ Package, delivery: Amazon, UPS, DHL: test feasibility, efficiency, safety - transport small packages short distances - urban areas -​ agricultural applications: test potential use agriculture: crop73 monitoring, pest control74, irrigation → gather data + efficient task performance traditional methods -​ search, rescue75: locate missing persons, assess76 damage post natural disaster, support rescue teams -​ environmental monitoring, research: gather data natural resources (forests, wetlands77, oceans + monitor impact human activities environment 71 cargo 72 vigilanza 73 raccolto 74 disinfestazione 75 salvataggio 76 accertare 77 zone umide  -​ defense, security: surveillance, reconnaissance78, intelligence gathering79 7.3 Infrastructure Requirements: → successful deployment80 operation UAM Vertiports: landing/take off platforms -​ designed - UAM aircraft -​ where? rooftops, parking lots, other flat surfaces -​ large enough: size, weight aircraft Charging Stations: electric/hybrid-electric81 -​ where? vertiports/locations city -​ fast/reliable charging → easy access aircraft Navigation and Communication Systems: advanced -​ safe, efficient operation -​ GPS, sensors, other technologies → help aircraft avoid obstacles: communication systems: link aircraft air traffic control/stakeholders Maintenance and Repair Facilities: -​ regular maintenance → good condition - operate -​ specialized maintenance, repair facilities → handle requirements UAM successful deployment: specialized infrastructure + advanced technologies → safety, efficiency, reliability 7.4 S.W.O.T. STRENGTHS: -​ efficiency, convenience → faster, direct, reliable transportation options -​ environmental benefits: less pollution/city congestion → + sustainable, environmentally friendly transportation options -​ versatility: wide range applications (personal transportation, package delivery, emergency response) → + opportunities diversification, growth WEAKNESSES: -​ high costs: early stages development → expensive develop, operate, not all organizations/individuals can afford UAM -​ regulatory challenges: safety, security, privacy → slow development/adoption UAM technology OPPORTUNITIES: -​ growing demand: world cities → urban populations grows → + transportation needed (expansion, growth UAM) 78 perlustrazione 79 raccolta info 80 dislocazione 81 engines: battery based electric motors + internal combustion engine  -​ partnerships/collaborations: with stakeholders (governments, transportation companies, technology firms → accelerate development/deployment UAM systems THREATS: -​ Competition: others mode transportation (ground transportation) → hard attract/retain customers -​ public perception: concerns - safety, privacy, environmental impact → address concerns, build public trust → deploy82/operate UAM -​ Technological limitations: still developing → improve reliability/performance UAM + develop advanced navigation/communication systems 8. CARGO CARRIERS: Air cargo: -​ critical role global economy → businesses move goods quickly, efficiently between different markets -​ important: employment + economic activity: supports operations airlines/airports/other businesses related air cargo industry -​ 3% world trade transported Air cargo = 35% value world trade83 DEFINITION OF AIR CARGO: any property carried on aircraft other than mail, stores, accompanied/mishandled84 baggage USE AIR CARGO IN THE PAST: -​ Wright Brothers, Henry Fabre: aircraft - transport small packages/letters between cities -​ Up 1920: aviation = transport airmail/air cargo (Curtiss Jenny, Junker JL6) -​ Mid-20th century: development larger/+ powerful aircraft → air cargo grew = global industry -​ Mid-1920:Early Air Cargo service: US → Us railroads issue air services → pressure: regulation -​ 1925: Kelly Air Mail Act: private companies provide air mail services under government contract < - -> establishing Contract Air Mail Routes -​ 1945: creation IATA: standardize, regulated air cargo industry → contribute grow international trade -​ 1970: airlines transport larger volumes cargo: + efficient, lower cost AIR CARGO TODAY: big grow -​ e-commerce -​ high demand fast/reliable transportation - goods -​ new technologies: electric/hybrid aircraft/drones -​ essential part global economy: connect different regions world → global trade 8.1 IMPORTANCE OF AIR CARGO: 82 distribuire 83 traffico 84 abbandonati Cargo aircraft or freighters: specialized aircraft transport goods (rather than passengers) -​ different design features -​ different size/types -​ transport goods: perishable85 goods, electronic components, medical supplies, time-sensitive/high-value items DIFFERENT TYPES: -​ wide-body cargo planes: large, long-range aircraft (up to 150 tons long distance), main and lower deck → carry different types cargo -​ narrow-body cargo planes: smaller aircraft → smaller volumes goods, shorter distance (within region/connect smaller cities - larger hub airports) B737,A320,Embraer, ATR regional -​ specialized cargo aircraft: modified for transporting goods Converted passengers planes, military cargo planes = BC-17, A400M, Embraer C340, purpose built cargo aircraft: Antonov AN124 Air cargo -​ advances world economy, generates employment -​ delivers top-notch goods customers - affordable rate -​ + 18 millions goods transported air freight WHY IS AIR CARGO IMPORTANT? -​ speed: fastest way transport goods long distances → bypass delays/bottlenecks (other modes transportation) + useful: time-sensitive goods (perishable goods, electronic components, medical supplies) -​ capacity: large volumes goods (quasi come shipping vessels, railroads), operate others mode transportation can’t access, remote/unserved regions -​ connectivity: connecting different regions → enable global trade. Businesses move goods quickly/efficiently different markets → support economic growth, development -​ safety: safe mode transportation: low accidents/incidents rates → important sensitive/valuable goods (extra level protection) growth e-commerce86: higher demand- fast/reliable transportation goods KEY ROLE AIR CARGO: -​ efficiently transport: small packages/other e-commerce orders -​ humanitarian assistance - crisis time (after natural disasters,armed conflicts) -​ allows humanitarian organization: quickly/efficiently transport supplies/aid areas needed, saving lives, alleviate suffering 8.2 INTEGRATORS: provide end-to-end logistics/transportation services (movement goods-air) 85 deteriorabili 86 trade/retail operations on internet → E-commerce increased air cargo services demand coordinate supply chain87: from initial sourcing goods - delivery to customer -​ management inventory -​ arranging for goods transportation -​ handling customs clearance/others regulations ROLE OF INTEGRATORS - AIR CARGO -​ work network partners/service providers (airlines, warehouses, ground transportation companies → seamless88, efficient service - customers -​ range services: small package delivery, freight forwarding, e-commerce fulfillment -​ facilitate movements goods + support operations businesses/organizations Examples of Air Cargo integrators: DHL: global logistics company -​ small package delivery/freight forwarding/e-commerce fulfillment -​ 1969: founded Adrian Dalsey, Larry Hillblom, Robert Lynn -​ initially: international document delivery services - -> international express delivery services -​ fleet cargo planes → network partners + service providers -​ end-to-end logistic/transportation services: customers FEDEX: global logistic company - air cargo services -​ small package delivery, freight forwarding, supply chain management -​ 1971: founded Frederick W. Smith -​ initially: Federal Express: overnight delivery services: packages, documents, freight -​ fleet cargo planes → network partners + service providers: seamless/efficient transportation - customers UPS: (United Parcel Service): global logistics/transportation company -​ 1907: founded James. E. Casey - Seattle (WA) -​ initially: American Messenger Company: local delivery, messenger services -​ range air cargos services: small package delivery, freight forwarding, supply chain management -​ fleet cargo planes: network partners + service providers -​ end-to-end logistics/transportation solutions - customers AIRBORNE: global logistics transportation company -​ small package delivery, freight forwarding, e-commerce fulfillment -​ fleet cargo planes: network partners + service providers: seamless/efficient transportation - customers 8.3 Combination Carriers: airlines operate passengers/freighter aircraft -​ air cargo services + passenger services 87 catena di fornitura 88 senza difficoltà  -​ cargo: significant source income foreign flag-carriers - international routes Lufthansa, Air France: 1/3 incomes: air cargo ADVANTAGES OPERATE BOTH PASSENGERS + FREIGHTER AIRCRAFT: -​ flexibility: + range services → meet needs customers + adjust capacity/operations response changes on demand -​ efficiency: optimize use resource/assets89m→ less costs + efficiency transport goods (passenger travel low) vs transport passenger (goods demand low) -​ network coverage: + comprehensive network destinations/connections → serve + markets, + customers EXAMPLE OF COMBINATION CARRIERS: Lufthansa: german airline -​ passengers + freighter aircraft -​ LUfthansa Cargo: freighter planes + cargo services passengers planes Emirates: Dubai - based -​ passengers + freighter aircraft -​ Emirates SkyCargo: freighter planes + services passengers planes Singapore Airlines: Singapore based -​ passengers + freighter aircraft -​ Singapore Airlines Cargo: freighter planes + services passengers planes American Airlines: US-based -​ passengers + freighter aircraft -​ American Airlines Cargo: freighter planes + cargo services passengers planes COMBINATION CARRIERS vs INTEGRATED CARRIERS: Integrated carriers: -​ charge more X excellent services -​ yeld: 2 to 2.5 $ pound90 domestic shipments -​ time-definite -​ guaranteed door-to-door service + real-time shipment tracking service -​ end-to-end logistics + transportation services combination carriers: -​ airport-to-airport services on space-available basis -​ not guarantees91 service offered -​ limited tracking capabilities -​ 0,30 to 0,40$ pound domestic shipments -​ focus transportation goods - air (in addition passengers) integrated air cargo carriers + combination carriers 89 beni 90 libbra (mezzo kg) 91 garanzie  -​ range services: different customers needs -​ DIFFER: operations scope + offered services 8.4 ALL-CARGO OPERATORS: known also classic freight carriers IATA: air freight businesses -​ not carry passengers -​ scheduled/charter point-to-point services -​ accept shipment huge commodities (power generators, oil, gas drilling parts92 → use freighter planes What Cargo Operators do? -​ fly heavy lift shipments: high trade -​ fly goods distant areas (far from closest airport having regularly scheduled airlines) -​ book loads93 + arrangements94 pick up/delivery -​ door-to-door services + no marketing departments ESC (The European Shipper’s Council)95: why shippers choose all-cargo operators? 1.​ + reliable, + efficient, door-to door seamless logistics services 2.​ paperless chain air cargo: consignor to consignee 3.​ fair, transparent, reasonable surcharges96 4.​ industry-wide-standards carbon emissions: info emissions generated shipment → compare environmental performance between airlines Example of All-Cargo Operators: CARGOLUX: Luxembourg -​ cargo planes -​ range services: small package delivery, freight forwarding, supply chain management -​ work with network partners + service providers: efficient transportations customers ASIA CARGO AIRLINES: US based -​ 1998: founded → leading cargo carriers Asia-Pacific region -​ cargo fleet: B747 freighters -​ network destinations: world ATLAS AIR CARGO: US based -​ fleet cargo planes -​ range air cargo services: small package delivery, freight forwarding, supply chain management -​ work network partners + service providers: end-to-end logistics transportations customers 92 parti per estrazione petrolio e gas 93 carico 94 accordi 95 1963: non-profit organization: represents cargo owners/interests 100.000 businesses Europe 96 maggiorazioni KALITTA: US based -​ fleet cargo planes -​ range air cargo services: small package delivery, freight forwarding, supply chain management -​ work with network partners + service providers: seamless efficient transportation customers EVERGREEN: US-based -​ fleet cargo planes -​ range air cargo services: small package delivery, freight forwarding, supply chain management -​ work network partners + service providers: end-to-end logistics transportation - customers POLAR AIR CARGO: Purchase - NY -​ freight cargo airline operator: division of Atlas Air Global Holdings -​ regular, all cargo flights: Middle East, Asia, Europe, North America -​ hubs: LA, Hong Kong International Airport, Narita International Airport, Incheon International Airport (close to Seoul - South Korea) -​ mostly operates: out Cincinnati/northern Kentucky International Airport 8.5 Trends in Air Cargo: IATA: world air cargo traffic forecast → increase dynamically -​ annual growth rate: over 4% - next 20 years -​ air freight: + 4,3% annum future -​ airmail: + 2% annum future HOW WILL THE NEXT GENERATION AIR CARGO BE? -​ technology → + productivity, + efficiency, + responsiveness customers -​ automated high-rack warehouses97 -​ automated/environmentally friendly vehicles → autonome navigation in facility -​ AR: augmented reality + AI artificial intelligence → employees + productive FUTURE FREIGHT FACILITIES: secure, automated, linked, green, smart → suitable size, location: users FUTURE TRENDS OF AIR CARGO: -​ e-commerce: higher demands air cargo services → online retailers (thanks air cargo, move goods quickly/efficiently). will continue with growing e-commerce 97 magazzini automatizzati con scaffali alti  -​ sustainability: less environment impact + sustainable practices → less emissions + fuel efficiency + sustainable materials, technologies -​ technology: data analytics, automation, AI → increase air cargo industry - -> + efficiency, less costs -​ consolidation: smaller players acquired by larger players/mergers → need achievement economy of scale98 -​ urban air mobility: air taxis, VTOL → new opportunities: goods transportation in urban areas (less traffic congestion + efficiency) 98 produrre di più, diminuendo il costo