Aviation Management PDF

1. [1.1 HISTORY OF AVIATION:] - - - [THE YEARS BETWEEN THE WARS] After WWI: - - 1918: **first airmail service** (**France and overseas territories**) - -\> NYC and Washington beginning: only during the **day** → **no lights** - -\> during night...

1. [1.1 HISTORY OF AVIATION:] - - - [THE YEARS BETWEEN THE WARS] After WWI: - - 1918: **first airmail service** (**France and overseas territories**) - -\> NYC and Washington beginning: only during the **day** → **no lights** - -\> during night 1923: **first postal night flights** **(Cheyenne and Chicago**) → **lighted airway,** **emergency landing fields with lights** First: **US postal Service** - **airplanes low prices** - -\> 1920: **+ demand** → department: **bids** (offerte) airplanes (**+ 500 pounds**) 1919 **Paris Convention:** rights over the space 1920: - - Late 1920, early 1930**: airplanes manufacturers (own airlines)** until prohibited - - - - 1930: **airlines** - **passengers** → + manufacturers - - Outbreak WWII: **resources - war** (pilots + airplanes) → **civil airplanes - military** *ex. Douglas DC-3 - -\> Douglas C-47 → **Candy Bombers*** 1944 - US - **100 000 airplanes** product [POST-WAR YEARS] End WWII: **surplus airplanes + pilots** → new **airlines** 1944: **Chicago Conference** - **52 states** (t**raffic rights, rates + fares, capacity controls**) 1950: **marketing travels** **European** countries - **regulated** industry → **airlines re-emerge** **Us: biggest airlines** → dominate world **FREEDOMS OF THE AIR:** 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. **Chicago Conference** beginning - **fail** \< - -\> **agree Chicago Convention (International Civil Aviation)** - **96 articles** - - - - - - **ICAO** - **administration + governance Chicago Convention** - - - [A NEW ERA OF AIR TRANSPORT] **Jet engine (**motore a reazione) 1950: **DH. 106 Comet:** first **civil aircraft** - **jet engine** \- -\> **Boeing 707** - operate **profitably, safely** - **181 passengers** Between 1957 and 1969: **Boeing** - **4 airplanes** - - **1960: Some people - US Air Force - military transporter - nose resemblance** [INTERNATIONAL GOVERNMENTAL AGREEMENTS ] **suitable aircraft** \< - - \> **regulation** [IATA TARIFF-FIXING STRUCTURE ] **IATA: International Air Transport Association: competition pricing** - - → **airlines agree** on - - - 1970: **non-IATA-members** → **+ attractive prices, lower fares** (tariffe) → **IATA members** - **discounts** **immunity** from **ANTITRUST- LEGISLATION (guarantee competition)** 1978: **reform itself** **creation** separate **category IATA: airlines befit without participating** in the **tariff-conferences → unanimity rule abandoned** **abolishment IATA tariffs → UK Indian market** - [DEREGULATION IN THE UNITED STATES ] **US market** - **deregulated** → **stabilize industry** - - - - - **all industries regulated** → **aviation** - **air safety** **inflation + technological development: airlines reduce costs, generate yields (**guadagni) Early 1970s: **critics** to **American Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB)**, regulates **domestic market (capacity** + **price)** \< - -\> **air transport unattractive** 1973: **oil crisis** → **increase oil price** 1975: **airlines reduce fares** → **additional services** 1977: **cargo market deregulated** (no rules) 1978/1981: **Airline Deregulation Act** pass **American Congress** - - **CAB: monitor fares** → **undercut/exceed standard industry fare levels** by **certain percentages** **EFFECTS OF DEREGULATION** - - 1979 **Republic Airlines** merges with **Southern Air Lines + North Central Airlines** ------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- 1980 **Republic Airlines** buy **Hughes Airwest** 1980 **Pan American (PanAm)** [^1^](#fn1){#fnref1.footnote-ref} merges with **National Airlines** 1982 **Texas International** merges with **Continental** - - [DEREGULATION IN EUROPE] **Bilateral agreements (USA vs European Countries)** 1993: **any carrier European Union** operate **any international route** between **states EU** (**no controls pricing + capacity)** **domestic routes** - **regulation** (until 1997) **EU airlines** - **cabotage services** \< - - \> **50% airline's capacity** - **sale** Since 1997: **any route EU** - **any airlines EU** \< - - \> **3rd + 4th freedom flights** (**local airlines**) according to **airport capacity** → **slots:** predetermined time for take off and landing *ex: airline operates major european airports* [1.2 THE AVIATION MARKET AND THE AEROSPACE INDUSTRY: ] **aerospace industry: manufacture aircraft, spacecraft** - - - These products: **high performance, reliability**[^6^](#fn6){#fnref6.footnote-ref}**, technology, unit value** [THE AVIATION INDUSTRY] one of the **most regulated** Since 1977: - - **industry:** symbol of **global developments** → **1% world economic growth** - **2,5/3% air traffic** [PASSENGER NUMBERS ] **decrease** 1979: **Second Oil Crisis** → decrease 1980,1981 1990 : **First Gulf War** (fear of **terrorist attack**) 9/11/2001: **Terrorist attack Twin Towers** 2003: **SARS pandemic** 2008: **Financial Crisis** **Financial stress** → airlines **USA** - **bankruptcy protection under Chapter 11**[^8^](#fn8){#fnref8.footnote-ref} [CARGO NUMBERS:] indicator **economic developments** (up or downturns) 1998: issues → **Asian Pacific Financial Crisis** 2008: **Financial Crisis** → people **not trave**l (**fear**) \< -- \> **always consume** [NORTH AMERICA:] limited to **US Market** **liberal** - -\> **regulated** market → **all carriers** - **merged together** - - - **+ Southwest Airlines: largest low cost-carriers**[^9^](#fn9){#fnref9.footnote-ref} ( **85%** domestic **US market** ) **2017** [EUROPE:] - - - **Lufthansa** closes **all bases except** for **hubs Frankfurt + Munich** **Norwegian Air Shuttle: long-haul, major** European Airline between **Europe** vs **New York** ---\> **major** airlines**: own long-haul low cost** brands - - - \< -- \> **Norwegian** - **no money** (**long-haul** + **european flights)** → **Wow Air** (6th freedom) **EU** and **North America** (stop in **Reykjavik)** \< -- \> **no profit** **taxes** + **high costs:** impact **airline's performance** [ASIA PACIFIC] - - → **Jet Airways** + **Kingfisher Airways** (**bankruptcy**) - -\> **Air India** issues - **global financial centers**, **specialized 6th freedoms flights** (**Europe, Southeast Asia, Australia)** \< -- \> **improve** - - -\> **cargo operations** + important (**good production Asia)** [MIDDLE EAST ] **Gulf Carriers: Emirates, Qatar Airways, Etihad** (**long- haul** → **direct flights**) - - - **Low cost carriers: point-to-point-service** (**Wizz-Air Abu-Dhabi, Air Arabia, Flynas) Flydubai** with **Emirates** **unprofitable before pandemic** [SOUTH AMERICA:] **financial crises** (**Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela**) **Avianca** - **bankrupt** → **LATAM Airlines Brasil** \< - -\> **bankruptcy protection under chapter 11** **Copa Airlines: hub-spoke network** out **Panama city** → **connections** ( good geographical location) - - - **not many competitors** → **Copa** (**56% total profits Latin American,** in **2016**) [AFRICA:] **infrastructural, economic, poor airline management issues** - - [CIVIL AVIATION MANUFACTURES: ] **market aircraft (125 seats) duopoly** → 2019: **Airbus + Boeing = 91% global commercial fleet** - - → **accusing** each others **illegal subsidies**[^10^](#fn10){#fnref10.footnote-ref} - - **BEFORE: building + assembling in house** **AFTER: hundreds of suppliers for aircraft parts → put together at the manufacture lines** [MILITARY AVIATION: ] (**Boeing + Aircraft profit** from **governmental expenditures** (**state aid, research funding, development new technologies, military contracts)** \< -- \> **military expenditure** ( **ground vehicles, rifles**[^11^](#fn11){#fnref11.footnote-ref}**, IT spending**[^12^](#fn12){#fnref12.footnote-ref}**) decreases GDP**[^13^](#fn13){#fnref13.footnote-ref} \- - - \> reduce expenditure → 1. 2. 3. **military profit** from **crisis** vs **civil suffers** from **wars** and **vice versa** → **airplanes manufacturers (civil** + **military aircraft)** [SPACE:] 20th century: **high expenditures** - **space missions** **today: NASA**[^14^](#fn14){#fnref14.footnote-ref} **stopped space shuttle program** (**moon not attractive** anymore) focus on: **defense + civil programs** **telecommunication:** essential role in life → **focus on satellites, search traces of life** **Nasa** work with **Space x** (develop **Shuttles + rockets**) *ex: project Blue Origin* (**space tourism** for **public**) [1.3 INTERNATIONAL AVIATION REGULATORY ACTORS AND ROLES] [GOVERNMENTS:] **IATA Traffic Conferences:** setting **tariffs** - respective **routes** [AIR SERVICE AGREEMENTS: (]**ASA)** - basis for **international air travel** **bilateral/multilateral agreement** (how many **states concerned,** how many **states agree**) - - - - - - **+** others such as - - - - **Main issue: foreign airlines** own **main-capacity restricted gateways** *ex: London Heathrow* - -\> **service** between **India** + **UK** (**112** services per **week**) \< - -\> **not** because of - - - → **Gulf Carriers** took the place **Brexit** → **Uk out ASA** [STATE AID: ] **government** involved **aviation policy** → **manufactures big benefit** **crisis time:** aviation **industry** - **financial support** government *ex: Air France COVID-19* \- -\> **bankruptcy under chapter 11:** help \< - -\> merges as **new company** [ICAO:] (**government) consequence Chicago Convention** 1944 2020: **193 states (not Holy See + Liechtenstein)** members **ICAO** → **agree Chicago Convention** → **5 strategic objectives** 1. 2. **procedures,** optimize **system performance** 3. 4. 5. **ICAO** description: [ASSEMBLY:] - - - - - - - - [COUNCIL:] - - - - - - - - - - **Air Navigation Commission:** assist **council** with **technical matters** **Air Transport Committee** assist **council** with **economical matters** [SECRETARIAT:] headed **Secretary General (CEO** of **ICAO**), divided into **5 divisions** 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. [IATA: (]represents **airline**) from **57** members to **290** (**83% world's air traffic)** - - - - - - 2022 **priorities** - - - - - *+* publishment **statistics, recommendations** related to **issues** *ex: safe air travel in pandemic* 2. [INTRODUCTION]**:** **airline** operates **right aircraft, right route, right time, right price, right product** [2.1 AIRCRAFT FAMILIES AND TYPES:] [BOEING:] aircraft named **7XT** - - - - airplanes named: **launch date ascending order** (**707** to **787), 717 exception** [BOEING 707: (]**commercial airplane)** initially called **700** \< - - \> **707** + exciting - - - - - - - [BOEING 727: (]**medium-haul market)** - - - - **ICAO 90 mins ETOPS**[^20^](#fn20){#fnref20.footnote-ref} **(**before **60 mins)** 1964: **Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)**[^21^](#fn21){#fnref21.footnote-ref} **waives ETOPS: three-four engines aircraft** → **any route without** consider **distance to airfield** 1980s: **no ETOPS twin engine aircraft** (burn **less fuel)** - -\> **3 engine aircraft removed** [MCDONNELL DOUGLAS: ] - - [DC-8: ] - - - - - - [DC-9/MD-80/MD-90/BOEING 717] - - - - - [DC-10/MD-11] - - - - - - - [Aérospatiale-British-Aircraft Corporation] **Concorde** (20 but everybody think just one) - - - - - - - - [AIRBUS: ] **A300 (medium-haul)** - - - **Fly-by-wire technology:** transmission of **Inputs** with **electronic signals** processed by **computer** and then **sended to control units** instead of physically signals [THE CURRENT GENERATION OF AIRCRAFT: ] 2020: **91% total** operative **fleet** = **Airbus + Boeing** \- - \> **Embraer, Bombardier:** manufacture **airplanes** (**short-medium-haul** market) \- - \> **ATR** = **Airbus + Leonardo** [AIRBUS:] portfolio **5 different models** **A220 (short-medium-haul)** - - - *Reasons because Bombardier no success \< -- \> Airbus yes:* 2008: **Airbus -** launched **new generation engines** (mounted **under airplane's wings),** **C-series gone** → **re-engine A320** and **B737 family** **C-Series Bombardier:** - - - - - **A320 family:** more **8600** orders - - - - - **A330/A340 family:** early 1990s in **service** **A330: 2 engines,** response to **B767** (**ETOPS still big issue),** great **success** 2021: **more 1800 ordered** + **delivered** 2017: **A330-200 A330-300** replaced by **A330neofamily - long-haul** **A340: 4 engines, long-haul flights** **avoid ETOPS** → **same fuselage, same wings, 2 engines** \< - - \> **-200 -300 -500 -600 no success** 2012: **production ceased** (370 built) **A350 (long-haul)** - - - - **A380** - - - **Airbus: runway capacity**[^26^](#fn26){#fnref26.footnote-ref} **global hubs** not able **expand** as **increase passengers** → **bigger aircraft needed** \< - - \> **smaller + fuel-efficient (direct routes)** → **no hub airports** - - - - **OAG (official airline guide)** July 2011: **4 airlines, 10 airports** - **China** and **Europe** July 2019: **12 airlines, 29 airports** **airports** in the market**: away** from **existing gateways - regional hubs (new aircraft** introduced) [BOEING: ] **B737:** most **popular commercial airplane →** end 2021: **13 500** orders - - - - - - **AIRBUS vs Boeing (**competition) **both success** **A320: clean-sheet** aircraft**, 10-30 yo** **BOEING "Next generation" + MAX (30-50 yo platform)** **B747: final model** introduced between 1957 and 1969 - - - - - **B747-8: current version (14 000 km)** - - - **B757:** - - - **B757-300: flying pencil (long and thin)** - - - - - - **B767** developed with **B757 (save money + commonality)** - - - - - **B777 same time A340 (no success) - long haul** - - - - - **B77-200 + extended ranges, B77-300 + extended ranges** 2022 **B777-200LR (** **longest flight passengers** = **Honk Kong - London 22h)** **B777-8** and **B777-9 ( soon in service)** - **B787 Dreamliner:** - - - **growth passengers** between **Asia** and **Europe** July 2011: **to** July 2021: 1. 2. 3. **Dreamliner: 86% hub airports, 1% spoke to spoke** [BOMBARDIER:] **financial difficulties** → issue with **C-series - -\>** **CRJ (Mitsubishi CRJ)** - - - - **- -\> Mitsubishi stop production CRJ** \< - -\> **focus maintenance, support, renovation marketing, sales activities** **DHC-8 or DASH-8**: - - - - [EMBRAER:] **2 jet aircraft families** **ERJ family (**popular in **USA)** - - - **E JET** - - - **E2-jet family** - - - - **Boeing** acquisition **Embraer\'s commercial program** \< - -\> 2020:**negotiation terminated** [ATR:] **ATR 42 + ATR 72 (**popular **Asia)** → operate **airports difficult access** - - - - [CARGO AIRPLANES:] **indicator economic developments** - - - - - - **AIRBUS: A330, A350** **BOEING: B747F, B767F, B777F, B777-8F, B747 (front cargo door)** **ATR: ATR 72-600 F** **P2F(passenger-to-freighter) conversion programs**[^28^](#fn28){#fnref28.footnote-ref} (da passeggeri a cargo) **A330P2F** - - - - - **AIRBUS: A321P2F, A330P2F** **BOEING: B737-800 BCF, B767-300BCF** \+ **B777-300ERSF** - - - **DEHAVILLAND: Dash-8s** → remove **seats** + installation **nets**[^29^](#fn29){#fnref29.footnote-ref} (not real conversion) **EMBRAER: E1 jets: no decisions** until 2022 [FUTURE TRENDS:] **seats** to **range-ratio** **AIRBUS (**from **A319** to **A380** + **a220): 440 seats maximum** - - - **BOEING (**from **B737-700** to **B777-9): 396 seats maximum** - **EMBRAER (E2-jets)** **RADIUS OPERATED: (**operare specifiche rotte in quel raggio) **A321neo XLR:** ( **London** and **Delhi ), new markets (Asia + Africa)** **→ US market** from **London** **→ Europe, Western Australia, majority Africa** from **Delhi** - **A350:** around **London** **A380: no market → disappear** \< - -\> **big miss LHR, DUBAI** **A350 ULR: Singapore Airlines + Qantas** (**ultra-long-haul) high yields** [^30^](#fn30){#fnref30.footnote-ref} **Singapore** to **US** - **new airplanes** - - **strong domestic markets - -\> political tensions → own aircraft** 2022: **Ukraine war → Sukhoi -** Russia **(Superjet program), self-made** → **sell Iran** [The FUTURE GENERATION OF AIRPLANES: ] **supersonic travel + climate-friendly technology** **BOOM (american** manufacturer) **commercial supersonic travel (same time Concorde)** **\< - - \>** issues - - - - **New aircraft (different energy** as **fuel):** - - - **power current** aircraft **generation** **SAF: sustainable aviation fuels** ---\> **reduce C02** - - **alternatives next generations aircraft:** - - - **current generation batteries: too heavy + too much space** - - **\< - -\> new structure (hydrogen bigger tanks) + structure** resist **300-500 bar pressure** [2.2 AIRCRAFT OPERATION ] **field operations: COO (**chief operating officer) **GROUND OPERATIONS, FLIGHT OPERATIONS, AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE** **Block time: time** seen **flight plan** **Flight attendants + pilots** paid in **block times** **Ground operations: on-blocks aircraft** to **off-blocks.** **catering, cargo, luggage loading, passenger handling, fueling (**coordinated by **ramp agent**[^34^](#fn34){#fnref34.footnote-ref}**) + positioning of aircraft** **small airport (1 ground operator)** vs **bigger airports (+ ground operators)** ***Legal requirements*** - - ***Airline requirements*** - - **Aircraft requirements:** - - **Airport requirements:** - *What else?* - - - - **Cut TURNAROUND TIME**[^36^](#fn36){#fnref36.footnote-ref} → **- costs + productivity** **ground operations** vary from **airlines** - - **Flight operations** START: **aircraft pushed back** from **stand/ brake blocks removed** from **landing gear** END: **aircraft** at the **stand, brake blocks placed again** - - - - **NOT ALWAYS FLIGHT DEPARTMENTS** - - - [Example one:] **Airport Central America: complex landing procedure** required related to **wind** → **only specially trained crews operate flights - -\> risk analysis, reduce risk accident** [Example two:] airline **flights** airport **southern part South America - code F aircraft** [^38^](#fn38){#fnref38.footnote-ref} **→ specific airports, alternate airport (airline benefit → less fuel as possible)** [Example three:] **ground operations issue: new type aircraft** introduced to **fleet - -\> tow-bar** [^39^](#fn39){#fnref39.footnote-ref}**failures increases** **→ ground operator + flight operator departments - defer engine start procedure** **decrease environmental impact: new procedures** - - - [2.3 AIRCRAFT MAINTENANCE:] **safest industries world, safety mechanism** **Maintenance Intervals:** determined **MPD (maintenance planning document)** manufacture: **airframe, engines, landing gears, other components** - **airlines + flexibility** → **line maintenance checks during night (- ground time + profit)** **LINE MAINTENANCE** **EASA (European Aviation Safety Agency): maintenance before flight → aircraft fit flight** - - - **[A CHECK](60 hours labor)** **- light maintenance: 400 to 600 flight hours, 200** and **300 flight cycles** \- **filter changes** **- check + greasing systems** **intervals** determined by **manufacturers,** differ from **models** **B737 Classic:** every **250 hours flight** **A320:** every **750 hours flight** **[B CHECK] (120-150 hours labor)** - - - **Boeing, Airbus: B check included in A check** **BASE MAINTENANCE:** - - **[C CHECK (]base check) → 5000 labor hours** - - - - - **A320: low-middle amount labor hours** - - - **[D-CHECK] →** find **structural damages (1** to **3 months)** - - **MCF (maintenance check flight): after** some **C checks, D check** → **components properly installed, systems working accordingly** **different strategies - maintain aircraft** **A330, A340: several C checks** before **D check** **A380: combination C** + **IL (intermediate Layover) check** before **D check (after 12 years)** → + **small checks over time → reduce ground time = equalizing maintenance** [MAINTENANCE COST: ] **single-aisle aircraft** - - - - *What influences maintenance costs?* **[Fleet age]** - - - **[Fleet commonality: ]** - **[Route network: ]** **airlines short-haul routes: high costs maintenance** - - **service bulletins (SB)** [^42^](#fn42){#fnref42.footnote-ref} **only ETOPS** be respected **[Geographical location: ]** - - - **[Maintenance providers:]** airlines **reduce maintenance costs → countries low costs** - - **MRO (maintenance, repair and overhaul): + predictability maintenance costs** - - - - **Lufthansa:** reintegrating **line maintenance** hub **Frankfurt** - **3. AIRPORT MANAGEMENT** **passengers - main purpose airport → satisfy needs** [3.1 ELEMENTS OF AIRPORT: ] **LANDSIDE (**opposite **AIRSIDE): area outside security** area airport, marked by **fences, crossed security controls** **surface access - how people go/come from airport** *BERLIN BRANDENBURG AIRPORT:* **passengers** - - - - - solve **congestions airports** → + **sustainable ways transport** - - 2014: **Uk airport** handle **additional 4,3% passenger** (meeters, greeters) **LHR: 4,5 million** - **40/60% passengers - public transport** - **Future** surface access**: driverless cars, air taxis** **TERMINAL BUILDING: boundary (**CONFINE) between **landside** and **airside** - - - - **Non-aviation-revenues (**sometimes 50%): **rents, commissions, events, conferences, parking-fees** **APRON (NA - tarmac** and **ramp): area** surrounding **terminal building** - - **BOARDING GATES:** - - - airport **charges: no jet bridges → lower - -\> increase performance boarding/deboarding front/rear doors** **GOVERNMENT TERMINAL: capital airports** **MILITARY APRONS** **TOWER:** coordinates **ground/air traffic** - - - **not every parking bay seen** from **tower** *AMSTERDAM SCHIPHOL:* **second tower: not seen a runway** *LONDON CITY AIRPORT:* **Swanick - remote towers: screen** simulate **tower (+ safety, efficiency, less costs)** **AIRCRAFT HANGARS: not small airports** - - - ***Larger airports: hangars base-maintenance check \< - - \> not heavy-maintenance?*** ***space, costs*** - - ***\< - -\>*** *BEIJING INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT:* **Ameco - MRO - Boeing aircraft** *DUBAI AIRPORT:* **Emirates - heavy maintenance checks** **CARGO APRON: majority of airports** (not really small ones) - - *FRANKFURT:* **terminals - animals (horses) + pharmaceutic** **FIREHOUSE:** - - - **TAXIWAYS: yellow lines** (mark **center taxiways) → roll on the ground** **RUNWAYS: red** - - - *CHICAGO O'HARE:* **8 runways** **taxi-runways → safety standards** - - **→ glide slope transmitter**[^50^](#fn50){#fnref50.footnote-ref} **- near touchdown zone runway** **- -\> horizontal transmitter - end runway** [ADDITIONAL AIRPORTS ELEMENT] **DEICING PADS:** - - - **SECURITY AREAS:** - *LDN - STN:* **flights potential** threat [^51^](#fn51){#fnref51.footnote-ref} **→ attract hijacks + bomb threat** *WHY STN?* **proximity Royal Air Force Base - Suffolk, low traffic volume** **AIRCRAFT STORAGE:** **crises times → important airports** offer **extensive parking spaces** - - - - - [3.2 RUNWAY SISTEMS AND OPERATIONS: ] **groundspeed: cars** **airspeed: airplanes** **wings** generate **lift**[^52^](#fn52){#fnref52.footnote-ref} **influenced by speed airflow (**flusso d'aria) - **takeoff direction** influenced by **wind speeds, directions** **→ airliners** takeoff **under headwind conditions (**controvento) \< - -\> **avoid headwind** during **cruise flight**[^53^](#fn53){#fnref53.footnote-ref} **(save fuel)** **How are runways named?** *WIND FROM SOUTH → TAKE OFF TOWARDS SOUTH* *WIND FROM NORTH → TAKE OFF TOWARDS NORTH* **always under headwinds** - - - [SINGLE RUNWAY:] - - - [PARALLEL RUNWAYS: ] - - [TWO PARALLEL RUNWAYS:] - *BERLIN-TEGEL:* airport **2 runways**: **no** operate **independently**: **distance** between them \< - -\> **increase capacity** **Single-runway-occupancy-requirements (busy airport): 1 aircraft runway takeoff, landing** **\< - -\>** *BERLIN-TEGEL* **time intervals reduced: departing aircraft lines up** instead **waiting aircraft landed** *LONDON HEATHROW:* **take off, land simultaneously both runways (double capacity)** **SEPARATION: lateral/vertical distance between aircraft in the air** **maintain separation air: turn shortly after departure** [THREE PARALLEL RUNWAYS:] *FRANKFURT AIRPORT:* **northern runway independently** vs **other 2 simultaneously** [FOUR PARALLEL RUNWAYS:] **or more** - - *PARIS CHARLE DE GAULLE:* **northern, southern not operate independently (1-1, 2-2)** **1- 2** **2-1** [INTERSECTING RUNWAYS: ] - - *MALTA AIRPORT:* - - - - **→ heavy airplanes (full runway): turning pad**[^56^](#fn56){#fnref56.footnote-ref} **southern end runway: decrease capacity** *LONDON CITY AIRPORT:* **increase capacity 40** to **45 hour adding a taxiway** [V-SHAPED RUNWAY SYSTEMS:] - - *ZÜRICH AIRPORT:* - - - **Challenges air traffic controllers:** keep **separation** between **airplanes ground/air** **Challenges pilots: be attentive, follow instructions air traffic controller** *ZURICH, FRANKFURT:* **noise avoidance → take off under tailwind** [^57^](#fn57){#fnref57.footnote-ref} [3.3 AIRPORT SLOT MANAGEMENT: ] **slot: landing/take off right** certain **airports** **coordinated (level 3): slot** restricted → **majority european airports** *LHR, AMSTERDAM, PARIS, MADRID, MALAGA, OSLO, VENICE* **Worldwide Airport Slot Guidelines (IATA)** **uncoordinated (level 2)** [WHAT FACTORS AFFECT AIRPORT CAPACITY?] [RUNWAYS CAPACITY:] - - - - - *A380:* **width 45** to **60 mt (outboard engines) → narrow**[^58^](#fn58){#fnref58.footnote-ref} **runways: dust, sand → cleared always** *LHR capacity + than MUNICH* **→ airplanes bigger LHR** [GATES CAPACITY: ] - - *LISBON AIRPORT* [APRONS CAPACITY: ] - [TERMINAL CAPACITY:] *BERLIN-TEGEL-AIRPORT:* - - - [SURFACE ACCESS: ] **no example \< - -\> can be limiting factor** [OTHER FACTORS: ] - - [SLOT ALLOCATION: ] [EUROPE:] - - - - **European Slot Regulation Act 95/93: 50 % available slots new entrants** **initially: 4 slots day** or **3% total slots airport (only maximum 2 competitors)** 2008: **5 % total slots airport** **other 50%: capacity maximization, aircraft type, quality service (**qualità dei servizi) **airline** hold **slot:** use **least 80% (use-it-or-lose-it - 80-20 rule) → + 20% unused loses it** **airline** use **least 80%: grandfather rights → can use next year** **some slots:** part **ring-fencing**[^61^](#fn61){#fnref61.footnote-ref}**: regional routes, public service obligations (PSOs)**[^62^](#fn62){#fnref62.footnote-ref} **other slots: slottery → grant slots** *LONDON:* **Norwegian airlines 14 slots LHR** \< - -\> **slottery** granted **3 slots - -\> Norwegian Airlines back (not enough)** **slot trading:** 2016:*OMAN AIR**:*** purchased **1 LHR slot** from **Air France: 75 million euros** **value slot: return/investment, slot leasing** [THE UNITED STATES: ] only **Chicago O'hare, Washington Ronald Reagan, Los Angeles (LAX), San Francisco, New York (La Guardia, John F. Kennedy, Newark) → slot regulated** **slot trading: + common → allowed** *DELTA AIRLINES:* **trades** from **75** to **100 slots → 80/90% competitors do same** **benefit** - - [CRITICISM: ] - - - - **FUTURE: balance profit maximization, connectivity, increase capacity** *FLYBE (airline):* **couple LHR slots domestic services - turboprop jet - -\> never less 80% → keep over years** **Issue: airport, stakeholders (retail companies)** wanted **long-haul, wide-body aircraft → more passengers** **suspend "use-it-or-lose-it" →** protect **environment, airlines (empty flights)** - - - [3.4 TERMINAL CONCEPTS:] **terminal design** [OPEN APRON:] **low passenger volumes** - - - - *MALTA, BERLIN TEMPELHOF AIRPORT* [LINEAR TERMINALS: ] - - - - *NEW BERLIN AIRPORT* [PIER CONCEPT:] (1950) - - - *FRANKFURT T1 (***lufthansa + Star Alliance**[^64^](#fn64){#fnref64.footnote-ref}**),** *AMSTERDAM, MADRID BARAJAS T2, COPENHAGEN* [SATELLITE DESIGN: ] - - *LHR T5:* **1 linear terminal + 2 satellite terminals (**follow **linear design \< - - \> no landside access)** *LHR T2:* **satellite terminal** *LHR T3:* **pier terminal** *LHR T4:* **mix linear terminal + pier terminal** *ATLANTA: (***7 councourses)** - - - - - [TRANSPORTER DESIGN: ] early 1960s: **mobile busses** - - - **no right-wrong for transporter design** *ATLANTA AIRPORT, WASHINGTON DULLES, JEDDAH* *BEIJING DAXING AIRPORT - -\> NEW AIRPORT ISTANBUL, NEW HAMAD AIRPORT DOHA* - - **not sure - design for mega-hub airports** **Future:** everything will have **large impact (probably)** - - - - **short-haul travels:** - - [ ] **4. AIRLINE MANAGEMENT: improve: marketing, on-board products, loyalty schemes, customer service, catering, cargo** GOAL: **passengers onboard aircraft → maximize revenue airlines →** know - - - - [4.1 TRAFFIC FORECASTING(] previsione) [AND PLANNING ] **theory ≠ reality: marketing campaigns/special fares: attract passengers** - - **FORECASTING:** understand **why** certain **routes launched, why same route profitable 1 airline, not for another one** - - - - [COMPETITION:] **competition on a route → viability new route** **route:** existence **+2 flight-plan phases →** generates **profit** 2018: *LHR-PERTH:* **Qantas - - \> Virgin Atlantic \< - -\> load factor**[^67^](#fn67){#fnref67.footnote-ref} **Qantas: + 90%** **high load factor: indicator performance service** - - - [GRAVITY MODEL:] **used** when **no data available (secret)** 19th century: **Eduard Lill: movement on Austrian State Railways** **demand proportional to:** **P1 x P2/D** - - - can also enclose (**quality service, number frequencies** per **day, hot meal, fares)** **2 big cities → higher demand** than **2 smaller cities** not enclosed (**cultural factors)** *BERLIN, TOULOUSE vs NORTH AFRICA →* **Toulouse better (historic, linguistic connections.** **cities + 1 airport: CATCHMENT AREA**[^68^](#fn68){#fnref68.footnote-ref} **airport** *LDN SOUTHEND:* **attracts Spain, Portugal (these people don't live there)** *MALLORCA:* **high demand air travel** from **Germany** **CONNECTING SERVICES:** 2016: **Qatar Airways Doha - Atlanta: +16 seats day (not bigger aircraft** \< - -\> **seats** filled **passengers connect through Doha** [ONLINE DATA:] **data analysis** - - *SKYSCANNER:* - - - *OFFICIAL AIRLINE GUIDE (OAG):* - - - - 2019: *LA - BANGKOK, LA - BRISBANE (AU), LA- LHR (***unserved higher demand)** **past: majority tickets** booked **travel agencies** [EVENTS:] **Olympic games, Football World Cups, EXPO etc.** *WORLD CUP 2022 QATAR:* **Gulf Airlines: shuttle services Doha-** **other cities (people)** *EXPO 2020 DUBAI:* **Lufthansa 6 weekly Munich - Dubai** + **daily Frankfurt - Zurich** [INCENTIVES:] **attract airlines certain routes** **discounting fees: passenger handling, landing fees** *ZAGREB AIRPORT:* **incentive program (fees cut airline) → Ryanair: Mälmo, Weeze** **Ryanair:** receive **incentives: service - - \> expired incentives: shut route (generate demand)** *PUBLIC SERVICE OBLIGATIONS (PSO):* **(incentives): regional service not operate profitably → government incentives airlines** [4.2 NETWORK DESIGN AND PLANNING ] **HUB-AND-SPOKE NETWORKS:** - - *FRANKFURT - MUNICH - FRANKFURT* **Network carriers** have **hubs capital countries \< - -\> exceptions** *LUFTHANSA:* **Frankfurt** *SWISS:* **Zurich** *QANTAS:* **Sidney** *LATAM BRAZIL:* **São Paulo** *US CARRIERS:* **Washington DC** **[BENEFIT: ]** - - - *VIRGIN ATLANTIC:* **London - Perth (travel, connections: Qantas Australian, British Airways )** - May 2022: *BERLIN-BILBAO:* **no direct service \< - -\>** + companies**: Air France/KLM, Iberia, Lufthansa Group Services** **direct services: no attract passengers → Network carriers connecting flights → passengers share plane → + profit** **[DISADVANTAGES OF HUB-AND-SPOKE NETWORKS]** - **compensation** passengers (**lower fares)** - - *SOUTH WEST EUROPE:* **South American Services** *NORTH EUROPE:* **services Europe-Asia** - - **POINT-TO-POINT-SERVICES: LCC: direct services - tight schedules** - - *RYANAIR:* **London Stansted, Dublin, Girona** *EASYJET:* **London Gatwick, MXP, Berlin** **[ADVANTAGES: ]** - - - **high use aircraft, less costs** - - **[DISADVANTAGES: ]** - - - [4.3 COST STRUCTURES AND THEIR MANAGEMENT:] **different from company** **[GENERAL CHALLENGES AND TASKS OF COST MANAGEMENT: ]** **majority costs: fuel, oil → reduce** 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. - - *CARRIERS MIDDLE EAST profit:* **low social-security, tax payments employees** **cost safety:** examined → **higher priority** **young fleet: less maintenance costs** **[FULL SERVICE CARRIERS:] long-haul fleets** - - - - **[HUB SERVICES:]** generate - - **+ passenger flight → bigger airplanes → - costs seats (**right route**)** **larger airlines** order **larger amounts of airplanes → - costs, better conditions** concern also: **engines, spare parts, lounge furniture** - *BRITISH AIRWAYS LOUNGE:* **LHR → passengers meet requirements → - costs** **[DISADVANTAGES:] complexity network** - - - **- -\> + costs: compensation, accommodation, catering** **[LOW COST CARRIERS:] reduce costs passengers, airlines** - - - *RYANAIR:* **high flexibility → shift where there's capacity, less fees** **[DISADVANTAGES: ]** - - **[4.4 YELD MANAGEMENT (]**gestione rendimento) → **airlines** 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. **[GENERAL CHALLENGES AND TASKS OF YELD MANAGEMENT: ]** **aircraft departed: empty seats no sold again \< - -\> load factor 100% not mean service operated profitably** *QANTAS:* **London - Perth → 200 seats sold 1 euros:** big **loss** different **passengers:** - - - - **NETWORK AIRLINES: 2/4 cabin classes** - - - - *AMSTERDAM, FRANKFURT* **different booking classes → low/high willingness** to **pay →** suits **needs** **[LOW COST CARRIERS:] competitive cost structure, prices, product** - Initially: **Europe not common - -\> developed** - **[DISADVANTAGES: ]** - - **NETWORK CARRIERS: unbundling**[^77^](#fn77){#fnref77.footnote-ref} **fares---\> less costs, more profit** **LCC:** added **priority boarding, flexible tickets, seats + legroom,** moved **main airports ( + costs, + revenue) = HYBRIDIZATION** **[SPECIAL ISSUES: ]** - **GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS (GD**[^78^](#fn78){#fnref78.footnote-ref}**S): + costs ( travel agents** need **commission):** used **high yield passengers** **LOYALTY SCHEMES: schemes** to **grant benefit passengers (**according **travel behavior)** - ::: {.section.footnotes} ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1. ::: {#fn1} **airlines (domestic, international routes)** \< - -\> **domestic missing** → National Airlines[↩](#fnref1){.footnote-back} ::: 2. ::: {#fn2} aircraft without motor, used for specific sports[↩](#fnref2){.footnote-back} ::: 3. ::: {#fn3} mongolfiere[↩](#fnref3){.footnote-back} ::: 4. ::: {#fn4} sonde spaziali (strumenti per esplorazione spaziale)[↩](#fnref4){.footnote-back} ::: 5. ::: {#fn5} navicelle con equipaggio[↩](#fnref5){.footnote-back} ::: 6. ::: {#fn6} affidabilità[↩](#fnref6){.footnote-back} ::: 7. ::: {#fn7} beni[↩](#fnref7){.footnote-back} ::: 8. ::: {#fn8} non avevano soldi \< -- \> stare business - -\> pagare debiti[↩](#fnref8){.footnote-back} ::: 9. ::: {#fn9} low cost structures, point-to-point networks, uniform fleets (gruppo veicoli), unbundled fares (biglietti + bassi)[↩](#fnref9){.footnote-back} ::: 10. ::: {#fn10} traffico illegale denaro[↩](#fnref10){.footnote-back} ::: 11. ::: {#fn11} fucili[↩](#fnref11){.footnote-back} ::: 12. ::: {#fn12} spese per information technology[↩](#fnref12){.footnote-back} ::: 13. ::: {#fn13} gross domestic product (PIL)[↩](#fnref13){.footnote-back} ::: 14. ::: {#fn14} National Aeronautics and Space Administration[↩](#fnref14){.footnote-back} ::: 15. ::: {#fn15} flights for special use[↩](#fnref15){.footnote-back} ::: 16. ::: {#fn16} assign a specific role[↩](#fnref16){.footnote-back} ::: 17. ::: {#fn17} convert water and CO2 → aviation fuel (using electricity)[↩](#fnref17){.footnote-back} ::: 18. ::: {#fn18} IATA operational safety Audit → evaluation system for operational management + control systems airline[↩](#fnref18){.footnote-back} ::: 19. ::: {#fn19} motore a reazione[↩](#fnref19){.footnote-back} ::: 20. ::: {#fn20} Extended-range Twin-engine Operation Performance Standards, maximum distance minutes at which an aircraft can operate away from a suitable diversion airfield.[↩](#fnref20){.footnote-back} ::: 21. ::: {#fn21} responsible US Department of Transportation - Air Transport[↩](#fnref21){.footnote-back} ::: 22. ::: {#fn22} maximum takeoff weights[↩](#fnref22){.footnote-back} ::: 23. ::: {#fn23} pezzi di ricambio[↩](#fnref23){.footnote-back} ::: 24. ::: {#fn24} aircraft with 1/2 aisles (corridoi)[↩](#fnref24){.footnote-back} ::: 25. ::: {#fn25} New engine option[↩](#fnref25){.footnote-back} ::: 26. ::: {#fn26} number takeoff and landings a runway can accommodate per hour[↩](#fnref26){.footnote-back} ::: 27. ::: {#fn27} specific pilots license[↩](#fnref27){.footnote-back} ::: 28. ::: {#fn28} adattare aerei al mercato[↩](#fnref28){.footnote-back} ::: 29. ::: {#fn29} sicurezza del velivolo[↩](#fnref29){.footnote-back} ::: 30. ::: {#fn30} alta richiesta[↩](#fnref30){.footnote-back} ::: 31. ::: {#fn31} aereo completamente elettrico made in Israele[↩](#fnref31){.footnote-back} ::: 32. ::: {#fn32} aereo che decolla senza pista (vertical takeoff and landing aircraft)[↩](#fnref32){.footnote-back} ::: 33. ::: {#fn33} aircraft for individual transport[↩](#fnref33){.footnote-back} ::: 34. ::: {#fn34} link between ground crew + flight crew[↩](#fnref34){.footnote-back} ::: 35. ::: {#fn35} generator inside aircraft, converts fuel into electricity, helps engine start up + other procedures[↩](#fnref35){.footnote-back} ::: 36. ::: {#fn36} time between going on-blocks and off-block (tempo arrivo stand e tempo ripartenza)[↩](#fnref36){.footnote-back} ::: 37. ::: {#fn37} notifications indicate special circumstances (closed runways, closed airways( usually temporary[↩](#fnref37){.footnote-back} ::: 38. ::: {#fn38} ICAO biggest aircraft commercial for wingspan \< - -\> wings folded down (A380, B747-8, B777X)[↩](#fnref38){.footnote-back} ::: 39. ::: {#fn39} gancio traino per aerei[↩](#fnref39){.footnote-back} ::: 40. ::: {#fn40} turbolenza in fase decollo prodotta dai motori[↩](#fnref40){.footnote-back} ::: 41. ::: {#fn41} one takeoff and landing[↩](#fnref41){.footnote-back} ::: 42. ::: {#fn42} doc issued aircraft manufacturer/component manufacturer → communicate modifications[↩](#fnref42){.footnote-back} ::: 43. ::: {#fn43} deterioramento motore[↩](#fnref43){.footnote-back} ::: 44. ::: {#fn44} fornitura pezzi ricambio[↩](#fnref44){.footnote-back} ::: 45. ::: {#fn45} trasferire ad altre aziende[↩](#fnref45){.footnote-back} ::: 46. ::: {#fn46} dogana[↩](#fnref46){.footnote-back} ::: 47. ::: {#fn47} vendita al dettaglio[↩](#fnref47){.footnote-back} ::: 48. ::: {#fn48} modelli aerei per esercitazioni[↩](#fnref48){.footnote-back} ::: 49. ::: {#fn49} help landing - poor visibility conditions[↩](#fnref49){.footnote-back} ::: 50. ::: {#fn50} trasmettitore di pendenza pianata[↩](#fnref50){.footnote-back} ::: 51. ::: {#fn51} minaccia → gestisce dirottamenti[↩](#fnref51){.footnote-back} ::: 52. ::: {#fn52} sollevamento[↩](#fnref52){.footnote-back} ::: 53. ::: {#fn53} phase after climb and before descendent[↩](#fnref53){.footnote-back} ::: 54. ::: {#fn54} vento che arriva di traverso[↩](#fnref54){.footnote-back} ::: 55. ::: {#fn55} beginning, end runway[↩](#fnref55){.footnote-back} ::: 56. ::: {#fn56} extension runway, allows airplanes to turn on the runway[↩](#fnref56){.footnote-back} ::: 57. ::: {#fn57} vento in coda[↩](#fnref57){.footnote-back} ::: 58. ::: {#fn58} stretta[↩](#fnref58){.footnote-back} ::: 59. ::: {#fn59} carenza di personale[↩](#fnref59){.footnote-back} ::: 60. ::: {#fn60} flight ban night → avoid noise[↩](#fnref60){.footnote-back} ::: 61. ::: {#fn61} delimitazioni[↩](#fnref61){.footnote-back} ::: 62. ::: {#fn62} route not available airlines \< - - \> benefiting people, local economies, subsidized (per dare servizio, ti aiutano economicamente)[↩](#fnref62){.footnote-back} ::: 63. ::: {#fn63} traffico in circolazione[↩](#fnref63){.footnote-back} ::: 64. ::: {#fn64} partner airlines Lufthansa → aligned schedules, ticket sales, share terminal facilities → generate synergies[↩](#fnref64){.footnote-back} ::: 65. ::: {#fn65} alzato/abbassato[↩](#fnref65){.footnote-back} ::: 66. ::: {#fn66} davanzale aereo[↩](#fnref66){.footnote-back} ::: 67. ::: {#fn67} sold seats/available seats[↩](#fnref67){.footnote-back} ::: 68. ::: {#fn68} area around airport, encompasses potential passengers (distance, time)[↩](#fnref68){.footnote-back} ::: 69. ::: {#fn69} vendono a prezzo + basso[↩](#fnref69){.footnote-back} ::: 70. ::: {#fn70} veicoli all'avanguardia[↩](#fnref70){.footnote-back} ::: 71. ::: {#fn71} airlines buy fuel at certain amounts set price for future operations (fuel price lower expected future price)[↩](#fnref71){.footnote-back} ::: 72. ::: {#fn72} manodopera[↩](#fnref72){.footnote-back} ::: 73. ::: {#fn73} tavolini[↩](#fnref73){.footnote-back} ::: 74. ::: {#fn74} forms cooperation (coordination flight plans, fares, cost, revenue sharing, traveler benefit)[↩](#fnref74){.footnote-back} ::: 75. ::: {#fn75} passengers A-B ---\> extra paideia in addition[↩](#fnref75){.footnote-back} ::: 76. ::: {#fn76} passengers pay less[↩](#fnref76){.footnote-back} ::: 77. ::: {#fn77} definire autonomia prezzi[↩](#fnref77){.footnote-back} ::: 78. ::: {#fn78} initially for travel agencies[↩](#fnref78){.footnote-back} ::: :::