Mod 11 - Facets of Personality - Seligman (Student) PDF

PSYC – 1130 Psychology for Social Service Workers Locus of Control, Sensation Seeking, Learned Helplessness, Optimism/Pessimism, Positive Psychology, and Happiness and Success Schultz & Schultz Theorie...

PSYC – 1130 Psychology for Social Service Workers Locus of Control, Sensation Seeking, Learned Helplessness, Optimism/Pessimism, Positive Psychology, and Happiness and Success Schultz & Schultz Theories of Personality and Development, 10th Edition  Chapter Outline 1. Julian Rotter 2. Marvin Zuckerman 3. Martin E. P. Seligman 4. Positive Psychology Schultz & Schultz Theories of Personality and Development, 10th Edition Copyright 2013 Wadsworth, a division of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. Image Source: http://www.pursuit-of-happiness.org/history-of-happiness/martin- seligman-positive-psychology/ Martin E. P. Seligman: Learned Helplessness Schultz & Schultz Theories of Personality and Development, 10th Edition Copyright 2013 Wadsworth, a division of Cengage Learning. Approaches to Example Theorists personality development Psychoanalytic Psychoanalysis: Sigmund Freud Neo-psychoanalytic Neurotic Needs & Trends: Karen Horney Individual Psychology: Alfred Adler Behavioural Reinforcement Theory: BF Skinner Cognitive Cognitive Theory: Aaron Beck Humanistic Self-Actualization Theory: Carl Rogers Positive Psychology: Martin Seligman Genetics (Trait) Five-Factor Theory: McCrae & Costa Sensation Seeking: Marvin Zuckerman Social-Learning Locus of Control: Julian Rotter  Seligman  Seligman (1943 – ) Learned helplessness:  A condition resulting from the perception that we have no control over our environment Schultz & Schultz Theories of Personality and Development, 10th EditionImage Source: http://www.pursuit-of-happiness.org/history-of- Copyright 2013 Wadsworth, a division of Cengage Learning. All rightshappiness/martin-seligman-positive-psychology/ reserved. Image Source: http://thedailyomnivore.net/2012/09/19/learned-helplessness/  Learned helplessness effects have been studied and found in adult men, women, college students, adolescents, children, seniors, and psychiatric hospital patients Image Source: http://peterpellicaan.com/tag/ethics/  Research  Early research  Canine research replicated in humans Learned Helplessness Findings  Elderly persons  Emotional health  Animal research  Depression Schultz & Schultz Theories of Personality and Development, 10th Edition Copyright 2013 Wadsworth, a division of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.  Learned Helplessness = Depression Image source: http://www.uccronline.it/2013/01/24/suicidio-protestanti-piu-dei- cattolici/  Explanatory Style  A way of explaining to ourselves our relative lack of control over our environment Optimistic Style Pessimistic Style Expect good things to Expect bad things to happen happen Prevents learned Spreads helplessness helplessness to all facets of life Schultz & Schultz Theories of Personality and Development, 10th Edition Copyright 2013 Wadsworth, a division of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. So…when someone experiences a failure or a bad situation (that was outside of their control) Optimistic Person Pessimistic says… Person says…  “There were many factors that  “It was all my fault” affected the situation.” (personalize/internalize) (externalize)  “It’s always going to be this  “It’s not always going to be this way; it won’t change”. way. Things will change and get better.” (dynamic) (static)  “It is only going to affect this  “It’s going to affect all one area of my life.” (specific) aspects of my life.” (global) “I can change it” (Rotter’s internal “I can’t change it” (Rotter’s locus of control) external locus of control)  Attribution Model: a revised concept of learned helpless using a cognitive explanation Optimistic Person Pessimistic says… Person says…  “There were many factors that  “It was all my fault” affected the situation.” (personalize/internalize) (externalize)  “It’s always going to be  “It’s not always going to be this way; it won’t this way. Things will change change”. (static) and get better.” (dynamic)  “It’s going to affect all  “It is only going to affect this aspects of my life.” one area of my life.” (specific) (global) Attribution means: how we explain our failures or the things we can’t control  Development of Learned Helplessness in Childhood  Early learned helplessness can predispose us to a pessimistic explanatory style  Style affected by genetics & learning  Can also develop later in childhood as a result of negative experiences Schultz & Schultz Theories of Personality and Development, 10th Edition Copyright 2013 Wadsworth, a division of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.  Reflections  Supported by a large body of data  Learned helplessness similar to Rotter’s locus of control  Leaves several unanswered questions Schultz & Schultz Theories of Personality and Development, 10th Edition Copyright 2013 Wadsworth, a division of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. What was good? 1. Think about something good that has happened in your life. (big or small; very recent) 2. What did you appreciate about it? 3. How did it add meaning to your life?  Image Source: http://www.pursuit-of-happiness.org/history-of-happiness/martin- seligman-positive-psychology/ Martin E. P. Seligman: Positive Psychology Schultz & Schultz Theories of Personality and Development, 10th Edition Copyright 2013 Wadsworth, a division of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.  Positive Psychology  Response to historical focus on pathological human functioning Focus  Happiness  Excellence  Optimal human functioning Schultz & Schultz Theories of Personality and Development, 10th Edition Copyright 2013 Wadsworth, a division of Cengage Learning. Image Source:http://www.thehappinesstrap.com All rights reserved.  Research  Relies on rigorous experimental research Findings on happiness:  Age, marital status & discrimination  Income, health & physical activity: necessary but not sufficient  Motivation & goals: correlation b/w life satisfaction & goals  Leads to behaviors to bring about success Schultz & Schultz Theories of Personality and Development, 10th Edition Copyright 2013 Wadsworth, a division of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.  A meta-analysis discovers 6 variables for “the happy personality” (finally huh?) 1. Those who don’t deny that bad things can happen to them = higher scores in subjective well-being 2. Score high in “trust” = greater life satisfaction 3. Internal locus of control = high in well-being 4. “hardy” people minimize effects of stressful events by adapting & evaluating in optimistic terms 5. Emotional stability = positive affect & self-esteem & high scores in subjective well-being 6. Difference in the ways happy & unhappy people perceive, judge, & construe events in life  Comment  A new approach to the study of personality  Increase in research on happiness & other positive emotions  Different kinds of happiness identified Schultz & Schultz Theories of Personality and Development, 10th Edition Copyright 2013 Wadsworth, a division of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. Martin Seligman Talk  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9FBxfd7DL3E Martin Seligman Notes: Three Happy Lives 1. The Pleasant Life 2. The Good Life 3. The Meaningful Life Life Satisfaction: The pleasant life does not contribute to life satisfaction unless the good life and the meaningful life are intact.