Mod 11: Rotter, Seligman, Zuckerman

A belief about the source of reinforcement in one's life, either internal (self-control) or external (outside forces).

The belief that one's actions and choices directly affect the outcomes of their life.

The belief that external factors, such as luck or fate, determine the outcomes of one's life.

A psychologist who developed the concept of locus of control.

A theory emphasizing the role of observation and internal mental processes in learning.

The likelihood of a particular behavior being performed.

The anticipated outcome of a behavior.

The desirability of an outcome.

A self-report inventory used to measure locus of control.

Questionnaires used to analyze people's subjective accounts of themselves and their experiences.

A version of the I-E scale designed for children, measuring their locus of control.

Parents' actions and interactions with their children.

Variations in locus of control among different age groups and genders.

Variations in locus of control among people of different races or ethnicities.

Variations in locus of control among individuals from different socioeconomic backgrounds.

Differences in behaviors linked to locus of control.

Variations in physical health outcomes correlated with locus of control.

A state where someone believes they have no control over their environment, leading to a sense of powerlessness and resignation.

A psychologist known for his research on learned helplessness and later for his work on positive psychology.

Learned helplessness is often associated with depression, as it creates a sense of hopelessness and apathy which are key symptoms of depression.

The way someone explains their experiences, especially failures, to themselves, which influences their future actions and well-being.

A way of explaining failures or setbacks by focusing on external or temporary factors, believing change is possible, and limiting the scope of the problem.

A way of explaining failures or setbacks by blaming oneself, seeing it as a permanent problem, and making it affect all aspects of life.

Individuals with an internal locus of control believe they can influence events, while those with an external locus of control feel things are out of their hands. This affects how they handle helplessness.

A cognitive explanation of learned helplessness, suggesting that how people interpret their failures determines their future behavior.

Negative experiences in childhood can lead to learned helplessness, especially when children lack control over their situations and learn to attribute their failures to internal and stable factors.

A branch of psychology that focuses on human strengths, well-being, and positive experiences, rather than just studying problems and disorders.

It focuses on happiness, excellence, and optimal human functioning - what makes life worth living and how to cultivate these qualities.

While learned helplessness focuses on the negative impact of perceived lack of control, positive psychology aims to understand and promote resilience and happiness, even in the face of adversity.

Research suggests happiness is influenced by factors like age, marital status, income, health, goals, and how people interpret events in their lives.

Positive psychology research has found factors like trust, internal locus of control, emotional stability, and optimism contribute to a happy personality.

Positive psychology is a relatively new but important field, emphasizing human strengths and resources, with growing research on happiness and other positive emotions.

A life filled with enjoyable experiences and immediate pleasures, but may not lead to lasting satisfaction without deeper meaning.

A life characterized by engagement, using one's strengths and skills to reach their full potential, leading to fulfillment and happiness.

A life with a sense of purpose and connection beyond oneself, contributing to something bigger, leading to a sense of fulfillment and meaning.

While enjoyable experiences contribute positively, 'The Pleasant Life' alone may not lead to lasting life satisfaction without the components of 'The Good Life' and 'The Meaningful Life'.

A psychologist renowned for his research on learned helplessness and later for his work on positive psychology.

Early negative experiences, particularly with perceived lack of control, can predispose us to a pessimistic explanatory style, affecting future events.

Seligman identifies three aspects of a happy life: The Pleasant Life (enjoyment), The Good Life (engagement), and The Meaningful Life (purpose).

A measure of how content and fulfilled people feel with their lives, influenced by all three aspects of a happy life.

The tendency to seek out novel, varied, and intense experiences and sensations, even if it means risking harm.

Young people tend to be higher in sensation seeking than older adults. This is likely due to a combination of factors, including biological changes, social pressure, and life experience.

Men generally score higher on measures of sensation seeking than women. This difference might be tied to hormonal variations and societal expectations.

Sensation seeking can vary across different cultures. Cultures that value risk-taking and novelty tend to have higher levels of sensation seeking.

High sensation seekers are more likely to engage in risky behaviors, such as extreme sports, substance use, and reckless driving.

Sensation seeking is associated with certain personality traits, such as impulsivity, extroversion, and rebelliousness.

There is a link between sensation seeking and cognitive processes. High sensation seekers may have different brain activity patterns or a different way of processing information.

The study of sensation seeking has generated a lot of research and continues to be an interesting area of psychology.

A psychologist known for his research on sensation seeking, proposing that it is largely influenced by genetics.

It's composed of four components: 1) Thrill/adventure seeking: enjoyment of physical risks and challenges. 2) Experience seeking: a desire for novel and diverse experiences. 3) Disinhibition: tendency for impulsive behavior and rule-breaking. 4) Boredom Susceptibility: intolerance for routine and mundane activities.

A psychological test used to measure individual differences in sensation seeking. It helps assess a person's need for novel and intense experiences.

High sensation seekers may engage in risky activities like extreme sports, substance abuse, or impulsive actions, which can have potentially negative consequences.

High sensation seekers can be creative, adventurous, and open to new experiences, leading to personal growth and exploration.

Zuckerman's research suggests a significant genetic component to sensation seeking, meaning our predisposition for seeking out experiences is partly inherited.