Mod 11: Rotter, Seligman, Zuckerman
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Questions and Answers

What is the full name of the psychologist known for their research in 'Locus of Control'?

Julian Rotter

What is the main theory Julian Rotter advanced?

Social-learning approach to personality

Which of the following is NOT one of the three core concepts of Social Learning Theory?

  • Cognitive processes are an essential part of the learning process (correct)
  • Internal mental states are an essential part of the process
  • Just because something has been learned, it does not mean that it will result in a change in behaviour
  • People can learn through observation

    • What is NOT a factor that contributes to an external locus of control in childhood, according to the content?

    <p>Supportive parents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rotter's research on locus of control suggests that it is a stable trait that does not change over time.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The I-E scale is a(n) ______ used to assess locus of control.

    <p>self-report inventory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Self-efficacy is similar to locus of control in that it applies to a wide range of situations.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Research on locus of control has found that individuals with an internal locus of control tend to have better physical health.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the other psychologist mentioned in this content who also focused on learning and behavior?

    <p>Martin Seligman</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Social Learning Theory suggest that behavior is an interaction between?

    <p>Environment and Internal factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Julian Rotter was born in Brooklyn.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are core concepts of Social Learning Theory? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Internal mental states are an essential part of the process.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Social Learning Theory states that behavior is a(n) ______ between environment and internal factors.

    <p>interaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the 'Locus of Control' theory? (Select all that apply)

    <p>It suggests that individuals have either an internal or external locus of control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a method used to assess locus of control?

    <p>Direct interviewing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Locus of control has been found to be strongly related to Bandura's concept of self-efficacy.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rotter's research on locus of control is not considered highly rigorous.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rotter believed that people can only learn through direct experience.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Rotter, behavior is solely a result of internal factors.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Locus of control is a stable and unchanging trait.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is 'locus of control' in psychology?

    <p>Locus of control is the degree to which people believe that they have control over the events in their lives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is 'learned helplessness' according to Seligman?

    <p>Learned helplessness is a state of passive resignation that develops when an individual believes that they have no control over their environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one core concept of Social Learning Theory?

    <p>Individuals are predisposed to certain personality traits based on their genetic makeup</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Social Learning Theory state about the nature of behavior?

    <p>It suggests that behavior is an interaction between the environment and internal factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that influences behavior in Social Learning Theory?

    <p>Biological Predisposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A person with an external locus of control believes that reinforcement is brought about by their own behavior.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a question that could be used to assess a person's locus of control?

    <p>Do you believe that you have control over your own health?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Social Learning Theory, how does locus of control develop in childhood?

    <p>It is learned in childhood and is influenced by parental behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rotter's research on locus of control has consistently shown that it is a stable personality trait that does change very little over time.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Rotter's research is considered to be highly rigorous.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'learned helplessness' refer to?

    <p>A condition resulting from the perception that we have no control over the environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The theory of Learned Helplessness was first proposed by Julian Rotter

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Learned helplessness is a condition that has primarily been studied in laboratory animals.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    There is a strong connection between explanatory style and learned helplessness.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the key distinctions between an optimistic and a pessimistic explanatory style?

    <p>An optimistic explanatory style attributes negative events to external, temporary, and specific causes, while a pessimistic style attributes them to internal, stable, and global causes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Martin Seligman's focus shifted away from psychological disorders and began to focus more on human strength and well-being.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Positive Psychology research has shown that the presence of good relationships and feeling loved contributes to greater happiness.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are three things that are particularly important for a happy life, according to Positive Psychology research?

    <p>Social connections, purpose, and meaning in one's life are particularly important for happiness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Positive Psychology research relies solely on qualitative methods.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 'happy personality' is determined by their genetic makeup.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A meta-analysis identified six variables that are linked to a 'happy personality'.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Martin Seligman proposes that a 'good life' is sufficient for true life satisfaction.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following psychological theories or concepts with the most relevant person or researcher:

    <p>Locus of Control = Julian Rotter Learned Helplessness = Martin Seligman Positive Psychology = Martin Seligman Social Learning Theory = Albert Bandura Internal Mental States = Albert Bandura</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a variable identified in the meta-analysis as being associated with a 'happy personality'?

    <p>High Levels of Neuroticism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of sensation seeking as proposed by Marvin Zuckerman?

    <p>Desire for excitement and novel experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT part of the Sensation Seeking Scale (SSS)?

    <p>Anxiety avoidance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theorist is associated with learned helplessness?

    <p>Martin E.P. Seligman</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following aspects is NOT a focus of Positive Psychology?

    <p>Psychological disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is sensation seeking primarily understood in relation to genetics?

    <p>It is considered largely hereditary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement most accurately reflects the concept of learned helplessness?

    <p>It results from repeated exposure to uncontrollable events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of psychology does Martin Seligman advocate for?

    <p>Positive psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a common mindset associated with an optimistic explanatory style?

    <p>Seeing difficulties as temporary and specific</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some characteristics that affect sensation seeking according to demographic differences?

    <p>Age, race, and cultural background</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a factor associated with personality differences relevant to sensation seeking?

    <p>Behavioral tendencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In relation to sensation seeking, what role do physiological differences play?

    <p>They can affect risk-taking behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an implication of the heritability vs. environment discussion in sensation seeking research?

    <p>Both genetics and environment influence sensation seeking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes why sensation seeking has become an area of great research interest?

    <p>It demonstrates a commonsense appeal across populations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cognitive process has been investigated in relation to sensation seeking?

    <p>Decision-making under risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact do occupational preferences have regarding sensation seekers?

    <p>They reflect varied interests aligned with sensation seeking behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is false regarding the outcomes of sensation seeking research?

    <p>Behavioral differences are minimal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Psychology for Social Service Workers

    • Course covers Locus of Control, Sensation Seeking, Learned Helplessness, Optimism/Pessimism, Positive Psychology, and Happiness and Success.
    • The course likely explores theories from Schultz & Schultz's Theories of Personality and Development, 10th edition.

    Chapter Outline

    • Chapter 1: Julian Rotter
    • Chapter 2: Marvin Zuckerman
    • Chapter 3: Martin E.P. Seligman
    • Chapter 4: Positive Psychology

    Julian Rotter: Locus of Control

    • Rotter's theory centers on locus of control, focusing on whether individuals perceive their success as internally or externally derived.
    • Rotter was born in 1916, Brooklyn, and lived comfortably until the Great Depression (1929).
    • Influenced by Adler to study psychology
    • Advanced the social-learning approach to personality.

    Life of Rotter

    • Born in Brooklyn, 1916
    • Lived comfortably until the 1929 economic depression
    • Influenced by Adler in the study of psychology
    • Developed a social learning approach to personality

    Approaches to Personality Development

    • Psychoanalytic: Sigmund Freud
    • Neo-psychoanalytic: Karen Horney & Alfred Adler
    • Behavioral: B.F. Skinner
    • Cognitive: Aaron Beck
    • Humanistic: Carl Rogers & Martin Seligman
    • Genetics (Trait): McCrae & Costa, and Marvin Zuckerman
    • Social Learning: Julian Rotter, and Learned Helplessness, Martin Seligman,
    • Cognitive-behavioral:

    Social Learning Theory

    • Key Concepts

      • People can learn through observation.
      • Internal mental states have a crucial part in the process.
      • Learning something does not always lead to behaviour change

    • People learn within a social context.

    • Behaviour is an interaction between environment and internal factors.

    • Behaviour & personality are explained by looking inside and outside the organism.

    • Behavioural Potential = Expectancy + Reinforcement Value

      • Likelihood behavior will be performed
      • Likelihood behavior will be reinforced
      • The extent an individual values the expected reinforcement of action

    Locus of Control

    • A concept that explains whether people believe they control their destiny internally or externally.
    • Internal Locus of Control: Individuals believe their actions directly influence outcomes.
    • External Locus of Control: Individuals believe external factors (fate, luck, etc.) control outcomes.

    Internal vs. External Control of Reinforcement

    • Internal Locus of Control: Belief that reinforcement is brought about by one's own behavior.
    • External Locus of Control: Belief that reinforcement is controlled by other people, fate, or luck.

    Assessment of Locus of Control

    • Self-report inventories: Tools for assessing individual locus of control perceptions.
    • Internal-External scale (I-E): Measures a person's locus of control.
    • Children's Nowicki-Strickland Internal-External scale: Designed for assessing internal-external control in children.

    Example of the I-E Scale

    • Includes examples of questionnaire items assessing the extent to which individuals attribute events to luck vs their own actions

    Research on Locus of Control

    • Age & gender differences
    • Racial & socio-economic differences
    • Behavioral differences
    • Physical health differences

    Developing Locus of Control

    • Learned in childhood
    • Relates to parental behavior
      • Internal: Supportive parents, offered praise, independence encouraged
      • External: No male role model, many siblings, depressed mother, single mother

    Reflections

    • Strong relationship between locus of control and Bandura's self-efficacy (though not covered in detail).
    • Locus of control is generalizable but self-efficacy is situation-specific.
    • Rotter's research is rigorous.

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    Related Documents

    Mod 11 - Facets of Personality - Rotter (Student) PDF
    Mod 11 - Facets of Personality - Seligman (Student) PDF
    Mod 11 - Facets of Personality - Zuckerman (Student) PDF

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