Midterms Reviewer PDF

**SPEMTB REVIEWER BY CASING POGI** **(⁠◍⁠ ⁠ᴗ⁠ ⁠◍⁠)⁠❤** **📌Bold words will appear in test;** - **Bullets will appear in enumeration part** **Highlighted words will most definitely appear in identification/enumeration test** **[Underlined words] are keywords to make remembering a...

**SPEMTB REVIEWER BY CASING POGI** **(⁠◍⁠ ⁠ᴗ⁠ ⁠◍⁠)⁠❤** **📌Bold words will appear in test;** - **Bullets will appear in enumeration part** **Highlighted words will most definitely appear in identification/enumeration test** **[Underlined words] are keywords to make remembering a bit easier.** **Goodluck to us!** **Phonology** **[Phonology]**-systematic organization of speech sounds **[phonemes vs allophones]** **phonemes** -mental category -are in contrasted distribution -each phoneme can be realized by one or more allophones -phonemes are put in between slashes ex:/t/-phoneme **allophones**-phonetic realization of phoneme, they will not result to a change in meaning, -are in complementary distribution -allophones are put in between brackets ex: allophones of /t/ \[t\]-unaspirated t as in \[stap\] \[t^h^\]-aspirated t as in tap **minimal pairs test**- to identify whether it's a phoneme or allophone **minimal pairs**-two words that are the same except for one sound Ex: top, pop /t/ and /p/ are phonemes, **they produced a change in meaning** **[Morphemes]** Morphology- the study of internal structure of words morphemes- the smallest meaningful unit in language Ex: cats cat + s **1.Free morphemes**-can stand alone as individual words e.g. cat, vital, laugh **Types of free morphemes** **a. lexical morphemes -**free morphemes that can carry the content of our utterances e.g. nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs \- an open class **b. functional morphemes**-free morphemes that serve more grammatical role connecting words together within and across sentences -are closed class **ex:** prepositions-to, at, near conjunctions-and, or articles-a, an, the **2. Bound morphemes**-cannot stand alone as individual words ex: prefixes, suffixes, circumfixes, infixes **Types of bound morphemes** a. **derivational morpheme**-helps to create new words and can change the lexical category Ex: pre, an, agentive -er, ful Ex. predetermine **b. inflectional** **morpheme** serves a grammatical role in language -cannot create new words in a language or change the lexical category of a word in a language **8 inflectional morphemes (English)** - plural -s - possessive-'s - 3^rd^ person singular s - ed, - en, - ing, - er, - est **[morpheme and allomorph]** **morpheme**-smallest element of meaning in language **allomorph**-one of several phonetic realizations of a morpheme **[Category: Plural morpheme]** **s**-mental abstract of plurality in English **allomorphs of plural morpheme -s** **\[s\]-**cats, ends with /t/-voiceless sound **\[z\]-**dogs, ends with g which is a voiced sound, so use an allomorph which is also voiced like \[z\] **\[əz\]-**horses O-zero morpheme ex: sheep **[Category: Past tense morpheme]** **allomorphs of past tense morpheme** **called** -its root word ends /l/which is a [voiced sound] that is why the past tense allomorph is also voiced such as the d sound **passed**- its root word pass ends with a [voiceless sound] so a /t/ voiceless sound \[pst\] must be used to form its past tense **want**-ends in a s[top sound], past tense \[wantd\], use \[əd\] ,a third allomorph whether voiced or voiceless - Zero morpheme-like put, cut **[Category: Prefix]** **Phonological Processes** 1.**Assimilation**- when one sound becomes like that of another sound, e.g. n Tagalog, Cebuano, Waray and other Philippine languages, \[ŋ\] becomes \[m\] before \[p, b\], \[n\] before \[t, d, l, r\] 2\. **Palatalization**- consonant softening ex: sound of/n/ in nook and new 3.**Dissimilation**- occurs when a sound become less like another sound, e.g English February as Feb\[j\]uary 4\. **Metathesis**- when two sounds are reordered. e.g English iron 5.**Deletion**- the loss of sound, e. g. the loss of final /n/ in hymn. 6.**lnsertlon** (or Epenthesis)- occurs when a vowel is inserted between two consonants, e.g. in the fomation of past tense and plural forms in English bat \> batted, glass \> glasses, Masbatenyo laba + -an \> labahan ' to wash' 7\. **Fortition**- the strengthening of a sound, e.g word-initial aspiration in English e. g bet you as betcha, did you as didja 8.**Lenition** - the weakening of a sound. e.g. flapping of English /t/ and /d/ ex: Spanish word dados,pronounced as daos 9.**Vowel reduction**- the conversion of unstressed vowels to more schwa-like allophones, Ex: the second vowel in emphasis vowel o in the word photograph 10\. **Gemination**- occurs when the consonant sound is doubled ex. black coffee, talked to **Direction: Identify what is being described.** LAS 4 **Speech Rhythm** stress-timed language-wherein intervals between stresses are said to be of equal length Ex. [English language] **syllable-timed**- the [successive syllables] are of near-equal length Ex. Tagalog and other Philippine languages **Orthography** - A writing system needed to represent a sound system in order to allow readers or speakers of the language to reconstruct linguistic messages on the basis of written signs (Himmelmann, 2006). The Morphosyntax of Philippine Languages **Morphology -** is the sub-branch of linguistics that deals with the description of how words are formed and the principles governing the way words are put together. **Syntax -**is the study of organization of words into sentences and how the sentences are [understood]. **Morphosyntax** - The study of grammar is the combination of morphology and syntax The Morphosyntax of World\'s Languages The letters **S, A, and O** are used by linguistics to identify core grammatical relations (Dixon, 1979). These relations distinguish certain privileged participants (i.e. subject) in events and states (Mithun, 1999). **argument -** is used to refer to the participants and their semantic roles/relations that are normally associated with a given verb or predicate (Payne, 1997). It is a term for nouns that linguists use in describing morphosyntax. S refers to the only core nominal argument of a clause with only **one** argument (also called \'**intransitive**\') clause. A is defined as the most agentive argument (or the entity that is the source of the action expressed by the verb) of a clause with more than one argument (also referred to as '**transitive**') clause. O is the most patientive argument (the entity that is most affected by the action) of the transitive clause. - **nominative accusative system -** S and A are marked the same and O is marked differently - **ergative/absolutive system**,it is the S and O that receives similar case marking and A is marked differently. The examples below are illustrative of the differences between Tagalog, and Philippine language, and English. English **She** dances **S** **[She]** loves him. A O Tagalog Lumangoy **a[ng]** [ **bata**] sa batis. **S** Nilangoy ng bata [**ang** **batis**.] **A** **O** **Grammatical Categories in Philippine Languages** Words can be categorized as : - **lexical (or content) words** and - **non-lexical (or function) words** - They are further categorized in terms of their membership to grammatical categories also known as **word classes** (i e., noun, verb, determiner,etc.) In Philippine languages, the major grammatical categories are: - **nouns** - **verbs** - **modifiers** (adjectives and adverbs) - **determiners** - **linkers** - **conjunctions** **Nouns and Noun Phrases** **Nouns** - [convey ideas] of referents, e.g. people, object, abstractions (Mithun& Chafe, 1999). **Simple nouns and Derived nouns** **simple or unmarked noun -** if it is composed only of [ **root**], e.g. Kapampangan biga 'sky,' Itawis taggam 'ant,\' Asi ragat \'ocean\' **derived noun** -if it consists of **[root plus affixes]** e.g. Masbatenyo parahubog 'drunkard,' Ilokano panangisuro ' teaching'. **Proper and Common Nouns** **Proper nouns**-used to address and identify **[particular]** persons or culturally significant personages or places. Determiners used are si/sina,ni/nina and kay/kina. **Common Nouns**- used to refer to [**general** names] of things, concepts or a class of entities. Determiners used are ang,ng ,sa **Semantic Roles of Nouns**-seeing words **according to the meaningful role** they play in language 1.**Agent**-typical animate **instigator** of the action, doer of an action ex: **[Boy]** plays cricket. 2.**Experiencer**- an entity which [neither controls nor is visibly affected by an action], one who experiences a perception, feeling or state Ex: **[I]** was scared. 3.**Recipient/Beneficiary**-a [referent] which is [advantaged or disadvantaged] by an event Ex: Liza helped her **[friend]** buy a car. 4.. **Patient**- the [entity that gets affected] by an event Ex: The wind blew the **[ball]** away. 5.**Instrument**-[action performed through something i]s called instrument Ex: The cook cuts the cake with a [knife]. That window is broken by a [hammer]. Aside from determiners, nouns are also preceded by **quantifiers** (e.g. [numeral terms]) and **[modifiers]** ex: isad na bata -"one child" (quantifier) marhay na aga-"good morning" (modifier) **Possessability of Nouns** **Possession-** is a relation between possessor and; **Possessum-** wherein the possessor asserts control over the possessum(Levin and Hovav,2011) **Possession Strategies** 1.**Alienable**-those which have '**[distance']** from the possessor singsing ni Lola- "Lola's ring" 2.**Inalienable entities**-those which have **[direct relation]** to the possessor (i.e. body parts,kinship terms) kamay ng matanda-" old man's hand" Examples of showing possession in Philippine languages Tagalog May Pretzels si Queenie "Queenie has Pretzels" Masbatenyo gitara ni Bernice "Bernice's guitar" Maguindanao Tinguin nacua su bengala ku? Who took shirt my **Verbs** 1.**Dynamic verb**-expresses a [wide range] of actions which may be physical(to run),mental (to ponder) or perceptual(to see) 2.**Stative verb**-purely expresses a state in which [there is no obvious action]( to know,believe,suppose) **Voice** 1.**Active** -the subject is the **[doer]** of the action. "The child took a toy." Kumuha ang bata ng laruan. 2.**Passive Voice**- the subject is the **[receiver]** and not the doer of the action. "The toy was taken by the child" Kinuha ng bata ang laruan. **Aspect** -signals the stage or phase of the action or activity. It indicates whether has begun or not begun,whether it is continuing or has finished and whether it is about to start or has recently started. - **Perfective**- the action has been [completed] [Pumunta] kami sa palengke kanina. - **Imperfective**- the action is [ongoing] [Pumupunta] kami sa palengke tuwing Martes. - **Prospective**- the action is [planned but hasn't taken place yet.] [Pupunta] kami sa palengke sa Linggo. - **Recent perfective**-the action has just been [done recently.] [Kakapunta] lang namin ng palengke kanina. - **Inceptive future**- the action is [just about to begin] [Pupunta] na kami ng palengke.