Midterm Cram Packet New Curriculum 2025 PDF

Cram Packet a la Thompson Updated - 2024/2025 “Unit Zero” – Research Vocab unique to experiments: INFERENTIAL STATISTICS: o Placebo Effect: any observed effect on a establishes significance...

Cram Packet a la Thompson Updated - 2024/2025 “Unit Zero” – Research Vocab unique to experiments: INFERENTIAL STATISTICS: o Placebo Effect: any observed effect on a establishes significance (meaningfulness) Design behv. That is “caused” by the placebo o STATISTICAL SIGNIFANCE = Basic Vocabulary: (shows effectiveness of exp. Treatment). results not due to chance, Hypothesis – tentative explanation – must Usually fixed w/ blinded studies exp.manipulation caused the be FALSIFIABLE – able to be supported o Double-Blind: Exp. where neither the difference in means or rejected participant or the experimenter are aware ▪ p than 1. ▪ Mean: Average (use in the general pop. (ethnic, gender, age) o Stronger relationships = tighter clusters normal distribution) Convenience Sample: select participants on graph ▪ Median: Middle # (use in on availability – less representative and skewed distribution) less generalizability this way ▪ Mode: occurs most often Sampling bias – sample isn’t Bimodal – has two representative, due to conv. sampling modes – usually Cultural norms – behvs of a particular indicates good bad group can influence research results scores Experimenter bias / Participant bias: EXPERIMENTS: purposefully experimenter/participant expectations manipulate variables to determine cause Skews – created by influences the outcome /effect outlers Cognitive bias– bias in thinking/judgment Adv: only type that establishes cause and o Neg skew = mean is o Confirmation bias – find info that effect Disadv: can be unethical, too artificial to the left (neg side), supports our preexisting beliefs o Independent Variable: purposefully mode is to the right o Hindsight bias – “I knew it all along” altered by researcher to look for effect o Pos skew = mean is to o Overconfidence – overestimate our ▪ Experimental Group: received the the right knowledge / abilities treatment (part of the IV); can have Measure of variation o Hawthorne effect – ppl change multiple exp, groups Range – distance bw behavior when watched ▪ Control Group: placebo, baseline smallest and biggest # (part of the IV); can only have 1 Research needs peer review and adequate Standard deviation – avg. amount the sample sizes o Dependent Variable: measured variable scores are spread from the mean (is DEPENDENT on the independent (bigger # = more spread) variable)  Neurons Fire w/ an Action Potential: PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS: Biological Basis Pillar ions move across membrane sends an o Depressants: Decrease NS activity *NT = neurotransmitter, AP = action electrical charge down the axon (alcohol) potential, NS = nervous system o Resting potential: neuron maintains a o Stimulants: Increase NS activity -70mv charge when not doing (caffeine & cocaine) HEREDITY VS ENVIRONMENT anything o Hallucinogens: hallucinations and Evolutionary psycs – study how natural o Depolarization: charge of neuron altered perceptions (Marijuana) selection influences behavior briefly switches from neg to pos. – o Opioids: relieve pain (endorphin Heredity (nature) = how genes influence triggers the AP agonists) (heroin) your behavior o Threshold of depolarization: stimulus o Tolerance: Needing more of a drug to Environment (nurture) = how outside strength must reach this point to start achieve the same effects situations influence your behavior the AP o Addiction: must have it to avoid (school) o All or nothing principle: stimulus withdrawal symptoms NATURE VS. NURTURE: ANSWER must trigger o Withdrawal: symptoms associated IS BOTH the AP past with sudden stoppage o Twin / Adoption Studies: its threshold, THE BRAIN o Genetics: identical twin will have a higher but does not o Cerebellum – movement, balance, percentage of also developing a disease increase the coordination, procedural memory o Environment: identical twins raised in intensity or (walking a tightrope balancing a bell) different environments show differences speed of the o Brainstem / Medulla – vital organs (HR, response BP, breathing) NERVOUS SYSTEM (flush the o Reticular activating system: alertness, CENTRAL NS: Brain and spinal cord toilet) arousal, sleep, eye movement PERIPHERAL NS: Rest of the NS – o Refractory period: neuron must rest o Cerebral Cortex: outer portion of the relays to Central NS and reset before it can send another brain – higher order thought processes o Somatic NS: Voluntary movement, has AP (toilet resets) – includes limbic system, lobes, corpus sensory and motor neurons NEUROTRANSMITTERS (NT): callosum o Autonomic NS: Involuntary organs Chemicals released in synaptic gap, o Limbic System (heart, lungs, etc) – contains the: received by neurons. Classified as ▪ Amygdala: emotions, fear ▪ Sympathetic NS: fight/flight excitatory (increase APs in other neurons) ▪ Hippocampus: episodic and semantic (generally activates – exception or inhibitory (decrease APs) memory (if you saw a hippo on digestion) o GABA: Major inhibitory NT campus you’d remember it!) ▪ Parasympathetic NS: rest / digest o Glutamate: Major excitatory NT ▪ Hypothalamus: Reward/pleasure (generally inhibits - exception (glutes excite you!) center, eating behaviors – link to digestion) o Dopamine: Reward (short term) & endocrine system, homeostasis NEURON AND NEURAL FIRING fine movement – in hypothalamus, ▪ Thalamus: relay center for all but assoc. w/ addiction smell o Serotonin: Moods (long-term), ▪ Pituitary gland: talks w/ endocrine sys emotion, sleep –in amygdala, too and hypothalamus – release hormones little assoc. w/ depression o Acetylcholine (ACh): Memory and movement –in hippocampus, assoc. w/ Alzheimer’s o Norepinephrine: sympathetic NS - too little assoc. w/ depression o Endorphins: decrease pain NEURON: Basic cell of the NS o Substance P: pain regulation o Dendrites: Receive incoming NTs (abnormality increases pain and o Axon: AP travels down this inflammation) o Occipital Lobe: vision o Myelin Sheath: speeds up AP down HORMONES: if not in the nervous o Frontal Lobe: decision making, axon, protects axon system, it’s a hormone planning, judgment, movement, o Synapse: gap b/w neurons o Oxytocin: love, bonding, childbirth, personality, language, executive SENSORY neurons – receive sense lactation function – includes the: signals from environ.–send signal to brain o Adrenaline: fight/flight Prefrontal cortex: front of frontal MOTOR neurons – signals to move – o Leptin: makes you full (stops hunger) lobe – executive function send signals from brain o Ghrelin: makes you hungry (turns you Motor Cortex: back of frontal lobe - Interneurons – cells in spinal cord /brain into a gremlin) map of our motor receptors – responsible for reflex arc o Melatonin: sleep controls skeletal movement o Reflex arc – important stimuli skips Agonist: drug that mimics a NT o Parietal Lobe: sensations and touch – the brain and routes through the Antagonist: drug that blocks a NT controls association areas – incudes: spinal cord for immediate reactions Reuptake: Unused NTs are taken back up Somatosensory Cortex: map of our (hand on a hot flame) into the sending neuron.(antidepressants touch receptors GLIA – support cells – give nutrients and cause reuptake inhibition (block reuptake) Temporal Lobe: hearing and face clean up around neurons – treatment for depression recognition, language  o Association areas:receive input from SLEEP Consciousness – awareness of cognitive multiple areas / lobes to integrate info o Left hemisphere only – damage to these processes (asleep or awake?) Cognition Pillar results in aphasia (damaged speech) Circadian Rhythms: 24ish hour ▪ Broca’s Area: Inability to produce biological clock of Body temp & sleep THINKING & PROBLEM SOLVING speech (Broca – Broken speech) o Disrupting it makes your internal Concepts: mental categories used to group ▪ Wernicke’s Area: can’t comprehend clock get out of sync (jet lag and objects, events, characteristics speech (Wernicke’s what?) shift work do this) Prototypes: all instances of a concept o Corpus Callosum: bundle of nerves that are compared to an ideal example connects the 2 hemispheres – Algorithms: step by step strategies sometimes severed in patients that guarantee a solution (formula) with severe seizures – leads to Heuristics: short cut strategy “split-brain patients” o Representative Heuristic: make ▪ Split-brain experiments: judgment based on your experience ▪ Image shown to R eye (like a stereotype) – assume someone processed in L hemi – patient must be a librarian b/c they’re quiet can say what they saw; image shown o Availability heuristic: make a to L eye processed in R hemi, can’t Beta Waves: awake (you betta be judgement based on the first thing that say what was seen awake for the exam) pops in your head (assume planes are Alpha Waves: high amp., drowsy dangerous b/c crash in the news) NREM (non REM) stages- Metacognition: thinking about (reflecting NREM 1: light sleep, has upon) the way you think hypnagogic sensations (falling Mental Set - keep using one strategy to feeling) solve a problem – cannot think outside the NREM 2: bursts of sleep spindles box BRAIN PLASTICITY: Brain changes NREM 3 Delta waves: Deep sleep Functional Fixedness: can only see one via damage and through experience Rapid Eye Movement (REM): (common) use for an item– cannot think ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: sends dreaming, cognitive processing outside of the box hormones throughout the body Entire cycle takes 90 minutes, Sunk Cost fallacy – continue something o Pituitary Gland: Controlled by REM occurs inb/w each cycle. bc you’re already invested (might as well hypothalamus. release growth hormones REM lasts longer throughout finish it now…) – when stopping would be BRAIN RESEARCH: the night, deep sleep decreases more beneficial o EEG: shows broad brain activity – not REM is “paradoxical” bc your Gambler’s Fallacy – believe something is specific – electrical output HR and brain is active – but more likely to happen bc its “due” – the o fMRI: show brain activity in specific your body is relaxed dice have no memory regions, measures oxygen REM Rebound: after sleep disruptions Divergent thinking: ability to think about o Lesion – destruction of brain tissue and/or lack of REM sleep you’ll have many different things at once (Creative) – more / more intense REM sleep hindered by func. fixedness DISEASES & DISORDERS TO KNOW DREAM THEORIES: Convergent thinking: limits creativity – Multiple sclerosis: destruction of myelin Activation Synthesis: Brain produces one answer sheath, disrupts APs, causes impaired random bursts of energy – stimulating Executive functioning: generating, mobility, paralysis, pain lodged memories in limbic sys & brain organizing, planning, carrying out goal Myasthenia gravis: acetylcholine blocked, stem. Dreams start random then develop directed behvs disrupts APs, causes poor motor control meaning. Its Neural theory. and paralysis Consolidation dream theory: brain is Blindsight: caused by lesions to primary combining and processing memories for visual cortex, ppl can “see” ie catch a storage ball etc despite being blind – evidence WHY IS SLEEP NECESSARY for association areas Consolidation – storage of memories Prosopagnosia: face blindness – damage Restoration – helps regenerate the MEMORY to occipital and/or temporal lobe immune system and restore energy ENCODING: Getting info into memory Broca’s aphasia – damage to Broca’s area SLEEP DISORDERS Automatic encoding – requires no effort – stuttered speech o Insomnia: Inability to fall / stay asleep (what did you have for breakfast?) Wernicke’s aphasia – damage to (due to stress/anxiety) Effortful encoding–requires work Wernicke’s – jumbled speech o Somnambulism (sleep walking) – happens (school) Phantom limb pain – pain from a limb during stage 3 - NOT during REM Levels (depth) of Processing: the more that no longer is there (amputated) – o Narcolepsy: fall into REM out of nowhere emphasis on MEANING the deeper the caused by brain plasticity – treated w/ stimulants processing, and the better remembered Epilepsy – seizures – too much / little o Sleep Apnea: stop breathing while asleep o Structural encoding (shallow) – Glutamate / GABA (due to obesity usually) emphasis on physical structural Alzheimer’s – destruction of o REM behavior disorder: malfunction of o Phonemic encoding (intermediate)– acetylcholine in hippocampus, memory mechanism that paralyze you during REM emphasis on what words sound like loss  o Semantic encoding (deep) = emphasis on Working Memory Model splits STM over time with repeated stimulation (more meaning of the words into 2 – visual spatial memory (from firing of neurons) Elaborative Rehearsal – strategies to iconic mem) and phonological loop ▪ Memory consolidation – memories are enhance encoding like below: (from echoic mem). A “central strengthened and made more stable with o Imagery – attaching images to executive” puts it together before time information makes it easier to remember passing it to LTM o Dual encoding – using multiple Other odd types of memory RETRIEVAL: Taking info out of storage methods of processing to remember Prospective memory – remembering Serial Position Effect: tendency to (photo + words) you need to do something (pick up remember the beginning (primacy effect) o Chunking – break info into smaller milk) and the end (recency effect) of the list best units to aid in memory (like a phone #) Autobiographical memory: o Primacy happens bc the info got o Mnemonics – shortcuts to help us memory for your personal history – moved to long term memory remember info easier combo of episodic and semantic o Recency bc its still in your short term ▪ Acronyms – using letter to o Superior autobiographical – remember something (PEMDAS) rare condition – ppl have extra ▪ Method of loci – using locations to detailed memories remember a list of items in order Memory organization Context dependent memory – where you o Hierarchies: memory is stored learn the info you best remember the info according to a clusters of related info (scuba divers testing) o Categorically – stored in categories State dependent memory – the physical state you were in when learning is the way Recall: remember what you’ve been told you should be when testing (study high, w/o cues (essays) test high) Recognition: remember what you’ve been Mood congruent memory – remember told w/ cues (MCQ) (this one is better) happy events when happy, sad when sad Repressed memories: unconsciously Forgetting curve: recall decreases buried memories to defend the ego rapidly at first, then reaches a plateau (psychodynamic approach) after which little more is forgotten Encoding failure: forget info b/c you Distributed practice (spacing effect) – never encoded it (paid attention to it) in the review a little every night (resets first place (which is the real penny) forgetting curve ) Massed practice – cramming Proactive interference Testing effect – quizzing over material OLD info blocks new info periodically o Semantic networks: webs of semi- Retroactive interference related info ▪ Tip of the tongue phenomenon – NEW info blocks old info STORAGE: Retaining info over time Constructive memory – the way we Multi-Store Model – Sensory memory, can’t remember the name of something bs you’re stuck update memories w/ new memories, short term memory, long term memory associations, feelings – memory is model elsewhere in your semantic network unreliable Sensory Memory – stores all incoming Source Amnesia: forget who told you, stimuli that you receive (first you have o Schemas –frameworks that organize info where you heard it to a pay attention) Misinformation effect: distortion of o Iconic Memory – visual memory, Assimilation: incorporate new info into existing schema Cat is a dog memory by suggestion or misinformation lasts 0.3 seconds (lost in the mall, Disney land) o Echoic Memory – auditory memory, b/c 4 legs. lasts 2-3 seconds Accommodation: adjust existing Short Term Memory – info passes schemas to incorporate new from sensory memory to STM – lasts information Cat and dogs = 30 secs, and can remember 7 ± 2 items different. o Maintenance Rehearsal (repeating Memory storage the info) resets the clock Acetylcholine neurons in the Long term memory – lasts a life time hippocampus for episodic and semantic o Explicit – require conscious effort: Memories before age 3 are unreliable ▪ Episodic: events (infantile amnesia) – hippocampus still ▪ Semantic: facts forming o Implicit- automatic, no effort needed: Cerebellum for implicit / procedural ▪ Classical conditioning memories Framing – the way a question is framed ▪ Priming: info that is seen earlier Amygdala for emotional memories impacts how info is recalled / perceived “primes” you to remember Frontal lobe for encoding and retrieval (how fast were the cars going when they something later on Long-term potentiation: neural basis of smashed) ▪ Procedural: skills (muscle memory – connections are strengthened memory)  Imagination Inflation: ppl are more Historical Issues with Intelligence Testing o Spontaneous Recovery: After a period of confident an event happened after Nature vs Nurture Influence on IQ: time the CR comes back out of nowhere imagining it (even though it didn’t happen) Genetics: MZ twins have similar IQ, Anterograde amnesia: amnesia moves adopted kids more similar to biological forward (forget new info – 50 first dates) parents Retrograde amnesia: amnesia moves Environment: early neglect leads to backwards (forget old info) lower IQ, good schooling to higher IQ Personal and sociocultural biases impact INTELLIGENCE & ACHIEVEMENT interpretation of results Intelligence theories are split: Poverty and education inequalities neg. Single form of intelligence (g factor) - impact scores general intelligence (g) underlies all Eugenics – study of how to “improve” o Generalization: CR to like stimuli (similar mental abilities (typical IQ tests of today). the gene pool by discouraging sounding bell) If you’re smart in one area you’re smart in (sterilizing or otherwise) individuals o Discrimination: CR to ONLY the CS (only other areas too from reproducing drool to that one bell, no others) Multiple intelligences – intelligence has Culture fair tests – IQ tests have been o Higher order conditioning: when the lots of types, not just math/language. Can used to refuse / limit access to jobs, original CS is paired with 2nd thing – and be high/low in areas military, education, and immigration becomes a new CS (drool to squeaky First IQ Test: used a formula and is where Need to focus on non-language skills cabinet / can opener) the traditional value of “IQ” comes from & minimize cultural specific O Conditioned taste aversion (one-trial questions learning)- Innate predispositions can allow classical conditioning to occur in one trial Stereotype threat: feel at risk of (food poisoning) – due to biological Chronological age = actual age conforming to the neg. stereotype about preparedness – predisposed to react to Mental age = tested age compared to your group - influences your behaviors, dangerous biological threats other of that age cognitions O Habituation – get used to a regular 100 is average, SD = 15 Stereotype lift – do better on a test when stimulus and stop responding (startle less to Use for IQ scores /tests today: educational comparing self to other groups w/ neg a loud noise w/ time) services, diagnostic testing for learning stereotypes o Emotional conditioning – emotions can be disabilities, GT identification FLYNN effect: IQ has steadily risen over conditioned in humans (little Albert the past 80 years – probably due to experiment) lead to behavioral treatments education standards, healthcare for fear (counterconditioning) Fixed Mindset: belief intelligence is fixed from birth – leads to less effort OPERANT CONDITIONING: explains Psychometrics – field of psych & education Growth mindset: belief you can develop voluntary behv resulting from for creating tests abilities through work and determination – consequences Standardization: test is given using leads to more effort O LAW OF EFFECT Behaviors followed consistent procedures and environments, by pos. outcomes are strengthened, neg. and graded the same (SAT, AP exams) outcomes weaken a behavior (cat in the Tests Should be reliable: same results Development and puzzle box) PRINCIPLES OF OPERANT COND: over time (consistent) ▪ Split-half reliability: compare two Learning Pillar O Pos. Reinforcement: Add something nice halves of the test LEARNING to increase a behavior (gold star for ▪ Test-retest reliability: use the same Behaviorist perspective is focused on turning in HW) test on 2 different occasions learning – (change in behv through O Neg. Reinforcement: Take away Tests Should be valid: test is accurate – experience). Measures observable behv, something bad/annoying to increase a measures what it is intended to and usually ignores the mind behavior (put on seatbelt to take away ▪ Construct validity: test measures what annoying car signal) you want it to (an IQ test actually CLASSICAL CONDITIONING: explains O Primary Reinforcers: innately satisfying measures IQ) involuntary behvs and emotions (food and water) ▪ Predictive validity: test is able to o Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): causes O Secondary Reinforcers: everything else accurately predict a trait (high math response w/o needing to be learned (food) (stickers, high-fives) scores predicts good engineer) o Unconditioned Response (UCR): response O Token Reinforcer: type of secondary- can Standardized tests establish a normal that naturally occurs w/o training (salivate) be exchanged for other stuff (game tokens distribution o Conditioned Stimulus (CS): thing that or money) now brings about a response (bell) O Pos. Punishment: Add something bad to Standard dev are used to compare scores. o Conditioned Response (CR): response decrease a behavior (spanking) Standard deviation measures how much after conditioning, follows a CS (salivate) O Neg. Punishment: Take away something the scores vary from the mean. Percentages o Contiguity: Timing of the pairing, NS/CS good to decrease a behavior (take away car below NEVER change. must be presented.5-1 sec BEFORE the US Types of Tests: keys) o Acquisition: process of learning the O Punishment temporarily changes behv., Aptitude: predicts your abilities to learn response pairing a new skill (ASVAB) doesn’t tell you what to do – ineffective o Extinction: previously conditioned Achievement: tests what you know(AP) response dies out over time  O Operant conditioning extinguishes like O Insight learning– some learning is through Internal locus: control your own fate classical conditioning simple intuition (chimps with crates to get Mere exposure effect: repeated exposure to O Shaping: use successive approximations to bananas) – aha! moment novel stimuli increases liking of them (the train behavior (reward closer and closer more time you spend around something the desired behaviors to teach a response – rat more you like it) basketball) Social and Attitude formation and change: O Continuous Reinforcement schedule: Stereotype: generalized concept about a Receive reward for every response Personality Pillar group (a label) O Partial Reinforcement schedule: vary SOCIAL PSYCH – how we think about, Reduces cognitive load (mental effort) how often the response is given – influence, and relate to others when making decisions strengthens responses and takes longer to Usually the basis of prejudice and extinguish Attributions and Perceptions - discrimination O Fixed Ratio schedule: Reward every X Attributions – how ppl explain behv & Prejudice: neg. reaction towards a number of response (every 10 envelopes mental processes of themselves & others person/group w/o any advance experience stuffed get $$) o Dispositional attribution: person’s w/ that group (a belief / emotion) O Fixed Interval schedule: Reward every X internal qualities –personality Discrimination: different treatment of a amount of time passed (every 2 weeks get o Situational attribution: external person/ group than how you would treat a paycheck) circumstances others (a behavior) O Variable Ratio schedule: Rewarded Attribution theory: we explain Implicit attitudes: unconscious bias –leads to after a random number of responses (slot behaviors by crediting the situation or the Ingroup bias: tendency to favor our machine person’s internal disposition (personality) own group O Variable Interval schedule: Rewarded Fundamental attribution error: Ethnocentrism: tendency to see your after a random amount of time has Tendency to blame a person’s passed (BeReal app) own group as more important than disposition (personality) and not O Variable schedules are most resistant to others consider the situation (that guy cut me Outgroup homogeneity bias: extinction (how long will keep playing a off b/c he’s a jerk – not that his wife slot machine perception that out-group members are could be in labor) similar, while the in-group members before you think Actor-observer bias: when its others – its broken?) are diverse blame the person, when its you, blame O Ratio schedules Just-world phenomenon: tendency for the situation ppl to believe that the world is just and lead to the Self-serving bias: self only – our highest response therefore ppl get what they deserve successes are bc we’re awesome, our rates (bc you are (homeless ppl) failures are someone else’s fault in control of Belief perseverance – stick to your Self-fulfilling prophecy: a belief your reward) original belief even when given evidence that leads to its own fulfillment (I expect O Learned Helplessness – no matter what to disprove it you all to pass, you know this, you study – you do you never get a positive outcome Cognitive dissonance - two opposing fulfilling my prophecy) so you just give up (word scrambles, thoughts conflict w/ each other, causing Social comparison: we evaluate ourselves depression models) discomfort (dissonance), which makes us based on comparisons to society and social o Instinctive drift – can only teach circles find ways to justify the situation (cult that animals behvs they already do, also will was going to be abducted by aliens, return to original behvs w/ time smokers) o Superstitious behaviors – operantly conditioned through partial Social Situations reinforcement & coincidence – pigeons Social norms – define expectations & hopping on one foot to get food roles for individuals and social situations Social influence theory – ppls thoughts MISC LEARNING TYPES and actions are influenced by others SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY – Normative social influence: we learning through observation conform to gain approval or to not stand Modeling Behaviors: Children model out from the group (be part of the norm) (imitate) behaviors. Study used BoBo dolls Upward comparison – compare to ppl Informational social influence: we to demonstrate. The more similar the model you think are better then you (I want to be conform to others b/c we think their is the better you learn. like them) opinions must be right (change answers Vicarious conditioning: form of Downard comparison – compare to to math hw) observational learning, watch another get a someone you think is worse off than you Elaboration likelihood model – 2 ways to consequence and learn - don’t do that! (at least I don’t have it as bad as them) persuade O Latent learning– learning is hidden until Relative deprivation – judge what we Central route to persuasion: change useful (rats in maze get reinforced half way are lacking relative to others people’s attitudes through logical through, performance improved Explanatory Style: how ppl explain good arguments and explanations. Leads to O Create Cognitive maps – mental and bad events in their lives and others – long term behavior change representation of an area, allows navigation either optimistic (pos) or pessimistic (neg) o Peripheral route to persuasion: change if blocked (firefighters taught this) External locus of control: chance / outside people’s attitudes through incidental cues forces control your fate (like a speaker’s attractiveness). Can also  use emotional appeals. Leads to Bystander effect (diffusion of temporary behavior changes. Use the: responsibility): the more ppl around the GENERAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME: ▪ Halo effect – overall impression of less likely we are to help someone in need three phases of a stress response a person / thing is influenced by a (Kitty Genovese) o Alarm: temp. shock, fight/flight/freeze single pos. trait or characteristics Deindividuation: loss of self-awareness o Resistance: immune system enhanced, Foot in the door phenomenon: complying and self-restraint occurring in group coping w/ a small request then leads to going along situations that encourage anonymity (mob o Exhaustion: body gives up, most likely to w/ a larger request (can I have $5? Yes. mentality) get sick Now can I have $25?) Social loafing: tendency for ppl in a group Door in the face phenomenon: a large to exert less effort when pooling their effort request is turned down, when then leads you together (tug of war) to be more likely to comply w/ a small Social facilitation: perform better on request (can I have $100? Heck no! How simple or well learned tasks in the presence about $20? Okay) of others Conformity: False-consensus effect: we overestimate change in a the degree to which everyone else thinks / person’s behv to acts the way we do Problem-focused coping: solving or doing more closely Superordinate goals: two or more groups something to alter the course of stress (to-do match the group work together to achieve a common goal, list, time management, ask for help) classic experiment – showed lines of creates cohesiveness Emotion-focused coping: managing different lengths, confederates gave wrong Social trap: ppl put their own needs before emotions when stressed (meditation, answers to see if others would go along w/ the group needs, results in bad outcome exercise) (drug / alcohol use is negative) it – factors influence conformity: (choose 5 or 15 demo) 1. Person is insecure Industrial / Organizational Psych: psych Positive Psychology 2. Group has 3 or more ppl of work – best practices, relationships in the Pos. Psych – researches factors leading to 3. Group is unanimous workplace or w/ company, how you feel better well-being, resilience, pos. emotions, 4. Person admires group about job (burnout) psych health 5. Person has no prior commitment to Altruism (prosocial behavior): unselfish a response Gratitude – experiencing and expressing interest in helping other ppl – happens bs of: gratitude increases well-being (giving 6. Others observe their behavior o Social reciprocity norm: we give so we 7. Cultural expectations (collectivistic) thanks, giving back) can get (help me and I’ll help you) Exercising signature strengths / virtues Obedience: complying w/ an order or o Social responsibility norm: act in ways command - classic experiment: participants increases well-being that benefit the community (moral sense o Wisdom – learning, curiosity were to “teach” another individual using of good) shocks. ~65% of participants would o Courage – bravery, perseverance o Gain social approval o Humanity – love, kindness administer lethal shocks to another person STANFORD PRISON EXPERIMENT simply b/c they were told - factors that o Justice – teamwork, fairness (ZIMBARDO): classic “experiment” o Temperance – humility, forgiveness influence obedience: where individuals were assigned to be 1. Proximity of authority figure o Transcendence – gratitude, hope guards / prisoners. w/in days they took on Posttraumatic growth – experiencing trauma 2. Legitimacy or prestige of the figure their roles and went too far. Highly 3. Distance from the victim can result in growth and resilience unethical. 4. Role models for defiance Culture influences conformity and obedience: Mental and Physical o Collectivistic: encourages social and group ties (more conformity / obedience) Health Pillar o Individualistic: Encourages individuality Health / Stress (less conform / obedience) Health Psych – addresses physical well- Group polarization: the more time spent being and illness w/ a group Stress – associated w/ hypertension, the stronger headaches, immune suppression their o Distress – stress that is negative or Created by C.Thompson; 2013 - updated November 2024 thoughts / damaging opinions will o Eustress – stress that is positive or [email protected] become motivating (graduation) (must have Tend and Befriend Theory of same Stress: some ppl cope by tending their own opinion needs / others needs. Some seek already) connections (befriend) w/ ppl. (usually Groupthink: desire for harmony w/in a associated w/ women) group leads to everyone going along w/ the same thinking, ignoring other possibilities or bad ideas AP Exam Formatting:  PART I: Total Weight 66.7% 75 Multiple Choice Questions – 90 minutes 10 minute break PART II: Total Weight 33.3% TWO FRQs – 70 Minutes Article Analysis Question Evidence Based Question