Unit Zero - Research Design Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary characteristic of REM sleep?

  • Brain activity is minimal and quiet.
  • Deep sleep is at its peak during this phase.
  • The heart rate and brain are active while the body is relaxed. (correct)
  • The body is highly active and responsive.

What happens to REM sleep after disruptions in sleep?

  • REM sleep becomes shallow and unstructured.
  • Individuals experience less REM sleep overall.
  • People will not dream at all.
  • There is an increase in intensity and duration of REM sleep. (correct)

What is the role of an EEG in brain research?

  • It measures specific neural activity with precision.
  • It detects physical injuries in the brain.
  • It records electrical activity to show broad brain activity. (correct)
  • It provides images of brain structures.

What is a key feature of divergent thinking?

<p>It involves generating multiple ideas simultaneously. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Activation Synthesis theory suggest about dreams?

<p>Dreams develop meaning from random bursts of brain activity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Broca's aphasia primarily characterized by?

<p>Stuttered speech due to damage in Broca's area (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sleep disorder involves episodes of sudden sleep during inappropriate times?

<p>Narcolepsy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the process known as consolidation in sleep?

<p>To combine and process memories for storage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term 'prosopagnosia' refers to a condition where individuals cannot:

<p>Recognize familiar faces (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of encoding involves a focus on the meanings of words?

<p>Semantic encoding (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typically occurs during stage 3 sleep?

<p>Sleep walking (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common treatment for sleep apnea?

<p>Weight loss interventions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What neurological condition is associated with the destruction of acetylcholine in the hippocampus?

<p>Alzheimer's disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain structure is primarily responsible for decision making and executive functions?

<p>Frontal Lobe (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the myelin sheath in the nervous system?

<p>To speed up action potentials down the axon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which stage of sleep are dreams most likely to occur?

<p>REM (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are sleep spindles associated with?

<p>NREM 2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is associated with the regulation of sleep?

<p>Melatonin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon occurs when the internal clock is disrupted, often resulting in fatigue?

<p>Jet Lag (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the corpus callosum in the brain?

<p>Connects the left and right hemispheres (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a 'reflex arc'?

<p>A direct route for immediate reactions bypassing the brain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of glial cells in the nervous system?

<p>Support and protect neurons (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The phenomenon of experiencing difficulty in using new problem-solving strategies due to reliance on previous methods is known as:

<p>Mental Set (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lobe of the brain is primarily responsible for hearing and face recognition?

<p>Temporal Lobe (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of waves are present during deep sleep (NREM 3)?

<p>Delta Waves (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does reuptake inhibition of neurotransmitters have on mood?

<p>It enhances mood regulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Working Memory

Temporary storage of information that is currently being used. It's like your brain's 'workbench' where you actively process information.

Memory Consolidation

The process of transferring information from short-term memory to long-term memory.

REM Sleep

A sleep stage where the brain is highly active, vivid dreams occur, and muscles are paralyzed. It's important for memory consolidation and emotional processing.

Semantic Encoding

A type of memory encoding that focuses on the meaning of words and concepts. It's the deepest level of processing and leads to the best memory retention.

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Phonemic Encoding

A type of memory encoding that focuses on the sound of words. It's an intermediate level of processing.

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Epilepsy

A neurological disorder characterized by seizures, caused by an imbalance in brain activity (too much or too little neurotransmitters like glutamate and GABA).

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Alzheimer's Disease

A neurological disorder that affects memory, resulting from the destruction of acetylcholine in the hippocampus, a brain region crucial for memory formation.

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Blindsight

The ability to see despite damage to the primary visual cortex. It suggests that other brain areas can process visual information.

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EEG

A technique that measures electrical activity in the brain, providing a general overview of brain activity.

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fMRI

A neuroimaging technique that measures brain activity by detecting changes in blood flow, revealing which brain regions are active during specific tasks.

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Multiple sclerosis

A neurological disorder characterized by the destruction of the myelin sheath, which insulates nerve fibers. This disrupts the transmission of nerve impulses, leading to impaired mobility, paralysis, and pain.

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Myasthenia gravis

A neurological disorder where antibodies block acetylcholine receptors, interfering with the transmission of nerve impulses. This results in muscle weakness, fatigue, and difficulty with motor control.

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Divergent thinking

A type of thinking that allows for multiple solutions and perspectives, crucial for creativity and problem-solving. It involves exploring various ideas and possibilities.

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Neurotransmitter

A chemical messenger that transmits signals between neurons across a synapse.

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Neuron

The basic cell of the nervous system responsible for transmitting information.

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Dendrites

The branching fibers of a neuron that receive signals from other neurons.

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Axon

The long, slender fiber of a neuron that transmits signals away from the cell body.

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Myelin sheath

A fatty substance that wraps around the axon, speeding up the transmission of nerve impulses.

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Synapse

The tiny gap between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite or cell body of another neuron.

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Sensory neurons

Neurons that carry sensory information from the body to the brain.

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Motor neurons

Neurons that carry motor commands from the brain to the muscles and glands.

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Interneurons

Neurons that transmit signals within the brain and spinal cord.

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Reflex arc

A rapid, automatic response to a stimulus that bypasses the brain.

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Glia

Support cells in the nervous system that provide nutrients, remove waste, and protect neurons.

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Agonist

A drug that mimics the effects of a neurotransmitter.

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Antagonist

A drug that blocks the effects of a neurotransmitter.

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Reuptake

The process by which unused neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by the sending neuron.

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Brain plasticity

The ability of the brain to change and adapt in response to experience.

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Study Notes

Unit Zero - Research Design

  • Basic Vocabulary:

  • Hypothesis: A tentative explanation that can be tested (falsifiable).

  • Operational Definition: A clear, quantifiable definition of a variable.

  • Qualitative Data: Descriptive data (e.g., eye color).

  • Quantitative Data: Numerical data, ideal for statistics.

  • Population: Everyone the research applies to.

  • Sample: Specific people chosen for the study.

  • Research Designs:

  • Correlation: Identifies relationships between variables.

  • Advantages: useful in ethically challenging situations.

  • Disadvantages: Does not equal causation.

  • Directionality problem: unclear which variable is the cause, which is the effect.

  • Third variable problem: a third, unmeasured variable may cause both.

  • Positive correlation: Variables increase or decrease together.

  • Negative correlation: As one variable increases, the other decreases.

  • Stronger relationships: tighter clusters on a graph.

  • Experiments: Purposefully manipulate variables to determine cause-and-effect.

  • Advantages: establish cause and effect.

  • Disadvantages: can be unethical or unrealistic.

  • Independent Variable: The variable manipulated by the researcher.

  • Experimental Group: Receives treatment (part of the independent variable).

  • Control Group: Receives a placebo or baseline (part of the independent variable).

  • Dependent Variable: The variable measured to see an effect.

Other Study Types

  • Naturalistic Observation: Observing people in their natural settings.
  • Advantages: Real-world validity.
  • Disadvantages: No cause-and-effect relationships.
  • Case Study: In-depth study of one individual.
  • Advantages: Collects a lot of information.
  • Disadvantages: No cause-and-effect relationships.
  • Meta-analysis: Combines multiple studies to increase sample size and analyze effect sizes.

Inferential Statistics

  • Statistical significance: Results are not due to chance, instead the manipulation caused a difference. A p-value less than 0.05 is statistically significant.
  • Effect size: Indicates practical significance, a bigger effect size suggests the manipulation had more practical meaning.
  • Ethical guidelines (IRB approval): Confidentiality, informed consent (for adults and assent for minors), debriefing and no harm.

Additional Vocabulary

  • Surveys: Often lead to correlations but subject to self-report bias.
  • Social desirability bias: tendency to provide answers that present a favorable image.
  • Wording effects: Words in the questions influence answers.
  • Representative sample: Represents the general population.
  • Convenience sample: Selected based on availability. (less representative and generalizable).
  • Sampling bias: Sample does not represent the population.
  • Cultural norms: Group behaviors influence results.
  • Experimenter bias: Experimenter expectations influence results.
  • Participant bias: Participant expectations influence results.
  • Cognitive bias: Biases in thinking and judgment.

Additional Material

  • Research needs peer review and appropriate sample sizes.

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Description

Test your understanding of essential research design concepts in this quiz. You'll explore vocabulary related to hypotheses, operational definitions, and different types of data, as well as delve into correlation versus experimental research methods. This quiz is perfect for those studying research methodology in psychology or social sciences.

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