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Questions and Answers
What is the primary characteristic of REM sleep?
What is the primary characteristic of REM sleep?
What happens to REM sleep after disruptions in sleep?
What happens to REM sleep after disruptions in sleep?
What is the role of an EEG in brain research?
What is the role of an EEG in brain research?
What is a key feature of divergent thinking?
What is a key feature of divergent thinking?
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What does the Activation Synthesis theory suggest about dreams?
What does the Activation Synthesis theory suggest about dreams?
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What is Broca's aphasia primarily characterized by?
What is Broca's aphasia primarily characterized by?
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Which sleep disorder involves episodes of sudden sleep during inappropriate times?
Which sleep disorder involves episodes of sudden sleep during inappropriate times?
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What is the main function of the process known as consolidation in sleep?
What is the main function of the process known as consolidation in sleep?
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The term 'prosopagnosia' refers to a condition where individuals cannot:
The term 'prosopagnosia' refers to a condition where individuals cannot:
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Which type of encoding involves a focus on the meanings of words?
Which type of encoding involves a focus on the meanings of words?
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What typically occurs during stage 3 sleep?
What typically occurs during stage 3 sleep?
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What is a common treatment for sleep apnea?
What is a common treatment for sleep apnea?
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What neurological condition is associated with the destruction of acetylcholine in the hippocampus?
What neurological condition is associated with the destruction of acetylcholine in the hippocampus?
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Which brain structure is primarily responsible for decision making and executive functions?
Which brain structure is primarily responsible for decision making and executive functions?
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What is the primary function of the myelin sheath in the nervous system?
What is the primary function of the myelin sheath in the nervous system?
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In which stage of sleep are dreams most likely to occur?
In which stage of sleep are dreams most likely to occur?
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What are sleep spindles associated with?
What are sleep spindles associated with?
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Which neurotransmitter is associated with the regulation of sleep?
Which neurotransmitter is associated with the regulation of sleep?
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What phenomenon occurs when the internal clock is disrupted, often resulting in fatigue?
What phenomenon occurs when the internal clock is disrupted, often resulting in fatigue?
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What is the role of the corpus callosum in the brain?
What is the role of the corpus callosum in the brain?
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Which of the following describes a 'reflex arc'?
Which of the following describes a 'reflex arc'?
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What is the primary role of glial cells in the nervous system?
What is the primary role of glial cells in the nervous system?
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The phenomenon of experiencing difficulty in using new problem-solving strategies due to reliance on previous methods is known as:
The phenomenon of experiencing difficulty in using new problem-solving strategies due to reliance on previous methods is known as:
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Which lobe of the brain is primarily responsible for hearing and face recognition?
Which lobe of the brain is primarily responsible for hearing and face recognition?
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What type of waves are present during deep sleep (NREM 3)?
What type of waves are present during deep sleep (NREM 3)?
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What effect does reuptake inhibition of neurotransmitters have on mood?
What effect does reuptake inhibition of neurotransmitters have on mood?
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Study Notes
Unit Zero - Research Design
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Basic Vocabulary:
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Hypothesis: A tentative explanation that can be tested (falsifiable).
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Operational Definition: A clear, quantifiable definition of a variable.
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Qualitative Data: Descriptive data (e.g., eye color).
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Quantitative Data: Numerical data, ideal for statistics.
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Population: Everyone the research applies to.
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Sample: Specific people chosen for the study.
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Research Designs:
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Correlation: Identifies relationships between variables.
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Advantages: useful in ethically challenging situations.
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Disadvantages: Does not equal causation.
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Directionality problem: unclear which variable is the cause, which is the effect.
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Third variable problem: a third, unmeasured variable may cause both.
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Positive correlation: Variables increase or decrease together.
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Negative correlation: As one variable increases, the other decreases.
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Stronger relationships: tighter clusters on a graph.
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Experiments: Purposefully manipulate variables to determine cause-and-effect.
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Advantages: establish cause and effect.
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Disadvantages: can be unethical or unrealistic.
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Independent Variable: The variable manipulated by the researcher.
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Experimental Group: Receives treatment (part of the independent variable).
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Control Group: Receives a placebo or baseline (part of the independent variable).
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Dependent Variable: The variable measured to see an effect.
Other Study Types
- Naturalistic Observation: Observing people in their natural settings.
- Advantages: Real-world validity.
- Disadvantages: No cause-and-effect relationships.
- Case Study: In-depth study of one individual.
- Advantages: Collects a lot of information.
- Disadvantages: No cause-and-effect relationships.
- Meta-analysis: Combines multiple studies to increase sample size and analyze effect sizes.
Inferential Statistics
- Statistical significance: Results are not due to chance, instead the manipulation caused a difference. A p-value less than 0.05 is statistically significant.
- Effect size: Indicates practical significance, a bigger effect size suggests the manipulation had more practical meaning.
- Ethical guidelines (IRB approval): Confidentiality, informed consent (for adults and assent for minors), debriefing and no harm.
Additional Vocabulary
- Surveys: Often lead to correlations but subject to self-report bias.
- Social desirability bias: tendency to provide answers that present a favorable image.
- Wording effects: Words in the questions influence answers.
- Representative sample: Represents the general population.
- Convenience sample: Selected based on availability. (less representative and generalizable).
- Sampling bias: Sample does not represent the population.
- Cultural norms: Group behaviors influence results.
- Experimenter bias: Experimenter expectations influence results.
- Participant bias: Participant expectations influence results.
- Cognitive bias: Biases in thinking and judgment.
Additional Material
- Research needs peer review and appropriate sample sizes.
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Description
Test your understanding of essential research design concepts in this quiz. You'll explore vocabulary related to hypotheses, operational definitions, and different types of data, as well as delve into correlation versus experimental research methods. This quiz is perfect for those studying research methodology in psychology or social sciences.
