Biology Midterm Reviewer 2024 PDF

MIDTERM EXAM REVIEWER – BIOLOGY LEC/LAB By Team Meow meow = ( Halimeow and 3 headed creature) TISSUES Parts of a Plant are made up of a group of similar cells that are adapted for a particular function. Different Animal Tissue...

MIDTERM EXAM REVIEWER – BIOLOGY LEC/LAB By Team Meow meow = ( Halimeow and 3 headed creature) TISSUES Parts of a Plant are made up of a group of similar cells that are adapted for a particular function. Different Animal Tissue Different Type of Roots Types of Muscle Tissue Different Type of Stem Types of Connective Tissue Different Type of Fruits Different Plant Tissue Types of Seeds  MIDTERM EXAM REVIEWER – BIOLOGY LEC/LAB By Team Meow meow = ( Halimeow and 3 headed creature) MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS Parts of the Flower Complete vs incomplete flower o Perfect flower :both the reproductive parts such as stamen and pistil. It is consider as bisexual or hermaphrodite o Imperfect flower : those lacking one of the reproductive structures -staminate flower and pistillate flower o Naked flowers: without petals( apetalous) or sepals (asepalous) PLANT HORMONES 1. Auxin – has role in coordination of growth and behavioral processes in plant life cycle. 2. Cytokinin – promotes cell division in plant roots and shoots. 3. Gibberellin – regulates growth and developmental processes including stem elongation, germination, dormancy, flowering, sex expression, enzyme induction etc. 4. Ethylene – natural plant hormone which is used to ripen fruits. 5. Abscisic acid – acts as stress hormones as it stimulates the closure of stomata; it inhibits shoot growth; it induces seeds to synthesize storage proteins; acts as antagonists to Giberellins. Plant Reaction to Stimuli  MIDTERM EXAM REVIEWER – BIOLOGY LEC/LAB By Team Meow meow = ( Halimeow and 3 headed creature) c. Law of Independent Assortment = during formation of gametes members of any given pair of genes are distributed independently of one another. What happens if a checkpoint fails in the cell cycle? If a checkpoint fails or if a cell suffers physical damage to chromosomes during cell division, or if it suffers a C. Common Patterns of Inheritance a. Codominance - the effects of contrasting genes are debilitating somatic mutation in a prior S phase, it may both expressed; ex. Blood type “AB” self-destruct in response to a consequent biochemical anomaly. What is apoptosis? Apoptosis is an orderly process in which the cell's contents break down and are packaged into small packets of membrane for “garbage collection” by immune cells GENETICS A. Terms Used in Genetics b. Incomplete dominance - the offspring is a blending a. Gene = functional unit chemically composed of DNA. between the 2 parents as when a red bull is mated to a b. Genosome = sum total of all the genes present in an white cow so that the offsprings are rean (mixture of individual. red and white hairs) c. Allele = any member of a given pair of genes; i. if the alleles are identical then the condition is said to be homozygous and the individual is a homozygote; ii. If the alleles are non-identical, then the condition is said to be heterozygous and the individual is a heterozygote. d. Genotype = genetic composition of an individual e. Phenotype = external appearance of an individual f. Monohybrid Cross = involves a single pair of contrasting genes g. Dihybrid Cross = involves 2 pairs of contrasting genes h. Polyhybrid Cross = involves three or more pairs of contrasting genes. i. Parental Generation (P) = parents of a cross j. Filial Generation (F) = offsprings of a cross; c. Multiple Alleles i. F1 = first filial generation (children); A type of inheritance where-in multiple alleles affect a ii. F2 = second filial generation (grandchildren) certain trait Example: ABO blood typing system is also inherited via multiple alleles. Various combinations of B. Mendelian Laws/ Principles: blood alleles A , B and O give rise to different blood a. Law of Segregation types. i. factors for a trait segregate during gamete formation ii. during gamete formation, members of any given pair of genes separate so that any sex cell transmits only one member of the pair, this parallels separation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis b.  MIDTERM EXAM REVIEWER – BIOLOGY LEC/LAB By Team Meow meow = ( Halimeow and 3 headed creature) d. Epistasis - a phenomenon in which one gene alters the expression of another gene. D. Human Genetics a. Sex-Linked Recessive Disorders/X-linked Traits: i. traits or disorders associated with the sex chromosomes e.g. red-green color blindness; haemophilia ii. For females, sex-linked recessive disorders are expressed phenotypically only in the homozygous Glycolysis: Anaerobic catabolism of glucose (6C) to pyruvic condition; in the heterozygous condition, the acid (3C x 2) which occurs in cytoplasm female merely becomes a carrier and does not Kreb’s cycle: glucose has been broken down completely to phenotypically express the traits. CO2 and H2O and produces 10 coenzyme molecules (8 iii. in males, the trait is expressed even in the NADH & 2 FADH2) hemizygous condition since there is only one locus ETC: an electrochemical gradient of hydrogen ions (one X chromosomes) (protons) across the thylakoid membranes that undergoes iv. Patterns for Transmission of Sex-Linked Recessive redox reactions in a series. Traits/Disorders: A father with the trait will Anaerobic Respiration: absence of O2 result in 2ATP/mol transmit the mutant allele to all daughters but to of glucose no sons. If the mother has the trait, she will Aerobic Respiration: presence of O2 results in net 36 transmit the mutant allele to both sons and ATP/mol of glucose daughters. Types of Fermentation Alcoholic Fermentation: o Yeast or other microorganisms convert sugars into alcohol and carbon dioxide. o Used in the production of alcoholic beverages like beer and wine. Lactic Acid Fermentation: o Lactic acid bacteria convert sugars into lactic acid. And by product of muscles o Common in the production of yogurt, sauerkraut, and some cheeses. Acetic Acid Fermentation: PUNNETT SQUARE – a handy diagrammatic device for predicting the o Acetic acid bacteria convert ethanol into acetic allele composition of offspring from a cross between individuals of acid. known genetic makeup o Used in the production of vinegar. Ethanol Fermentation: Cellular respiration and photosynthesis o Yeast cells convert sugars into ethanol and Photosynthesis - process by which light energy is captured, carbon dioxide. converted and stored in a simple sugar molecule. o Important in the production of biofuels and Equation: alcoholic beverages. 6𝐶𝑂2 + 12𝐻2𝑂 + 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 → 𝐶6𝐻12𝑂6 + 6𝑂2 + 6𝐻2𝑂 Malolactic Fermentation: o Bacteria convert malic acid into lactic acid and occurs in two successive processes: carbon dioxide. o Common in winemaking to reduce acidity and The Light Reactions improve flavor. - Involve light striking the chlorophyll molecules embedded Butyric Acid Fermentation: in the thylakoids of chloroplasts o Clostridium bacteria produce butyric acid from - Results in conversion of light energy to chemical energy sugars. - Water molecules split into H+ and e- and O2 is released o Occurs in the fermentation of certain foods like and ATP are created butyric acid cheese. The Carbon-Fixing Reactions (Dark Reactions) - Light does not play a direct role - Take place outside the grana in the stroma of the chloroplast - Most common type in plants is the Calvin Cycle. - The ATP and NADPH molecules from the light reactions provide the energy and resources for the reaction  MIDTERM EXAM REVIEWER – BIOLOGY LEC/LAB By Team Meow meow = ( Halimeow and 3 headed creature) Laboratory Do this practice sets: https://amrita.olabs.edu.in/?sub=79&brch=18&sim=476& cnt=4 https://amrita.olabs.edu.in/?sub=79&brch=16&sim=126& cnt=254 Tips of 4 the exam – study all the guide question and be aware of the results of the experiment