Biology Chapter on Tissues and Plant Parts
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of photosynthesis in plants?

  • To produce lactic acid for fermentation.
  • To capture light energy and store it as chemical energy. (correct)
  • To release oxygen and absorb carbon dioxide.
  • To convert sugars into ethanol.

    • Which fermentation process primarily involves the conversion of malic acid?

  • Malolactic Fermentation (correct)
  • Ethanol Fermentation
  • Lactic Acid Fermentation
  • Butyric Acid Fermentation

    • In which part of the chloroplasts does the Calvin Cycle take place?

  • Within the chlorophyll molecules.
  • In the stroma outside of the grana. (correct)
  • In the thylakoids where light reactions occur.
  • In the outer membrane of the chloroplast.

    • What is produced during the light reactions of photosynthesis?

    <p>Oxygen and ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fermentation creates butyric acid?

    <p>Butyric Acid Fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of flower contains both the stamen and pistil?

    <p>Perfect flower</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plant hormone is primarily involved in promoting cell division?

    <p>Cytokinin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does ethylene play in plants?

    <p>Ripens fruits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone acts as a stress hormone in plants?

    <p>Abscisic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of flower is missing either stamen or pistil?

    <p>Imperfect flower</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is regulated by gibberellin in plants?

    <p>Stem elongation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In plants, which type of root is typically characterized by a single main root?

    <p>Tap root</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is associated with the regulation of flowering in plants?

    <p>Gibberellin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected outcome for sons if the mother carries a sex-linked recessive trait?

    <p>All sons will inherit the trait.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of a plant is involved in vegetative growth?

    <p>Roots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process results in the production of lactic acid?

    <p>Lactic acid fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many ATP molecules are generated from anaerobic respiration of one mole of glucose?

    <p>2 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'apetalous' refer to in flowers?

    <p>Flowers lacking petals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a father has a sex-linked recessive trait, to whom will he transmit the mutant allele?

    <p>To all daughters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bacteria is involved in acetic acid fermentation?

    <p>Acetic acid bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the net ATP yield of aerobic respiration per mole of glucose?

    <p>36 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of fermentation do microorganisms convert sugars into alcohol and carbon dioxide?

    <p>Alcoholic fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a Punnett square primarily used for?

    <p>Predicting allele composition of offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which trait expression is observed in males for hemizygous conditions?

    <p>Sex-linked recessive traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes the inheritance pattern when a mother has a sex-linked recessive trait?

    <p>Both daughters and sons inherit the trait.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Law of Segregation state regarding gene pairs?

    <p>Only one gene from each pair is transmitted to a gamete.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes multiple alleles?

    <p>An inheritance pattern involving three or more alleles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are traits expressed in females who are carriers of sex-linked recessive disorders?

    <p>They do not express the disorder but can transmit it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon occurs when one gene alters the expression of another gene?

    <p>Epistasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true regarding first filial generation (F1)?

    <p>F1 represents the offspring of the initial cross.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of incomplete dominance, what occurs?

    <p>Both alleles contribute to a blended phenotype.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following traits is commonly associated with sex-linked recessive disorders?

    <p>Red-green color blindness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of multiple alleles affecting a trait?

    <p>ABO blood type</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is codominance?

    <p>Neither allele is dominant, and both are expressed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes incomplete dominance?

    <p>The phenotype is a mixture of both parental traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a gamete is formed, how are the members of gene pairs distributed according to Mendel's law?

    <p>They assort independently of each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a monohybrid cross, how many pairs of contrasting genes are involved?

    <p>One pair of contrasting genes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of self-destruction during cell division due to checkpoint failure?

    <p>The cell engages in apoptosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following terms describes the total genetic makeup of an individual?

    <p>Genotype.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a dihybrid cross, how many pairs of genes are examined?

    <p>Two pairs of genes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which expression describes homozygous individuals?

    <p>They possess identical alleles for a gene pair.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines an allele?

    <p>One variant of a gene that can exist in different forms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the generation of parents in a genetic cross?

    <p>Parental Generation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of flower possesses both male and female reproductive parts?

    <p>Perfect flower</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does auxin play in plants?

    <p>Coordinates growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plant hormone is known for promoting cell division in roots and shoots?

    <p>Cytokinin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes an imperfect flower?

    <p>Lacks either stamens or pistils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plant hormone is primarily involved in fruit ripening?

    <p>Ethylene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of root system is characterized by a single main root?

    <p>Tap root</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of gibberellin in plants?

    <p>Facilitates stem elongation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes flowers that lack both petals and sepals?

    <p>Naked flowers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process converts sugars into ethanol and carbon dioxide through yeast cells?

    <p>Ethanol fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the light reactions in photosynthesis?

    <p>Capture light energy to produce ATP and NADPH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main outcome of the carbon-fixing reactions during photosynthesis?

    <p>Synthesis of glucose from carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fermentation is commonly used in winemaking to improve flavor by reducing acidity?

    <p>Malolactic fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key molecule is produced during the light reactions of photosynthesis that is vital for the Calvin cycle?

    <p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many ATP molecules are typically produced from aerobic respiration per mole of glucose?

    <p>36 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced as a byproduct of lactic acid fermentation?

    <p>Lactic Acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a Punnett square?

    <p>To predict allele composition of offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pattern of transmission occurs if a father has a sex-linked recessive trait?

    <p>Only daughters receive the trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What types of organisms primarily perform alcoholic fermentation?

    <p>Yeasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is produced during acetic acid fermentation?

    <p>Acetic Acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must be present for aerobic respiration to occur?

    <p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following fermentation processes is characterized by the conversion of sugars into lactic acid?

    <p>Lactic Acid Fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of respiration results in the production of only 2 ATP per mole of glucose?

    <p>Anaerobic Respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of sex-linked traits, if a mother has the trait, how will it be transmitted to her offspring?

    <p>To both sons and daughters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of a checkpoint failure in the cell cycle?

    <p>The cell may undergo apoptosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is codominance different from incomplete dominance?

    <p>In codominance, both alleles are expressed distinctly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the genotype of an individual?

    <p>The sum total of all genes present in an individual.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What will occur during apoptosis?

    <p>The cell breaks down and packages its contents for cleanup.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes an individual with two identical alleles?

    <p>Homozygote</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which inheritance pattern involves a blending of traits from two parents?

    <p>Incomplete dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a dihybrid cross, how many pairs of contrasting genes are analyzed?

    <p>Two pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a gene?

    <p>The functional unit composed of DNA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the process of a monohybrid cross?

    <p>Two individuals for one contrasting trait are crossed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by the term 'allele'?

    <p>A variant form of a gene.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Law of Segregation state in terms of gene pairs during gamete formation?

    <p>Members of a gene pair segregate into different gametes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario accurately describes the expression of sex-linked recessive disorders in females?

    <p>Females only express the trait if homozygous for the recessive allele.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the first filial generation (F1)?

    <p>It is the result of the crossing of two parent organisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of human genetics, what does epistasis refer to?

    <p>When one gene suppresses the expression of another gene.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a condition that involves multiple alleles affecting a trait?

    <p>ABO blood typing system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during gamete formation according to Mendel's law?

    <p>Only one allele of each gene is transmitted to each gamete.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the phenomenon of sex-linked recessive traits?

    <p>They are associated with X or Y sex chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly identifies the relationship of F1 to F2 generations?

    <p>F2 is the generation produced by crossing F1 individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable consequence of epistasis in genetics?

    <p>It can mask the effects of other genes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of a perfect flower is absent in an imperfect flower?

    <p>Stamen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does cytokinin play in plant physiology?

    <p>Promotes cell division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following plant hormones is primarily responsible for regulating stem elongation?

    <p>Gibberellin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of root system is generally characterized by multiple thin roots of similar size?

    <p>Fibrous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of ethylene in plants?

    <p>Stimulates fruit ripening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding naked flowers?

    <p>They lack petals and sepals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Abscisic acid serves which function in plants?

    <p>Stimulates closure of stomata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a perfect flower?

    <p>Contains both stamen and pistil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when a cell self-destructs due to checkpoint failure or physical damage?

    <p>Apoptosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a monohybrid cross?

    <p>Involves a single pair of contrasting genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the external appearance of an individual in genetics?

    <p>Phenotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of genetics, what does homozygous refer to?

    <p>Having identical alleles for a trait</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which inheritance pattern involves both contrasting genes being expressed?

    <p>Codominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are alleles?

    <p>Different versions of a gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the law of independent assortment state about gene distribution in gametes?

    <p>Members of gene pairs are distributed independently of one another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of genetic cross involves two pairs of contrasting genes?

    <p>Dihybrid cross</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term best defines the total genetic makeup of an individual?

    <p>Genotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the sum total of all the genes present in an individual?

    <p>Genosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary product of ethanol fermentation by yeast cells?

    <p>Ethanol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reaction within photosynthesis takes place in the stroma of chloroplasts?

    <p>Calvin Cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of malolactic fermentation in winemaking?

    <p>Lower acidity and improve flavor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What energy form is produced during the light reactions of photosynthesis?

    <p>Chemical Energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacteria are involved in butyric acid fermentation?

    <p>Clostridium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Law of Segregation state about gene pairs during gamete formation?

    <p>One member of each gene pair segregates into gametes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the offsprings of a cross referred to as in genetic terminology?

    <p>F1 generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes multiple alleles?

    <p>More than two choices of alleles for a single trait.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a trait that is influenced by multiple alleles?

    <p>ABO blood type</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do epistasis and multiple alleles play in genetics?

    <p>Epistasis allows one gene to mask another's effect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of human genetics, what does X-linked recessive trait expression depend on for females?

    <p>Being heterozygous or homozygous for the trait.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In human genetics, which disorder is an example of a sex-linked recessive trait?

    <p>Hemophilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the presence of multiple alleles affect blood type inheritance?

    <p>It allows for increased variation in blood types.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the second filial generation (F2)?

    <p>Offspring resulting from two F1 individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected outcome for daughters if a father carries a sex-linked recessive trait?

    <p>They will inherit the trait and express it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of fermentation do microorganisms convert sugars into lactic acid?

    <p>Lactic acid fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary product of alcoholic fermentation?

    <p>Alcohol and carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a mother carries a sex-linked recessive trait?

    <p>She transmits the mutant allele to both sons and daughters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes anaerobic respiration?

    <p>It results in 2 ATP per mole of glucose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a characteristic of aerobic respiration?

    <p>It produces more ATP than anaerobic respiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of fermentation involves the conversion of ethanol into acetic acid?

    <p>Acetic acid fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a Punnett square in genetics?

    <p>It predicts the allele composition of offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of hemizygous conditions, which statement is true for males?

    <p>Traits will be expressed with only one locus from the X chromosome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which product is primarily associated with the process of lactic acid fermentation?

    <p>Lactic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the light reactions of photosynthesis?

    <p>Light energy is captured and stored as chemical energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary outcome of the Calvin Cycle?

    <p>Conversion of carbon dioxide into glucose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fermentation is primarily used in winemaking?

    <p>Malolactic fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Clostridium bacteria in fermentation?

    <p>Produce butyric acid from sugars.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During cellular respiration, what do yeast cells primarily convert sugars into?

    <p>Ethanol and carbon dioxide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does auxin play in plant growth?

    <p>Coordinates growth and behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plant hormone is known to act as a stress hormone?

    <p>Abscisic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a naked flower?

    <p>Has no petals or sepals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plant hormone primarily promotes cell division?

    <p>Cytokinin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of root system is characterized by numerous fibrous roots?

    <p>Fibrous root system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes an imperfect flower?

    <p>It lacks either stamen or pistil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is involved in the regulation of stem elongation and flowering?

    <p>Gibberellin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of codominance in offspring?

    <p>Both parent's traits are expressed equally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during apoptosis?

    <p>Cells selectively die and are removed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Law of Independent Assortment influence gene distribution?

    <p>Gene pairs segregate independently of one another</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean for an individual to be homozygous?

    <p>The individual has two identical alleles for a gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a dihybrid cross in genetics?

    <p>Examination of two pairs of genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mutation leads to apoptosis during cell division?

    <p>Somatic mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the genetic makeup of an individual?

    <p>Genotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main feature of incomplete dominance in genetic inheritance?

    <p>Offspring display a blend of parental traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'genosome' refer to in genetics?

    <p>The sum total of all genes within an individual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of immune cells during apoptosis?

    <p>Eliminate cell waste and debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the first filial generation (F1) in genetics?

    <p>Offspring produced from a cross</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Law of Segregation affect gametes during formation?

    <p>Pairs of genes segregate allowing only one to be transmitted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a phenomenon where one gene influences the expression of another?

    <p>Epistasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding sex-linked recessive disorders in females?

    <p>Only homozygous females express the disorder phenotypically</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'multiple alleles' refer to in genetics?

    <p>More than two alleles existing for a particular gene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the end product of glycolysis?

    <p>Pyruvic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which generation do grandchildren appear in the context of Mendelian genetics?

    <p>F2 generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the alleles during gamete formation according to Mendel's findings?

    <p>They separate ensuring only one is passed to each gamete</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process completely breaks down glucose to produce coenzyme molecules?

    <p>Krebs cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of respiration results in the production of 36 ATP per mole of glucose?

    <p>Aerobic Respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main final product of lactic acid fermentation?

    <p>Lactic Acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of fermentation involves yeast converting sugars into alcohol?

    <p>Alcoholic Fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario will a father with a sex-linked recessive trait pass on the mutant allele?

    <p>To all daughters only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a Punnett square?

    <p>To predict the allele composition of offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the net ATP yield for anaerobic respiration of one mole of glucose?

    <p>2 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition results in trait expression in males for hemizygous conditions?

    <p>Presence of one X chromosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a type of fermentation mentioned?

    <p>Methane Fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many FADH2 molecules are produced during the Krebs cycle per glucose molecule oxidized?

    <p>2 FADH2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Tissues

    • Tissues are groups of similar cells adapted for specific functions.
    • Plant tissues have simpler organization and many are dead, growth is contained.
    • Animal tissues are complex, more living tissues, and growth is not limited.

    Plant Parts

    • Shoot system: Includes stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits.
    • Root system: Includes roots.
      • Taproots: Found in dicots, primary root grows and becomes stout, secondary roots grow from the primary.
      • Fibrous roots: Found in monocots, roots from lower nodes.
      • Adventitious roots: Develop from shoots.
    • Flower: For reproduction, parts include stamen, filament, anther, stigma, style, ovary, ovule, petal, and sepal.
      • Complete flower: Contains both stamen and pistil
      • Incomplete flower: Lacks either stamen or pistil.
      • Naked flower: Without petals or sepals.

    Animal Tissues

    • Epithelial: For protection, absorption, secretion, and sensory.
    • Connective: For support, binding, transport, and immunity.
    • Muscular: For movement.
    • Nervous: For nerve impulse conduction and body coordination.

    Muscle Tissues

    • Skeletal: Striated, tubular, multi-nucleated, voluntary, attached to skeleton.
    • Smooth: Non-striated, spindle-shaped, uni-nucleated, involuntary, internal organs.
    • Cardiac: Striated, branched, uni-nucleated, involuntary, heart.

    Connective Tissues

    • Connective tissue proper (Loose, dense regular, dense irregular, adipose, reticular)
    • Cartilage (hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage)
    • Bone
    • Blood

    Plant Tissues

    • Meristematic: Actively dividing cells, at root and shoot tips.
    • Permanent: Do not divide further Simple Permanent Tissue and its types:
      • Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma Complex Permanent Tissue and its types:
    • Xylem, Phloem

    Stems

    • Woody: Persistent woody stems, strong, covered with bark, tall, perennial plants.
    • Herbaceous: No persistent woody stem, flexible, green, short, annual or perennial.

    Fruits

    • Fleshy: With pulp (e.g., apple, papaya, lemon).
    • Dry: Without pulp (e.g., groundnut, peas).

    Plant Hormones

    • Auxin: Growth coordination, plant development.
    • Cytokinin: Cell division in roots and shoots.
    • Gibberellin: Growth, development (stem elongation, germination, etc.).
    • Ethylene: Fruit ripening.
    • Abscisic acid: Stress hormone (stomata closure, shoot growth inhibition).

    Plant Response to Stimuli

    • Phototropism: Response to light.
    • Gravitropism: Response to gravity.
    • Geotropism: Response to gravity.
    • Hydrotropism: Response to water.
    • Thigmotropism: Response to touch.
    • Chemotropism: Response to chemicals.

    Cell Division

    • Mitosis: Produces two identical diploid daughter cells (somatic cells: growth, repair).

    • Meiosis: Produces four non-identical haploid daughter cells (gametes: reproduction).

    • Stages of Mitosis: Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis

    • Stages of Meiosis: Interphase, Prophase I (Synapsis, Crossing-over), Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Cytokinesis, Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II, Cytokinesis.

    Mitosis & Meiosis

    •  Phases of mitosis (PMAT) & cytokinesis.
    •  Phases of meiosis.
    • Comparison between Mitosis and Meiosis
    • Importance to the animal body.

    Genetics

    • Gene: Functional unit of DNA.
    • Genosome: Total genes in an organism.
    • Allele: Variant form of a gene.
    • Homozygous: Identical alleles.
    • Heterozygous: Non-identical alleles.
    • Genotype: Genetic makeup.
    • Phenotype: Observable traits.
    • Monohybrid: Single trait.
    • Dihybrid: Two traits.
    • Polyhybrid: Multiple traits.
    • Law of Segregation: During gamete formation, alleles separate.
    • Law of Independent Assortment: Alleles of different genes separate independently.
    • Multiple Alleles: Multiple possible alleles for a gene (e.g., ABO blood typing).
    • Codominance: Both alleles are expressed (e.g., AB blood type).
    • Incomplete dominance: Offspring blend parental traits (e.g., red x white = pink).
    • Epistasis: One gene modifies another's expression.
    • Sex-linked recessive disorders: traits associated with sex chromosomes (red-green color blindness, hemophilia).
    • Patterns for transmission of Sex-linked Traits.

    Respiration

    • Equation: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP
    • Types: Aerobic (with oxygen), Anaerobic (without oxygen).
    • Stages: Glycolysis, Pyruvate oxidation, Citric acid cycle, Oxidative phosphorylation.

    Photosynthesis

    • Equation: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + Light Energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
    • Stages: Light reactions (thylakoid membrane) and Carbon-fixing reactions (stroma).

    Fermentation

    • Types: Alcoholic, lactic acid, acetic acid, ethanol, malolactic, butyric acid.

    Punnett Square

    • Diagram to predict offspring genotypes.

    Cell Cycle Checkpoints

    • G₁ Checkpoint: Checks for nutrients, growth factors, and DNA damage.
    • G₂ Checkpoint: Checks for cell size and DNA replication.
    • Metaphase Checkpoint: Checks chromosome spindle attachment.

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    Biology Quiz on Plant and Animal Tissues
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    Biology Quiz on Plant and Animal Tissues

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