Gen Bio 1 - Midterm Reviewer PDF

1.1: - Pass DNA to offspring Biology Organisms Require Energy and Nutrients −The scientific study of life -Energy −a fraction of the organisms on Earth...

1.1: - Pass DNA to offspring Biology Organisms Require Energy and Nutrients −The scientific study of life -Energy −a fraction of the organisms on Earth The capacity to do work −Living and nonliving things are made up of -Nutrient the same components organism can’t make for itself − Atom - Fundamental building block of all Organisms and Energy Sources matter Producers − Molecule − Make own food using energy - An association of two or more atoms and simple raw materials from non biological sources 1.2:Life Is More Than the Sum of − Example: photosynthesis in Its Parts plants Consumers − Obtain energy and nutrients Levels of organization by feeding on other organisms − Passing of energy from one Cell organism to another - Smallest unit of life Decomposers Organism - Break down remains of - An individual; one or more cells producers and consumers Population - Group of individuals of a species in Organisms Sense and Respond to a given area Change Community - Inside and outside themselves - All populations of all species in a given area Homeostasis Ecosystem - Process by which an organism - A community interacting with its keeps its conditions within a range environment that favors survival by sensing and Biosphere responding to change. - All regions of Earth that hold life - In order to maintain balance 1.3: How living things are alike Organisms grow, develop, and reproduce All living things have similar characteristics Growth - Require ongoing inputs of energy and Increase in size, volume, and raw materials number of cells in multi-celled species - Sense and respond to change Development 1  Process by which the first cell of a. Protists new individual becomes a - Simplest eukaryotes with great multicelled adult diversity Reproduction 2. Fungi Process by which individuals produce - Eukaryotic consumer that offspring breaks down food externally 3. Plant Inheritance - Usually a multicelled, − Transmission of DNA to offspring photosynthetic producer DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) 4. Animal − Carries hereditary information that guides - Multi-celled consumer that development and other activities ingest food or juices of other − Source of life’s diversity organisms 1.4 How Living Things Differ Taxonomy - practice of naming and classifying species - Differ in observable characteristics - Species: a unique kind of - Classification schemes help organize organism - Biodiversity - scope of variation among - Genus: a group of species living organisms that share a set of unique traits. Prokaryotes - Every species is given a unique - Single-celled two-part scientific name consisting of - No nucleus; DNA is scattered its genus and species - Peptidoglycan - Cell wall of bacteria Taxon: a group of organisms that - Biofilms share a unique set of traits - Diverse community of bacteria − Each taxon consists of next lower taxon 1. Bacteria - Most numerous organisms Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, - “Cyano” - 1st bacteria in the world family, genus, species 2. Archaea Two classification systems - More related to eukaryotes than A. Six-kingdom classification system bacteria Eukaryotes - All are eukaryotes besides bacteria and archaea - DNA is in nucleus B. Three-domain classification system. 2  Variable − Characteristic that differs among individuals or over time Experimental group − individuals that receive a certain treatment 1.5: The Science of Nature Control group − not exposed to the independent variable being The Scientific Method tested Data Critical thinking − Test results − Deliberate process of judging the quality of information before accepting it 1.6: The Nature of Science Science − Systematic study of the observable world Scientists typically yield quantitative results Hypothesis − Testable explanation for a natural Researchers experiment on subsets phenomenon. of a group, which may result in sampling error Scientific method − Sampling error − Systematically making, testing, and Difference between results of evaluating hypotheses a subset to a whole Researchers try to design Prediction experiments carefully in order to − Statement, based on a hypothesis, about minimize sampling error a condition that should exist if the − Probability hypothesis is correct The measure, expressed as a percentage, of the Model chance that a particular − Analogous system used for testing outcome will occur hypotheses − Statistically significant Refers to result that has Experiment very low probability of − Test designed to support or falsify a occurring by chance alone prediction Scientific Theories The experiment Hypothesis that has not been 3  disproven - First to see bacteria ○ Consistent with all the data - Gained inspiration from Hooke’s ○ Helps make successful predictions “Micrographia” about other phenomena - Used his new instrument reaching ○ Can never be proven absolutely 300x magnification and saw things ○ Can be disproven by a single such as spermatozoa an protozoa observation Salvino D’Armate - 13th century (1200s) Law of Nature - First eyeglasses (spectacles) − Phenomenon observed to occur in every circumstance without fail History − Without a complete scientific - 1st century - someone discovered explanation crystal makes things magnified - The crystal was called “magnifying glass” HISTORY, - Was later called “lens” because it looked like a lentil seed PARTS, AND - - Earliest form of magnifications Used to view small insects FUNCTIONS OF - Were called “flea glasses” - 1600s - lenses were permanently mounted on frameworks MICROSCOPE - Lenses were paired together to form compound microscope - With the advancement of technology, Compound light 1. Hans and Zacharias Janssen microscope came into being - Built the first microscope in 1595 (1588-1631) Parts of a compound light 2. Robert Hooke microscope - Perfected the microscope in the 17th century in several countries (1635-1703) - Coined the word cell to describe features of plant cell (cork) 3. Anton van Leeuwenhoek - Dutchman - Most notably perfected by him (1632-1723) 4  In Light Microscopes, visible light is passed through a specimen, then through glass lenses Lenses refract (bend) the light, so image is magnified Main Parts of a microscope a. Mechanical parts 1. Base - stand that supports the microscope. http://www.microscopemaster.com/parts-of-a-compound 2. Pillar - a short piece of metal that -microscope.html attaches to one end of the base 3. Handle or Arm - curved metallic part Magnification arising from the pillar used for holding the - Ratio of an object’s image size to microscope. its real size - 4. Body Tube - cylindrical structure Resolution vertically arising from the handle; holds - Measure of clarity of an image. the dust shield and nosepiece. Contrast - Visible differences in brightness 5. Revolving Nosepiece - circular 100 % structure where the objectives are - Too much light attached that permits the shifting of - Reduced image contrast objectives. - Widely opened diaphragm 80% 6. Coarse Adjustment Screw - Used to - Right amount of light make large changes in focus. Never use - Good image contrast this when viewing on high power - Well adjusted diaphragm 40% 7. Fine Adjustment Screw - used to make - Little light small adjustments on focus - Reduced image contrast - Poorly opened diaphragm 8. Stage - A square or round platform with an opening at the center where the slide Microscopy is placed. Microscopes are used to visualize cells 5  9. Mirror Rack - found below the stage CELL and attached to the pillar; holds the mirror in place. b. Magnifying parts 1. Ocular or Eyepiece - The part you look Cell theory at with your eye. Usually 10 X - Basic unit of life magnification. - All cell came from preexisting cells - Contains hereditary material 2. Objectives a. Scanner - 4-5x Plant cell structure b. Low Power Objective - 10-12x c. High Power Objective - 40-60x d. Oil Immersion Objective - 97-100x; use of cedar oil c. Illuminating parts 1. Mirror - found below the stage near the base used to collect and direct light to the specimen. 2. Diaphragm - used to regulate the entry of light onto the specimen. - Iris - Plate - Fan - the one you adjust 3. Condenser - Lens found immediately beneath the hole of the stage used to PARTS OF A CELL concentrate light rays on the specimen. 1. Cell wall - Outermost layer - Semi-Rigid but permeable - Consists of peptides and polysaccharides (in bacteria) or proteins (in archaeans) 2. Mitochondria 6  - Powerhouse of the cell - Double membrane - Produces ATP’ - Constitutes the outer boundary of - Location of cellular respiration the nucleus - Double membrane. Cytoskeleton 3. Nucleus - protein filaments in the cytoplasm of - Control center all cells that gives them shape, - Where DNA is stored movement and other functions 4. Nucleolus. Chromoplast - Produced Ribosomes and RNA - colored plastid - Gives color, typically colors ranged 5. Cytoplasm from yellow, red, and orange - Where all organelles are placed - All cells have this 14. Plasma membrane - Selectively permeable 6. Cell membrane - Carries out specialized metabolic - Protects the cell functions - Lets things inside and outside the cell 15. Vacuole - organelle in cells which functions to 7. Lysosome hold various solutions or materials. - Suicide bag of the cell - Typically found in plants for - Only in plant cells photosynthesis; but non plants - digest several different kinds of sometimes have this. molecule 16. Plastids 8. Rough endoplasmic reticulum - Stores different components like - Contains ribosome starches, proteins, and fats - Organelle of protein synthesis a. Leucoplast - colorless plastids that store 9. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum starch, protein, and lipids in - No ribosomes plant - Amyloplast 10. Golgi apparatus - A type of leucoplast - Sorts and packages the finished - convert glucose to starch products into transport vesicles and store it in tubers, - Exports seeds, stems, and fruit. 11. Nuclear Envelope 17. Cilia 7  - Short, hairlike structures that proteins and cholesterol forming a project mobile mosaic from the plasma membrane of - Phospholipids bilayer some eukaryotic cells Membrane Proteins 18. Flagella - Proteins associated with a - Whip back and forth to propel cells membrane carrying out most such as sperm through fluid membrane functions Plasma membrane ENERGY METABOLISM Lipids - Head - water-loving - Tail - hates water; has 2 tails - Phospholipid - main structural component of cell membrane Diffusion - Spontaneous spreading of Cell membrane structure molecules/ions through fluid (liquid or gas) Plasma membrane - Higher concentration to lower concentration (Passive transport) Fluid Mosaic Model Facilitated diffusion - made of a phospholipid bilayer with 8  - Uses transport protein but not Red blood cell - 0.05% salt concentration energy Hypotonic - Low solute concentration Transport proteins - Burst - Used to help substances enter or exit the cell membrane Channel protein - Transport protein that provides a tube-like opening in the plasma membrane through which particles can diffuse Equilibrium - When the molecules of one substance are spread evenly Isotonic throughout another substance to - Same solute concentration become balanced - Stay the same Five factors of diffusion 1. Concentration 2. Temperature 3. Size 4. Charge (positive or negative) 5. Pressure Hypertonic - High solute concentration Semipermeable Membranes - Shrink Osmosis - diffusion of H20 (Water); only in hypotonic and hypertonic - Continues until becomes isotonic - passive transport 9 Active transport Passive transport - Requires energy (ATP) - Doesn’t require energy - Moves from low to high - Moves from high to low concentration concentration Endocytosis Turgor - Inside; ballooning inward - Counters osmosis - Phagocytosis (“cell eating”) specific type of endocytosis - active transport High turgor pressure - Enlarged cell wall and vacuole Low Turgor pressure - Shrunken cell wall and vacuole - Causes wilting in plant Multicellular Exocytosis - Outward; expels outside Plant Body - active transport Shoot and Root system Shoot system - Photosynthesis (stem and leaves) - Reproduction - Storage of food/water enzymes - Transport - Hormones Root system - Anchorage (water from soil) - Absorption - Storage - Transport Sodium-potassium pump - Hormones - active transport that moves sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cells 10 1. Dermal tissues - Outermost layer - “Skin” Ground tissues Cuticle Parenchyma - Stems and leaves - Present in humans - Waxy layer to prevent water loss - Storage cell Trichomes Starch, sugar, water - Stems and leaves - Most thin cell wall - Pupillae and glandular hairs - least specialized type of plant cell Root hairs/ Rhizodermis and most common/abundant - Roots; water and nutrient - Chlorenchyma absorption - Aerenchyma - Stellate - Meristematic Stomata - Serve the function of transpiration and the exchange of gases used in photosynthesis and transpiration Stomatal complex - Unity of guard cells and subsidiary cells Collenchyma - Provides extra strength and support - Cellulose - Hemicellulose - Pectin - No secondary wall - Primary growth (periphery) - Thick primary wall 11  Vascular tissues relating to or denoting the plant tissues (xylem and phloem) that conduct water, sap, and nutrients in flowering plants, ferns, and their relatives” Xylem - Transport water from root to shoot - Upwards only - composed of specialized parenchyma cells Sclerenchyma - High levels of lignin - Sclereids - Thick secondary wall - Dead when mature - Provides mechanical strength and support - Most thick Phloem - Transport sugar and other metabolic products - Upward and downward - composed of live cells called sieve tube members (tube shaped cells) and companion cells, which help control the flow of liquid on the sieve tube members. 12  eristems - region of plant tissue, found chiefly at the growing tips of roots and shoots and in the cambium, consisting of actively dividing cells forming new tissue Vascular Plants - Largest group in planet kingdom - Well-developed system in transporting water and food - Roots - System - Leaves - Vascular bundles Apical Meristem - Shoot and shoot tips - Root tips Vascular bundles: Monocots vs Dicots Intercalary meristem - Internodes and leaf bases Lateral meristem - Secondary growth 13  Primary growth - Zone of cell division - Zone of elongation - Zone of maturation Reviewer by: Cedrich Bautista 14