Merriman Teacher Notes - Summer 2023 PDF

# The Legacy of the Two Reformations ## Witchcraft - witches came to represent superstitious beliefs - persecuted in Protestant and RC areas - 1484 Pope Innocent VIII declared witchcraft a heresy - witch hunts in France, Switzerland, England, German states. - peaked 1500-1550 - 2500 ppl executed i...

# The Legacy of the Two Reformations ## Witchcraft - witches came to represent superstitious beliefs - persecuted in Protestant and RC areas - 1484 Pope Innocent VIII declared witchcraft a heresy - witch hunts in France, Switzerland, England, German states. - peaked 1500-1550 - 2500 ppl executed in HRE biwn 1570x1430 - "drowning test" - 1487 Malleus Maleficarum - manual to aid in discovery & punishment of witches. - 1484 to 1700s women killed as witches. - 1700s more than 100,000 - witches accused of saying mass backwards or performing black mass. - one woman accused of consuming several husbands. - often witches blamed for evil in village fires, unexplained deaths etc. - most accused of witchcraft were rural, poor, single - some confessed under torture ### Storytellers: - passed information to kids. - etc. But no formal education. ## The Baroque Style - 1600 Europe (about 1/2) RCC, Prot, + Muslim (Ottoman Empire) - religion was top down in some States - but grassroots in others - lots of conflict - Dutch vs. Spanish - strong missionary impulse for both RCC & Prot - Jesuits - Spanish exploration: God, gold, glory - More centralized states (France, Spain) - resisted conversion, but RCC kind of under monarchy - Protestant reformers accepted separation of functions within community - **realm of faith** - **realm of world** ## Lutheranism - really state church in most places, also Arianism ## Reformation in France largely Calvinist - nobles vs. king - civil war ## A Strengthened French Monarchy - Francis I + successors insisted right to tax towns even if no threat of war - tithes & offers - also raised revenue by selling office - also made nobles more loyal to king - also taxed peasants at higher levels - Francis I reduced RCC authority in France, concordat of Bologna ## Clergy - as well as enforced royal will - nobles lost some privileges of local jurisdiction to royal law courts ## Zwingli - wanted church & state to work together to create a whole community ## Calvin -believed sep of church&state - but state no role in dictating spiritual matters ## Economic Crisis - no real tolerance of diversity - states made church attendance compulsory but can't compel belief - some exceptions: Socenians, Netherlands ## The Wars of Religion - Sixteenth Century France - France divided lay law, customs, languages, traditions - فرانسيس I extended monarchical authority, even if independent ## By 1570 -French pop ↑, more land under cultivation - 1570 land cultivation slowed, new dawn ## European pop - > 18 million by 1400 - prices rose rapidly in France - more people than resources - gold/silver from New World + in circulation - but not enough in production ## Late 1500s - purchasing power of laborers, landowners stable - French nobles required service rather than payments from peasants ## Nobles - repairing roads - gory of lesser means, struggled for payments