CLIL History 4 - Part 1 - Age of Reformation and Renaissance (answers) PDF

CLiL-History 4 Part I: The Age of Reformation and Renaissance Written by: H.C. Vrenken Year: 2022-2023 1  Timeline: Western Historical periodisation revisited. In the previous two years, you had to...

CLiL-History 4 Part I: The Age of Reformation and Renaissance Written by: H.C. Vrenken Year: 2022-2023 1  Timeline: Western Historical periodisation revisited. In the previous two years, you had to learn the different periods (Tr. tijdvakken) in western history. Keep this handy chart in mind, you will need it for using the OMCAPUR-method and other exercises during the year. Timeline of the western periodisation Early Modern Contemporary Modern Prehistory Ancient Near Eastern Civilisations Classical Antiquity Middle Ages « BCE CE. » Written history Subperiods of the Middle Ages Early Middle Ages I Early Middle Ages II High Middle Ages Late Middle Ages Germanic Kingdoms Holy Roman Empire Ex. Kingdom of Kingdom of England, Part I Part II Wales and Ireland. Merovingian dynasty Carolingian dynasty England Period Translation Period Translation Prehistory Prehistorie Middle Ages Middeleeuwen Ancient Near Eastern Oude Nabije Oosten Early Modern period Vroegmoderne tijd Civilisations Classical Antiquity Klassieke Oudheid Modern period Moderne tijd Contemporary history Hedendaagse tijd 2 Map of the known world at the end of Holy Roman Emperor Charles 3 V’s life.. 0. The long 15th or the long 16th century? (1450-1600) Political: New monarchs and the birth of the centralised state. (1450-1600) Emperors and kings tried to take control over their kingdoms and empires, turning Europe from a patchwork of medieval kingdoms to one of centralising states. All to have enough money and men to face the challenges of ruling in the early modern period. But did these “new monarchs” succeed? Socio-Economic: The Agricultural and commercial Revolution. (+/- 15th century- 18th century) New inventions, products and techniques in early modern food production lead to a population boom, commercialisation, urbanisation and the working poor. How do the centre and periphery keep the peace in a world increasingly focused on earning money than looking after each other? Cultural: Renaissance thought and culture (14th-16th century) - Philosophy: Humanism: The humanists used the printing press to reflect on old medieval society and spearhead the wish for change. They found a solution in classical texts, ideas, and writing letters with the thinkers of their day. - Renaissance art: paintings, sculptures, and new ways of building based on math, science, and classical mythology and ideas. - Religion: Reformation/Protestantism. In 1517, Martin Luther promoted the individual experience of a simpler Christianity against the strict ideas of the Catholic church. Thanks to the printing press his message will lead to new (national) churches across Europe, religious and peasant wars plus the rise of literacy. - Popular culture: The printing press, common life and reformation in pictures. Woodcut printing led to the first caricatures and cartoons against or for Protestantism. While in Antwerp, a new sort of Renaissance appears, one with a nod to common culture. ” Finally, Renaissance theatre is born, showing the ugly side of humanity but for everyone. 4 1. The New Monarchs: Was centralisation under the “New Monarchs” of the 16th century a success story or a fairy tale? (c. 1450-c. 1600) The men who ruled Europe during the early-16th century King Henry VIII Tudor King Francis I Valois Charles V von Habsburg (r.1509-1548) (r. 1515-1547) (r.1506-1555) King of England, Lord of Ireland King of France Holy Roman Emperor, (Portrait by Hans Holbein the Younger) (Portrait by Jean Clouet) King of Spain, Italy, Germany and Lord of the Burgundian Netherlands. (Portrait by Titian) Introduction: The New Monarchs The stern eyes of these men look down on us as we shuffle through the museums of Europe. Each one dressed to impress, showing rich clothes, being painted by the most celebrated Renaissance painters, standing imposingly, and wearing weapons to show military prowess. They are the celebrities of their time, showing us, their audience, what they accomplished during their life. They faced a new and uncertain world: America had just been discovered, the Renaissance was in full swing, and printing had become widespread, with new ideas, ideals, and challenges to power. The old world was being replaced by a new, more modern one, and they needed to change their kingdoms to meet these challenges. Most of them had come to power at the beginning of the 16th century. International and civil wars like the Hundred Years War, the Burgundian War, the Hussite War, the Italian Wars and the War of the Roses devasted Europe during the 14th and 15th centuries. Although tragic, it led to many of the old noble families dying out, reinforcing the position of a new sort of king: New Monarchs – kings who efficiently centralised their countries. Slowly transforming Europe from a patchwork of kingdoms to one of centralised states. New Monarchs measures: 1) Limiting the political power of the feudal nobility. 2) Creating a permanent “national” army loyal to the monarch. 3) Creating efficient systems of taxation or moneymaking. 4) Encouraging some sense of national identity and culture. 5) Securing religious unity and control. In this chapter, we will use comparative history. We will look at two rulers with similar goals of creating a centralised government to answer how successful their reigns were: King Henry VIII of England and Emperor Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire. Did they succeed in creating that centralised government, and if they failed, what challenges could not be overcome? 5 Charles V: “An empire where the sun never sets”. (r. 1506 – 1556) The European Empire of Charles V: Charles gained much of his empire through his family tree. The German/Italian side by his father, and the Spain and its colonies by his mother. He could rely for income on the Austrian and American gold and silver mines, taxes on trade from the Netherlands, and loans to the banking empires of Italy, Flanders and Germany. Mary of Burgundy Emperor Maximilian Burgundian Netherlands Archduke of Austria Holy Roman Emperor Queen Isabella King Ferdinand II Castile, Léon and Aragon, Naples and the Americas the Americas Joanna I Philip IV “The Mad” “The fair” Charles V Pax Habsburgia or Pax Austricia The Austrian family of the von Habsburgs came to rule a large part of the world not through war like most other European monarchs had but through clever marriages and fortunate inheritances of lands as well as titles. It was Emperor Maximilian who famously said the phrase: “Let others wage war, but you, happy Austria, marry!” which became the family motto. His grandson Charles V was particularly lucky and unlucky. His father died tragically young making him lord of all the Netherlands at age 6, his mother was declared mad and he became co-ruler of Spain at age 16. Finally, his grandfather passed away and he succeeded him as emperor of the Holy Portrait of Jakob Fugger Roman Empire just 19 years old! He tried to create a European “the Rich” by Albrecht peace and union through diplomacy, marriage; alliances and war Dürer, 1519. He was part of but failed in the end. The Habsburg dynasty kept trying until 1648 the Fugger banking family that when the Peace of Westphalia put an end to the Austrian dream. loaned 543.000 florins or 1899 Source: M.A. Wess, The Grand Strategy of the Habsburg Empire, Princeton University Press, 2019. kg gold to Charles V to secure his election to Holy Roman 6 Emperor. Governors and co-rulers: The Women of Charles V “Leyes Nuevas” or The New Laws (1542 ) Since 1493 Spanish colonists had moved to the Americas to start a new life. The “Indians” there were enslaved to work on the Encomienda: large estates rewarded to the Spanish conquerors. Or just brutally abused and murdered instead. Dominican friars like Bartolomé de las Casas wanted the “Indians” to be treated with human From left to right: his aunt Margaret of Austria, his mother Joanna of Castile decency, as well as future and his wife Isabella of Portugal. Christians. Charles V as emperor In 1506, six-year-old Charles V inherited the Netherlands. saw the Indians as subjects and His aunt Margaret of Austria (left) ruled in his stead as set up the Vallodid debates, the governor of the Habsburg or Austrian Netherlands from 1507 first human rights discussion in to 1530. Though she kept the peace between the different the world. This led to the creation Flemish, Dutch and Walloon states through the Staten of the “New Laws” to protect the Generaal. She did not succeed to centralise them. Language ‘Indians’. barriers, religion changes and different interest kept each of the states at odds with one another. The Spanish governors needed to stop enslaving the Indians and In 1516 his mother Joanna of Castile was declared mad end the Encomienda system. If and unable to rule. When Charles arrived with his Flemish not, the colonists would be advisors and little knowledge of Spanish affairs, the old punished by a court in Spain. An nobility rose up to protect their rights and forced Charles to ocean away, most colonists did rule as co-monarch with his mother and to respect the not listen to the good intentions Castilian laws and language. His wife Isabella of Portugal of Charles V. often stayed in Spain to rule whenever Charles was in the Source: N.E. Van Deusen, "Why Indigenous Slavery Holy Roman Empire or on campaign with his Spanish Continued in Spanish America after the New Laws of 1542", The Americas, 80 (3), p.395–432. professional tercios, Swiss mercenaries and Flemish commanders. Source: S.L. Jansen, The Monstrous Regiment of Women: Female rulers in Early Modern Europe, Palgrave Macmillan, 2002. Abdication of an Emperor (1556) Peace of Augsburg (1555) Charles V sat 50 years on the throne. In 1517, a learned monk named Martin Luther Years of wars against the Ottoman preached a simpler type of Christianity in the HRE. His Turks, France, Italy, German Princes, ideas became rather popular among the German Spanish vassals; Riddled with gout and princes. Most New Monarchs, like Charles V, believed malaria. His empire almost bankrupt, that different religions within one empire could create drowning in debt and loans. Charles V weakness and rebellion and so wanted to stop Luther concluded that ruling an empire that stretched four different continents was and make sure that everybody returned to Catholicism. just impossible. In 1521, at the Diet of Worms, the newly chosen He abdicated his throne, giving the emperor Charles V invited Luther to defend his ideas. empire and the Austrian titles to his Despite Charles V's choice to support Catholicism, other brother Ferdinand I and the Spanish German princes defended this new “Protestantism.” lands, colonies and the Netherlands to The period between 1546 and 1555 was marked by his son Philip II. He then withdrew to a intense conflict, a struggle that ended in a stalemate wit monastery in Spain, where he died. the Peace of Augsburg (1555) “Cuius regio, euius religio” (“whose realm, their religion”) was one of the most important achievements. The local prince could decide what type of Christianity they were; the Emperor could only enforce his religion in the parts that he directly owned! Source: H. Holborn, A History of Modern Germany, The Reformation, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982, 123-248. 7 HENRY VIII The End of the War of The Roses (1485) 1485: Henry VII Tudor defeats King Richard III at the battle of Bosworth field, ending the War of the Roses. He presents himself as a unifier of the York and Lancaster dynasties, ending 85 years of civil war. Most of the powerful noble family had died during the civil war or had their lands taken by Henry VII after the peace. To unify the country he married Elizabeth, daughter of the Yorkist king Edward IV. Within a year they had a son, Arthur, later followed by Henry (VIII). This secured the throne of England. In 1509, the 17-year-old Henry VIII Tudor succeeded his father in 1509 without any fight or protest. The realm breathed a sigh of relief. Source: ‘How the Tudor dynasty shaped Modern Britain’, BBC, geraadpleegd op 6/6/2024, (https://www.bbc.co.uk/teach/ articles/zrhdbdm). Political executions The British Isles during the reign of Henry In 1495, the frugal Henry VII created the VIII, r. 1509-1547 (source: Civilization V) Council Learned in the Law, a special Henry VIII inherited the kingdoms of England, institution to grow the king’s income and Wales, and Ireland from his father. English law exploit his rights as feudal lord to generate applied across the realm, and English was both the cultural and political language. more money and maintain his authority. Although Henry dreamed bigger and wanted to Henry VIII benefited a lot from the large unite the whole of the British Isles under the same treasury left by his father and created by this crown or king, the Scottish nobles agreed to the council. Nonetheless, he had Edmund Treaty of Greenwich, which said that Henry’s four- Dudley and Sir. Richard Emerson, the main year-old heir, Edward VI, would marry the one- architects of the scheme, charged with year-old Queen of Scotland, Mary. This would unite treason and executed. A common strategy both Scotland and England. Although the Scots he employed for both his critics and political would keep their own laws, they would be ruled by enemies. This also helped Henry VIII gain a the same king in the same language. lot of property, money and land. However, the French king ensured that his son Across his entire 36-year reign, historians married Mary instead. Henry VIII tried to enforce estimate he executed between 57.000 and the treaty through war during the “rough wooing of Scotland”. Still, it would be under Mary’s son, James 72.000 people. Among them were his I, that England and Scotland would finally be united. second wife, Anne Boleyn, and his fifth wife, Source: Catherine Howard, as well as his chancellors, Thomas More and Thomas Cromwell. Source: M. Tillbrook, The Tudors: England 1485-1603, p. 11-25. The Tudor Rose: Symbol of Unity and Dynasty. In a largely illiterate age, visual culture was loaded with political symbolism. At the end of the “War of the Roses,” a new symbol of royal power emerged: the Tudor rose, which merged the red rose of the Lancastrian family with the white of the Yorkist family. This was a masterstroke by Henry VII. It allowed him to present his reign as a continuation of both sides, just like his marriage. It became a symbol of the dynasty. Based on: T. Penn, How Henry VII branded the Tudors,The Guardian (2 nd March 2012). Tudor roses at the beginning (Henry VII) and at the 8 end of the Tudor dynasty (Elisabeth I) r.1485-1603. Act of Supremacy (1534) Dissolution of the monasteries (1536-1541) King Henry VIII of England had sought to In 1535, short on cash, Henry VIII ordered his divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon (m. Chancellor Thomas Cromwell to “visit” the Catholic 1509-1533) since Henry needed a male monasteries and make an inventory of their land’s heir. Because the Pope would not annul taxable value in the Kingdom of England. Cromwell’s the marriage, Henry sought to make report showed sexual misconduct, corruption and himself Head of the Church in England. other heresies. Although we don’t know if he spoke This Parliamentary Act from 1534 gave the truth. legal sanction to Henry's assumption of those clerical powers. As the new head of the “English church,” Henry VIII dissolved all the monasteries, some 900 religious houses, 142 nunneries, and 183 friaries. This act of Albeit the king's Majesty justly and parliament made the king of England instantly the rightfully is and ought to be the supreme biggest landowner. Parts of the new estates were head of the Church of England, and so is then sold to nobles and commoners all to pay for a recognized by the clergy of this realm in temporary army to fight expensive wars against their convocations (…) and for increase of France. virtue in Christ's religion within this realm Source: G.W. BERNARD, ‘The Dissolution of the Monasteries’, History, 96, of England, and to repress and extirpate (324), 2011, p. 389-519. all errors, heresies, and other enormities and abuses heretofore used in the same, be it enacted, by authority of this present Parliament, that the king shall be the only supreme head in earth of the Church of England, called Anglicans Ecclesia; (…) shall have full power and authority from time to time to visit, repress, redress, record, order, correct, restrain, and amend all such errors, heresies, abuses, offences, contempt and enormities, to Christ’s religion, whatsoever they be (…) most to the pleasure of Almighty God and for the conservation of the peace, unity, and tranquillity of this realm (…). Queen Mary Tudor (l.) and Queen Elizabeth (r.) might not have seen From: M. Viorst, ed., The Great Documents of Western eye-to-eye on matters of religion. But they lay to rest in the same Civilization (New York; Barnes and Noble, 1965) pp. 97-98. grave in West-Minster Abbey. The End of the Tudor Dynasty: England torn between Catholics and Protestants. (1547-1603) On 6th July 1553, Edward VI died, just six years after his father’s death. Edward VI went behind Mary’s back and wanted his niece, the 16-year-old Lady Jane Grey, to become Queen. Mary did not take this kindly; Jane Grey was only Queen for 9 days when Mary and her half-sister, plus an army of nobles, marched into London. The first official reigning Queen of England was later nicknamed “Bloody” Mary. She lifted the punishment of Catholics and returned England to Catholicism. Although the monastery lands that Henry had sold to noble families were not taken away. She married the Catholic King Philip II of Spain, the son and heir of Charles V and together persecuted protestants inside England. Her five years weren’t all that bad, though; she didn’t execute a lot of protestants, and she even restored money into the royal treasury for the first time since Henry VII. She was however unable to have a child, meaning that the throne passed to her protestant half- sister Elizabeth, who reigned for 45 years. Known as the Virgin Queen, Elizabeth never married out of fear that a husband would take over her kingdom. She steered England back to Protestantism and went further than Edward VI of Henry VIII had gone. Her time on the throne was known as a golden age of culture and wealth, the “Elizabethan age”. Philip II, Mary’s ex-husband, fearful that Elizabeth would turn England back to Protestantism, sent a huge fleet of warships to invade England (The Spanish Armada), which was defeated meaning that England would remain protestant for the rest of its history. Source: G.W. BERNARD, ‘The Dissolution of the Monasteries’, History, 96, (324), 2011, p. 389-519. 9 Extra: Women’s history: the influence of women on the reign of Henry VIII Most history books put little power in the hands of the wives of Henry VIII. Meanwhile they contributed to a lot of different elements of Henry’s reign. As regents when he was away during war times, as advisor in both political and religious matters; and even as supporters of culture. It shows how history often mistreats and forgets the women that make history. 1. Catherine of Aragorn (m. 24 years) Catherine was well-educated and the daughter of the Spanish King Ferdinand of Aragorn. She and Henry VIII had a happy marriage, and there were occasions of true love. However, after 24 years of marriage, they only had one daughter: Princess Mary. (And six miscarriages.) Henry divorced her and put Catherine in different palaces, far from the royal court. She wasn’t even allowed to see her daughter. 2. Anne Boleyn (m. 3 years) Henry tried to make her his mistress while still married to Catherine. She refused him for a very long time. Only when Henry decided to divorce Catherine did she agree to marry him. She was well-read and interested in the Protestant Reformation. She even gave Henry tips on the right books to read. They had one daughter together, Princess Elizabeth. She was eventually executed for adultery (overselling). 3. Jane Seymour (m. 1 year). Jane wasn’t as highly educated as Catherine or Anne were, but she had royal English ancestors, which was supported by the English nobility. The day after Anne's execution, she was betrothed (verloofd) to Henry and married not long after. Jane died during childbirth, giving birth to a baby boy and Henry’s heir: Prince Edward. 4. Anne of Cleves (m.