History Chapter 5 PDF

**Chapter 5** **The Lutheran Reformation** - **Luther's search for Truth** - **Romans 1:17 "The just shall live by faith"** - **Justification by FAITH alone** - **Luther's Onslaught** - **Pope Leo X** - **St. Peter's Cathedral (Vatican)** - **Johann...

**Chapter 5** **The Lutheran Reformation** - **Luther's search for Truth** - **Romans 1:17 "The just shall live by faith"** - **Justification by FAITH alone** - **Luther's Onslaught** - **Pope Leo X** - **St. Peter's Cathedral (Vatican)** - **Johann Tetzel** - **Indulgences** - **"When the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs."** - **Ninety-Five Theses October 31^st^, 1517** - **Protestant Reformation Begins** - **Diet of Augsburg (1518)** - **Leipzig Debate (1519)** - **Johann Eck** - **Debated Luther** - **Branded a Heretic** - **Luther's argument** - **The pope and church are infallible** - **The Church of Rome is not Supreme** - **The Bible is the supreme authority** - **Purpose: point the German people back to the authority of Scripture** - **Excommunicated (1521)** - **Charles V** - **Chooses not to upset the Princes who like Luther** - **Universal Monarchy** - **Religious uniformity** - **Calls Luther to the Diet of Worms** - **Diet of Worms (1521)** - **Asked to recant all convictions against the Church** - **Edict of Worms** - **Proclaims Luther a Heretic** - **Luther is kidnapped by friends to Wartburg Castle** - **Rise of Lutheranism** - **Lives in Wartburg Castle** - **Is using a disguise as "Knight George"** - **Writes German Bible (1534)** - **Reform in the Home** - **Katherine Von Bora** - **Luther marries her** - **Reform in the church** - **Replaces Latin singing to German singing** - **"A Mighty Fortress is our God"** - **Magisterial Reform** - **Partnership between State and the Church** - **German Peasant's War (1524)** - **Luther argues against the War against the Nobles** - **Luther condemns the Peasantry** - **Augsburg Confession (1530)** - **Philip Melanchthon** - **"The teacher of Germany"** - **Augsburg Confession is a series of articles solidifying the Protestants position** - **Peace of Augsburg (1555)** - **Prince determines the Religion** **The Reformation Spreads** **The Reformation in England** - **Henry the VIII** - **The Defender of the faith** - **Wife \#1 was Catherine of Aragon** - **Daughter was Mary** - **Church of England (1534) was independent from the Church of Rome** - **Act of Supremacy** - **the King was the head of the Church** - **Wife \#2 Anne Boleyn** - **Mother of Elizabeth I** - **Beheaded** - **Wife \#3 Jane Seymour** - **Mother of Edward VI** - **Henry's Favorite wife** - **Dies two weeks after giving birth** - **Wife \#4 Anne of Cleves** - **"The King's Beloved Sister"** - **Divorced** - **Wife\#5 Catherine Howard** - **15 years old when married** - **Beheaded for sleeping with Thomas Culpeper** - **Wife \#6 Catherine Parr** - **Third Succession Act (1543)** - **Reinserts any heirs from previous wives** - **Survives** - **Outlives Henry a year and eight months** - - **Catholic Reformation and Religious War** - **Wars of Religion** - **France** - **Francis I (house of Valois)** - **At first doesn't mind the Protestants** - **Affair of the Placards (1534)** - **Posters that are against mass** - **Shows up outside Franics's door and Francis wants them out** - **John Calvin must leave France because of these Placards and the Protestant persecution** - **Huguenots v. Catholics** - **Bourbon v. Valois** - **Catherine de Medici** - **She is a Catholic and sees Huguenots as a threat** - **She has Henry of Nevar marry her daughter** - **St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre** - **She has the Huguenots murdered (about 5000 die)** - **The effect backfires and Protestantism is bigger** - **Henry (IV)** - **Reverts to Catholicism** - **"Paris is worth a mass"** - **Edict of Nantes (1598)** - **Huguenots have religious freedom** - **Spain** - **New world Resources** - **Philip II** - **Married to Bloody Mary** - **He squanders the wealth from the New World** - **Low Countries** - **Mennonites + Calvinists** - **Spanish Rule** - **Council of Blood** - **Kills anyone suspected of Heresy (Mennonites + Calvinists)** - **William the Silent, "Father of Dutch Liberties"** - **Starts a Revolt** - **Dutch Reformed Church** - **Declared independence in 1581** - **Philip II hires someone to kill William the Silent** - **William Assassinated** - **First head of state to be assassinated** - **They fight more until they get complete independence in 1648** - **England** - **Elizabeth I, "Good Queen Bess"** - **Restored Anglican Protestantism** - **"Middle Way" -- Prevents Civil War** - **Elizabethan Settlement** - **Catholics, Puritans, Separatists** - **Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots** - **Scottish Reformation** - **John Knox** - **James VI (James I of England)** - **Sir John Hawkins, Elizabethan Navy** - **Sir Francis Drake (Naval Battle)** - **Death of Mary Stuart** - **Philip II** - **After Mary's Execution, Philip claimed Just Cause for his invasion of England** - **Invincible Spanish Armada** - **Defeat of the Spanish Armada (1588)** - **Shift of power allowed Europe's Protestant Reformation to spread** **Discovery and Conquest in the New World 1450 -- 1600** - **Background** - **Vikings (1000)** - **Travel Narratives** - **These make people interested in a possible "New World"** - **Renaissance inventions** - **Compass** - **Astrolabe** - **Durable Sailing Ships** - **Trade** - **Objective: Orient by Water** - **Nations** - **"God, gold, glory"** - **Portugal Leads the Way** - **Prince Henry the Navigator** - **School of Navigators** - **Bartholomew Dias** - **Cape of Good Hope** - **Vasco de Gama** - **First European to reach the far East by Sea** - **Portugal remains content to Trade not Rule** - **The Voyages of Christopher Columbus** - **Christopher Columbus** - **Wanted to fund another Crusade** - **Spain, Ferdinand + Spain** - **Nina, Pinta, Santa Maria** - **October 1492, He lands in the Bahamas** - **Santo Domingo** - **1493** - **Bartholomew de las Casas** - **Priest that records the way Christopher treats people** - **Columbus taken back in chains and dies** - **Spain's New World Empire** - **Amerigo Vespucci, "America"** - **Vasco de Balboa** - **Discovers the Pacific Ocean** - **Dies from beheading** - **Ferdinand Magellan** - **Pacific Ocean named that because ocean was said "peaceful"** - **Dies in the Philippines** - **Circumnavigated the Globe** - **Treaty of Tordesillas (about Trade)** - **East Portugal** - **West, Spain** - **Conquistadors** - **"Conquerors"** - **Hernan Cortez (Aztecs)** - **Tenochtitlan + Montezuma** - **Fall of Tenochtitlan (1521)** - **Francisco Pizarro (Incas)** - **Dies by mutiny** - **Famous Thirteen** - **Thirteen men joined to make "millions"** - **Atahualpa** - **Gives them vast treasures and dies** - **Columbian Exchange** - **The Old and the New Worlds** - **Goods and foods are transferred** - **Animals are Transferred** - **Diseases** - **Key Takeaway** - **Western Civ. + World History Merge** - **Trade** - **Spread of Christianity** - **Brings people out of Medievalism into Modernity** **The Search for Order Absolutism and Constitutionalism1600 -- 1700** - **The Crisis of the 17^th^ Century** - **The Thirty years' War 1618 -- 1648** - **Europe's last great religious war** - **Catholicism v. Calvinism** - **Peace of Augsburg 1555** - **If your prince is Calvinist, you could be Calvinist, if your prince is Protestant, you can be Protestant** - **First Phase, Bohemia 1618** - **Ferdinand II, HRE** - **Defenestration of Prague** - **Throwing Catholics out the window** - **Second phase, Denmark 1625** - **Christian IV King of Denmark** - **Third Phase, Sweden 1630** - **Gustavus Adolphus** - **Lion of the North** - **Dies in battle** - **Fights to gain land for their Religious freedom** - **France Joins Protestants** - **Cardinal Richelieu** - **Politics over Religion** - **Peace of Westphalia 1648** - **Gives Calvinists Freedom** - **Dutch get independence from Spain** - **Habsburgs (Holy Roman Empire) breaks into three small pieces** - **Began "Age of Reason"** - **Lets stop killing each other anymore** - **Faith = Personal Conviction** - **Papacy no longer power player** - **Rise of France** - **Becomes strongest nation in Europe** - **Crises of the 17^th^ century** - **Witch trials** - **Killing random people for "heresy"** - **Declining population** - **Disease** - **Childbirth** - **Famine** - **Dying from Torture** - **No mercy for anyone with independent thought** - **The Age of Absolutism** - **Louis XIV** - **The king was considered "a Virtuous God on Earth"** - **Inherited the throne at 5** - **Cardinal Mazarin** - **Regent of the king** - **Tried to get more power to the Monarch** - **The Fronde Revolution** - **The nobility put up a fight** - **Checking the growing power of the Royal family** - **Lious says "never again shall I let this happen"** - **Longest ruling monarch in French History** - **Absolute power as the King** - **Absolute Sovereignty** - **All power given to the Monarch** - **Famously says "I am the State"** - **Starts construction of the Palace of Versailles** - **Takes 14 years to finish construction** - **Palace of Versailles** - **Political strategy** - **Invites nobility to live at the Palace** - **They cannot control there governing land if they are not there** - **King Louis is called "Sun king"** - **Never called the estates-general** - **Treaty of Fontainebleau** - **Revoked the Edict of Nates** - **Greatest mistake** - **Huguenots are not allowed to leave** - **France Conflict** - **Result?** - **Loses a lot of wars** - **Puts France into Debt** - **Only war he wins is American War for Independence** - **Absolutist in Russia** - **Czar** - **Leader of Russia** - **Derived from Russian word Caesar** - **"Only God and the Czar know"** - **Czar was basically god** - **Peter the Great** - **Begins modernizing Russia** - **7 feet tall** - **First Czar to travel Europe** - **Travel incognito** - **Indulges every curiosity** - **Built St. Petersburg** - **"Window of the West"** - **Encouraged Religious freedom** **Limited Government: The Dutch Republic and England** - **The Dutch Republic** - **Golden Age (17^th^ Century)** - **Flourishing Economy** - **Religious Freedoms** - **Allowed to do whatever religion you want if you obey the state** - **House of Orange** - **They are descendants of William that rule over the people** - **England's Constitutional Monarchy** - **James I** - **Son of Mary Queen of Scotts** - **King of Scotland** - **King of France said "The Wisest Fool in Christendom"** - **Theologically very smart** - **Claims Divine right of Kings** - **Gives him power of Absolutism by "god"** - **He makes the rules and no one else** - **Liberty, freedom from arbitrary rule** - **Common law + Magna carta protects these laws** - **Sovereignty** - **Parliament or King** - **Puritans** - **Refused to accept the king as the head of the church** - **Charles and Parliament** - **Charles I** - **English Civil War 1642-1651** - **William Laud** - **Archbishop of Canterbury** - **Tries to reverse reformation** - **Has a problem with parliament** - **Demanded money** - **Dissolved Parliament 1626-1629** - **Laud orders Catholics services** - **Reluctantly calls Parliament 1640** - **Long Parliament 1640-1660** - **Round heads (Cromwell) Puritans** - **Cavaliers Protestants** - **Oliver Cromwell** - **Created the "New Model Army"** - **Defeats Charles' Forces** - **Rump Parliament** - **You can be king but give the power back to parliament** - **Charles I is the first monarch to be beheaded by his own people** - **Puritans under Cromwell are left in charge of Clean-up** - **Return of the Monarchy** - **James II** - **Oldest man to become king at 51** - **Glorious Revolution (1688)** - **William & Mary** - **Bill of Rights** - **Makes parliament the primary governing force of England** - **Toleration Act** - **Gives toleration to all sects of Christianity except Catholicism** **The scientific and rational revolutions 1450-1700** - **Advances in Astronomy** - **Medieval Science = Wisdom of the ancients** - **Geocentrism: Earth at the center of the Universe** - **Nicolaus Copernicus** - ***On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres*** - **Heliocentrism: Earth revolves around the Sun** - **Johannes Kepler** - **Laws of Planetary Motion** - **The planets do not evolve in perfect circles but in oval like ellipses** - **Galileo Galilei** - **Law of Uniform** - **Acceleration** - **Things fall at the same rate** - **Refracting Telescope** - **Universe is made of the same stuff and the Earth** - **Isaac Newton** - **Father of modern Science** - **Principia: Three laws of motion** - **Inductive reasoning** - **Facts = Theories** - **Sir Francis Bacon** - **Modern Scientific Method** - **Medicine and Chemistry** - **Medieval Medicine, Galen** - **Andreas Vesalius** - **Father of Modern Anatomy** - **William Harvey** - **Theory of Blood circulation** - **Robert Boyle** - **Father of Modern Chemistry** - **Antoine Lavoisier** - **Elements = Substances** - **Implications** - **Practical** - **Technology** - **Confidence and optimism** - **Christian Worldview** - **Secularism** -