Midterms: Media and Information Literacy PDF

MIDTERMS. Media and Information Literacy By Mariangela C. Fernandez 01: Intro to MIL Literate: Refers to a person who does not only read and write but also understand and solve problems. Literacy: ability to identify, understand, interpret, create, communicate and compute, using printed and writ...

MIDTERMS. Media and Information Literacy By Mariangela C. Fernandez 01: Intro to MIL Literate: Refers to a person who does not only read and write but also understand and solve problems. Literacy: ability to identify, understand, interpret, create, communicate and compute, using printed and written materials associated with varying contexts. ​ Involves a continuum of learning. Media ​ Medius: middle in latin ​ Plural form of “medium”, though understood as a singular subject as well. ​ A group of mediums that is used to communicate with a large body of audience at a certain amount of time. Medium ​ A singular form of media. ​ Television is a broadcast medium. Media Literacy ​ The ability to access, analyze, evaluate, and create media in a variety of forms. ​ If you can understand the complex messages from the aforementioned media, then you are media literate. ​ Aims to empower citizens by providing them with competencies necessary to engage with traditional media and new technologies. ​ Media literate people are active users, consumers, and sometimes producers of media content. Aside from acquiring knowledge and becoming literate, a person should know he can acquire relevant information. Information ​ Pertains to a specific data acquired for a specific purpose. ​ Gathering information or data depends upon the person’s need. ​ Example: JHS student researches about health benefits of herbs for a science project. Gathering the facts will allow the student to educate himself about the topic being studied.  ​ A broad term that covers processed data, knowledge derived from study, experience, instruction, signals, or symbols. Information Literacy: The ability to recognize when information is needed to locate, evaluate, and effectively communicate in its various formats. Technology ​ Greek words (1) Techne: art or skill (2) Teknologia: systematic treatment. ​ Defined as systematic application of one’s art of skill for practical purposes. ​ Technology uses scientific knowledge and computer skills to develop machinery and equipment needed by various industries. Technology Literacy ​ The ability to acquire relevant information and use modern-day tools to get, manage, apply, evaluate, create and communicate information. ​ Knowing how to use the technology of today is necessary so we can adapt to and cope with our present environment. ​ Not limited to computers: ○​ a microbiologist would need to learn how to use a microscope. ○​ Persons in broadcasting media may need to learn how to use a camera or a recording studio. 02: Evolution of Traditional to New Media Pre-Industrial Age (Before ​ Started appearing in the 2nd and 3rd Century BC. 1700s) ​ Mostly used by scholars and religious ​ People discovered fire sects ​ Developed paper from plants ​ Became mainstreamed when the Printing ​ Forged weapons and tools with stone, Press was invented. bronze, copper, and iron ​ Chinese books: made of bamboo strips bound with cards. Prehistoric Communication ​ Campfire stories: means of Printing Press communication ​ Woodblock or typesetting method that ​ There stories were told from one allows stamping an image of a page onto generation to another in front of a a paper. campfire. ​ Chinese people: first to develop woodblock printing. When human nomads settled, ​ Developed agriculture Industrial Age ​ Started forming communities and towns ​ Town Criers: appeared to announce news (1700s-1930s) in a town square. People used the power of steam to: ​ Develop machine tools When people needed a way to convey messages ​ Establish iron production to another individual privately, they sent out ​ Manufacturing of various products messages. including books through the printing press. Pictograms: used around 8th to 4th BC to represent a word. ​ Example: Cuneiform Hieroglyphics: picture-based writing system ​ By egyptians ​ Standard of writing in 700BC Alphabet: Developed by phoenicians in 15th Century ​ Opposite of Hieroglyphics The Written Word Books Johannes Gutenberg ​ A way to send coded messages through ​ Developed a mechanized version in the an electrical current. 14th Century ​ Replaced postal system. ​ Made printing books faster, cheaper, and available to the masses. Differential Machine ​ 1823 Roads ​ Invented by Charles Babbage ​ Invented by King Cyrus of Persia ​ Commissioned by the British Government ​ Helps messengers on horseback deliver to process basic mathematical their parcel faster. computations. ​ Eventually abandoned, and Babbage went Postal Service on to build the Analytical Machine to make ​ Charles I employed Thomas Witherings to it into a general-purpose calculator. improve it. ​ Witherings: started Postmaster service. Analytical Machine ​ Postmaster service: houses built on ​ First programmable computer using various points of a messenger’s route to punched cards. provide fresh horses and resting quarters. ​ Punched cards: stored programs Ada Lovelace developed for Baggage. Semaphores ​ Flags commonly used by the navy to send out symbols using flags to communicate with other ships ​ Developed in 17th Century ​ Land Semaphores: eventually appeared and was done on top of towers to send messages over hilltops or mountain tops. ​ 1840s: Semaphore system was replaced by telegraph and morse code. Punched Cards ​ Sheets of paper with holes arranged in a specific pattern to operate or feed data onto a machine. ​ Made by Joseph-Marie Jacquard in 1800s ​ Technology also applied to self playing music boxes ​ Way to tally the US Census in 1880. Telegraph ​ Samuel FB Morse and Alfred Vail ​ Invented in the 1830s Painting with Light ​ Heinrich Hertz: proved that electricity Photography (1826) already exists in the air. ​ Method of recording and copying an ○​ Radio waves. image using light onto a light-sensitive material. Telephone ​ Designed as both a receiver and Camera Obscura transmitter of voice. ​ Earliest form of a camera. ​ Patented March 10, 1876. ​ A whole room with one hole on one end ​ Alexander Graham Bell: speech instructor of the wall that projects an image on the ○​ Created the telephone for his deaf other end of the wall. wife. First color photography Motion Pictures ​ Invented by Auguste and Louise Lumiere ​ Result of 2 visual phenomena: ​ 1907 Persistence of Vision and Phi phenomena. ​ Using an auto-chrome process. ​ Persistence of Vision: visual imprint or a shadow of an image that is retained in the Kodachrome eye. ​ 1935: developed for commercial use. ​ Phi Phenomena: illusion of movement ​ 1949: became available after WWII ended. when different images were shown in succession rapidly. Electronic Age (1930s - Thomas Edison 1980s) ​ Invented Kinetograph in 1892 ​ Transistor: ushered in the electronic age ​ Kinetograph: cabinet sized machine, ​ Transistors led to the transistor radio, allowing only one person to show a short electronic circuits, and the early picture through a peephole. computers. ​ Invented Celluloid Film in 1889 ​ In this age: long distance communication ​ Celluloid Film: allowed pictures to be became more efficient. shown in film form. Cinematographe ​ Invented by Auguste and Louise Lumiere. The Rise of Electronic Media ​ Allows a film to be viewed by many Television people at the same time ​ Transmits visual data thru continuous streams of electrical signals to form Wireless Telephony various dots or resolution ​ “Walkie talkies” ​ used in WWI and WWII Radio ​ Found its way commercially in the form of ​ Does not use wires to transmit electrical a car accessory. signals Information Age (1900s - DVD ​ Digital Versatile Disk or Digital Video Disc 2000s) ​ 1995 ​ Internet: paved the way for faster communication and the creation of social Flash Drives networks. ​ First appeared in 1994 The Computer Generation SD and Blu-ray storage devices Graphical User Interface ​ Launched in early 2000 ​ Computer display that allows the usage of computers in a user-friendly manner. Web Browsers ​ Apple’s LISA computer in 1983 showed ​ Mosaic (1993) GUI in their computers. ​ Internet Explorer (1995) Word Processing Program Blog ​ Begun with typewriters ​ Blogspot (1999) ​ Live Journal (1999) ​ Wordpress (2003) Typewriters Social Networks ​ invented in 1867 ​ Friendster (2002) ​ Developed into a computer program that ​ Multiply (2003) imitated its ability in making documents ​ Facebook (2004) such as Wordstar. Microblogs Magnetic Tapes ​ Twitter (2006) ​ Became primary data storage device ​ Tumblr (2007) ​ Introduced by IBM in 1964 ​ Popular audio recording device in the Video form of cassette tapes. ​ Youtube (2005) Floppy Disks Augmented Reality / Virtual Reality ​ form of magnetic tape with higher data storage capacity than cassette tapes. Search Engines ​ Released in the 1970’s which evolved until ​ Google (1996) 1994. ​ Yahoo! (1995) Optical Disks Portable Computers ​ Introduced in 1992. ​ Laptop (1980) ​ Such as the Minidisk. ​ Netbooks (2008) ​ Tablets (1993) ​ Smartphones ​ Wearable Technology ​ Cloud and Big data.  How do you acquire and store information? 03: Information ​ Write, print, photocopy, photograph, download, cloud storage, record, external Literacy memory drives, memory cards. Information How will you determine the quality and accuracy ​ data that has been processed, collected, of the information that you have? and interpreted in order to be presented ​ Must come from a reputable source (ex: in a usable form. institution) ​ In the media world: often used to describe knowledge of specific events or How to use the information you have? situations that has been gathered or ​ Share, apply, announce, post, archive, received by communication, intelligence, reminder, answer a query, clarify or news report. conclusion. Literacy How to communicate information? ​ Understanding of a specific subject. ​ Announcement, text, social media post, f2f session, note, chat, email, save file. Information Literacy ​ A means to express personal ideas, develop arguments, refute the opinions of 5 Components of Information others, learn new things, or simply identify the truth or factual evidence about a topic. Literacy ​ Recognizing when information is needed 1.​ Identify: identifying the nature and extent and how to locate, evaluate, and of the information effectively communicate information in its a.​ Creating a timeline of plans to various formats. complete a research paper. b.​ Differentiating primary sources Why do you need info? from secondary sources. 2.​ Find: finding information effectively and ​ To be updated with news efficiently. ​ For learning/education purposes a.​ Locating a book in the library using ​ For communication its call number. ​ To acquire knowledge needed for b.​ Choosing best keywords or decision-making. phrases in searching online or in a library database. Where do you search for information? 3.​ Evaluate: ability to evaluate information ​ Internet and its sources critically. ​ Television, a.​ Reviewing multiple POVs to ​ Library construct a general opinion. ​ Radio b.​ Exploring different sources of ​ Newspaper information to understand a general concept.  4.​ Apply: apply information to achieve a Interpretation purpose. ​ Though, you must document facts that are a.​ Paraphrasing a quote to support an not generally known, or ideas that argument. interpret facts. (this requires a citation) b.​ Downloading a file and ○​ Michael Jordan is the greatest incorporating it in a panel basketball player who has played discussion. the game. 5.​ Acknowledge: ability to acknowledge the sources of used information; includes Quotation understanding of ethical, legal, and ​ Using someone else’s words directly. societal issues surrounding information. ​ You need to cite the source. a.​ Creating in-text citations and ○​ According to John Smith in the bibliographies. New York Times, “37% of all b.​ Utilizing copyright, public domains, children under the age of 10 live and fair use guidelines. below the poverty line.” Paraphrase Ethical Use of Information ​ Using someone else’s ideas but rephrasing them in your own words. ​ It is inevitable to directly quote their words ​ Still must acknowledge and cite the in order to preserve their meaning. source. ​ However, quoting someone else’s words without giving credit to the author essentially gives the impression that you are claiming ownership of what they have said. Plagiarism ​ Using other people’s words and ideas without clearly acknowledging the source of information. Common Knowledge ​ Facts can be found in numerous places and are likely to be widely known. ​ Generally known info does not need to be documented. ○​ John F. Kennedy was elected President of the United States in 1960.  ○​ Television: receivers that transform 04: Types of Media electronic signals into visual outputs. Print / Traditional Media ○​ Movies: still images printed in reels ​ “Old Media”: Oldest form of media that are then projected onto a big ​ Communication devices produced and screen. developed before the digital age. 2.​ Radio: receiver that changes electronic ​ consists of paper and ink, reproduced in a signals into audio outputs. printing process that is traditionally mechanical. New Media ​ Various electronic communication devices Examples that usually have computers in them 1.​ Newspaper: printed publications with a ​ Laptops, cellphones, tablets, desktop regular schedule (usually daily) computers, etc. ○​ Broadsheet: 12 inches wide by 20 ​ Organized and distributed on digital inches long platforms. ○​ Tabloids: 11 inches by 17 inches ​ Introduces a whole new culture of digital 2.​ Magazine: collection of articles and convergence. images with a theme on every issue that's current and popular. 1.​ CD Roms: read only optical devices. ○​ Covers in-depth and feature ○​ Usually used as electronic articles not covered by encyclopedias used in schools and newspapers. at homes. 3.​ Journal: usually more scholarly content 2.​ E-Books: read through a third party and used mostly in the academic field. machine. ○​ Journal of the American Medical ○​ Usually a computer or portable Association devices. ○​ under magazine but more ○​ Digital versions of the books. academic 3.​ Internet: online global network of 4.​ Books: printed pages glued or sewn connected electronic devices. together. ○​ Main proponent of the digital age where information access and Broadcast Media distribution becomes easier, faster, ​ radio and television that reach audiences and convenient to the public. using airwaves as the transmission 4.​ Websites: set of pages that host variety of medium. content (educ, ent., news) 5.​ Email/Electronic Mail: send messages to Examples an individual, comparable to regular mail. 1.​ Television and Movies: Transmits images 6.​ Media Convergence: coexistence of through rapid passing of still pictures or traditional and new media. images electronically. ○​ The ability to transform different kinds of media into digital code to make it accessible to a range of devices. ○​ Example: radio television channels, internet in phones  ​ Is the source credible? 05: Media and Info Timeliness Sources ​ Reliability, accuracy , and value of info may vary based on the time it is Evaluating Information produced/acquired. 1.​ Reliability ​ May become irrelevant and inaccurate 2.​ Accuracy with the passing of time (thus making it 3.​ Value less valuable). 4.​ Authority ​ Other info may be timeless. 5.​ Timeliness Reliability Sources of Information ​ It can be verified and evaluated Libraries ​ The trustworthiness of the source is based ​ A place in which literary, musical, artistic, on the reliability of info. or reference materials are kept for use but not for sale. Skills in determining the Reliability ○​ Ref. mats: books, manuscripts, ​ Check the author recordings or films. ​ Check date of publication/update ​ Check citation Types of Libraries ​ Check domain 1.​ Academic Library: serves colleges and ○​.com: commercial universities ○​.edu: educational 2.​ Public Library: serves cities and towns of ○​.mil: military all types ○​.gov: government 3.​ School Library: serves k-12 4.​ Special Library: specialized environments ○​.org: nonprofit organization ○​ Hospitals, corporations, museums, military, private business, and govt. Accuracy of Information ​ Refers to the closeness of the report to actual data Indigenous Media ​ Measurement of accuracy varies ​ Indigenous: originating or produced ○​ Forecasts: similar to actual data naturally in a particular region/locality. ○​ Financial: values are correct ○​ Native; local ​ Indigenous Knowledge: knowledge that is Value of Information unique to a specific culture or society ​ Info is valuable if it aids the user in ○​ Most often not written down. making/improving decisions ​ Indigenous Communication: transmission of info through local channels or forms. Authority ​ Who authored/published the info?  ○​ Means by which culture is preserved, handed down, and adapted. ​ Indigenous Media: defined as forms of media expression conceptualized, produced, and circulated by indigenous people. Forms of Indigenous Media: ​ Folk or traditional media ​ Gatherings and social organizations ​ direct observations ​ records (written, carved, oral) ​ oral instruction Internet ​ Online global network providing a variety of info and comm. Facilities. ​ Consists of interconnected networks using standardized comm. protocols.