Media Information Literacy STEM 12 Past Paper PDF

MEDIA INFORMATION LITERACY GRD SEM STEM 12 SY | 2024 – 2025 12 02 MEDIA...

MEDIA INFORMATION LITERACY GRD SEM STEM 12 SY | 2024 – 2025 12 02 MEDIA ▪ Receives the message from the source, Channels or ways use to transmit or analysing, and interpreting the message in communicate messages. ways both intended and unintended by the It is also known as “communication tools” such source (McLean, 2005). as physical objects used to communicate such as radio, television, films and more. Feedback ▪ The message or response of the receiver INFORMATION which is sent back to the source. A broad term that processed data and/or knowledge derived from study, experience, Context instructions, signals, or symbols. ▪ the communication interaction involves the setting, scene, and expectations of the TECHNOLOGY individuals involved (McLean, 2005) It is the application of scientific knowledge to the practical aims of human life or to change and Environment manipulate the human environment. ▪ the atmosphere, physical and psychological, where you send and receive messages COMMUNICATION (McLean, 2005) The root of the word “communication” in Latin is communicare, which means to share, or to make Interference common (Weekley, 1967). ▪ anything that blocks or changes the source’s It is defined as the process of understanding and intended meaning of the message (McLean, sharing meaning (Pearson & Nelson, 2000). 2005) COMMUNICATION It is the act of transferring information from one THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS place, person, or group to another THROUGH MODELS (SkillsYouNeed,2020). It is the process of sending and receiving messages through verbal or nonverbal means, Harold Lasswell’s Communication including speech, or oral communication. Model ▪ It shows a one-way transmission of information and simply illustrates how COMPONENTS OF COMMUNICATION communication starts from a sender who transmits their message through a channel to Source an intended receiver, consequently with a ▪ A person, group, or entity that forms, creates, corresponding effect. sends, or forwards a message or information. Message ▪ The stimulus or meaning produced by the source for the receiver or audience (Mclean, 2005). Channel ▪ It is the tool or manner in which the messages will be carried through from the source to the receiver. Receiver SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS  MEDIA INFORMATION LITERACY GRD SEM STEM 12 SY | 2024 – 2025 12 02 ▪ It is a form of communication between two Shannon and Weaver’s Communication different people who may or may not have a Model direct relationship with each other but are ▪ Much like in Lasswell, this model also indicates mutually and actively part of the how communication starts with the communication process. information source who then sends a message with the use of a transmitter (channel). The GROUP COMMUNICATION signals that are sent and received can vary ▪ It is a type of communication between three depending on the method of communication. or more people interacting to achieve a However, the difference of the models comes specific objective or certain goal. from the incorporation of the “noise.” Noise refers to anything that may interfere – stop or PUBLIC COMMUNICATION alter – the message being carried ▪ This is a sender-focused form of ▪ Thomson made call to his assistant “come communication in which one person is here I want to see you”. During his call, noise typically responsible for conveying appeared (transmission error) and his information to an audience. assistant received “I want” only. Again, Assistant asked Thomson (feedback) “what do MASS COMMUNICATION you want Thomson”. ▪ Public communication becomes mass communication when it is transmitted to many people through print or electronic media. HOW COMMUNICATION IS INFLUENCED BY MEDIA AND INFORMATION 1. It makes the world a smaller place. ▪ Today, the world seemed like a smaller place that before, as through digital media, a person can be connected to anyone else in the word at any given time. 2. It makes communication convenient. ▪ Today, people may communicate without having to wait long through the existence of email and various messaging sites and apps. FORMS OF COMMUNICATION 3. It shapes public opinion. ▪ Mass media shape public opinion through its INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION wide reach, they can sway the opinion of their ▪ It is a form of communication with oneself audience according to the message they using internal vocalization or reflective convey. This is perfectly illustrated in surveys thinking (Communication in the Real World, conducted before elections. (Gonzales, 2016). 2010). INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS  MEDIA INFORMATION LITERACY GRD SEM STEM 12 SY | 2024 – 2025 12 02 HOW COMMUNICATION IS refers to essential skills and competencies that AFFECTED BY MEDIA AND allow individuals to engage with media and other information providers effectively, as well as INFORMATION? develop critical thinking and life-long learning skills to socialize and become active citizens. Media and Information are bridges for communication. Media are good channel for communication and a good source of information. EVOLUTION OF MEDIA Pre-Industrial/ Historic Age LITERACY Before 1700 is the ability to identify, understand, interpret, People discovered fire, developed paper from create, communicate and compute using printed plants, and forged weapons and tools with stone, and written materials associated with varying bronze, copper and iron. contexts. T PRE-INDUSTRIAL/ HISTORIC AGE TYPES OF LITERACY \ Cave paintings Information Literacy (also known as “parietal art”) are numerous paintings and engravings found on cave walls is the ability to recognize when information is or ceilings around 35 000 BCE. needed, and locate, evaluate and communicate information in its various formats. Clay tablets are used a writing medium especially for writing in cuneiform. Media Literacy is the ability to access, analyze, evaluate and create media in a variety of forms. It aims to CUNEIFORM empower citizens by providing them with the One of the oldest form of writing competencies (knowledge and skills) necessary to engage with traditional media Dibao in China and new technologies. A type of publication issued by central and local governments in imperial China. They have been called "palace reports" or "imperial Technology Literacy bulletins". is the ability of an individual, either working independently or with others, to responsibly, Woodblock printing (or block printing) appropriately and effectively use of A technique for printing text, images or technological tools. patterns used widely throughout East Asia and originating in China in antiquity as a method of Technological devices Match: printing on textiles and later paper. ✓ Digital camera ✓ Microphone ✓ Laptop Headphones Industrial Age ✓ Tablet Speakers 1700s – 1930s ✓ Screen Mobile phone People used the power of steam, developed machine tools, established iron production, and YPES OF LITERACY the manufacturing if various products (including Media and Information Literacy books through printing press). SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS  MEDIA INFORMATION LITERACY GRD SEM STEM 12 SY | 2024 – 2025 12 02 INDUSTRIAL AGE Electronic Age 1930s – 1980s Printing press The invention of the transistor ushered in the Typically used for texts. It is a device that electronic age. People learned to produce and applies pressure to an inked surface resting use transistor radio, electronic circuits, and the upon a print medium (like paper or cloth). early computers. Newspaper ELECTRONIC AGE The London Gazette is one of the official journals of record of the British government, Transistor Radio and the most important among such official A Transistor radio is a radio receiver which journals in the United Kingdom. uses transistors to amplify the sound. Telegraph Large Electronic Computers (late 1940’s Used for long-distance communication by to early 1950’s) transmitting electrical signals over a wire laid between stations. Mainframe computers Commercial televesions (early to mid Motion picture (also known as film or 1940’s) movie) Series of still photos on film, projected in rapid Personal computer (late 1960’s) succession on a screen by means of light. Over Head Projectors MOTION PICTURE PHOTOGRAPHY (1890) LCD Projector In 1890 Dickson unveiled the Kinetograph, a primitive motion picture camera. In 1892 he announced the invention of the New Age or Information Age Kinetoscope, a machine that could project the moving images 1900s-Present onto a screen. The Internet paved the way for faster communication and the creation of the social In 1894, Edison initiated public film screenings in recently- network. opened "Kinetograph Parlors." People advanced the use of microelectronics with the invention of personal computers, mobile devices, and wearable technology. Moreover, voice, image, sound and data are Typewriter (1800) digitalized. We are now living in the information It is a mechanical or electromechanical age. machine for writing characters like those produced by printer's movable type. Telephone (1876) On March 7, 1876, Alexander Graham Bell successfully received a patent for the telephone and secured the rights to the discovery. Days later, he made the first ever telephone call to his partner, Thomas Watson. SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS  MEDIA INFORMATION LITERACY GRD SEM STEM 12 SY | 2024 – 2025 12 02 o Personalized recommendations ✓ Web browsers: Mosaic (1993), Internet Explorer o Multi-platform viewing experiences (1995) Google Meet (Video Chat) ✓ Created new social norms and behaviors ✓ Blogs: Blogspot (1999), LiveJournal (1999), Wordpress (2003) ✓ Social networks: Friendster (2002), Multiply ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL (2003), Facebook (2004) ✓ Microblogs: Twitter (2006), Tumblr (2007) EFFECTS ✓ Video: YouTube (2005) ✓ Augmented Reality / Virtual Reality ✓ Business transformation ✓ Video chat: Skype (2003), Google Hangouts o Rise of digital marketplaces (2013) o Cross-platform advertising ✓ Search Engines: Google (1996), Yahoo (1995) ✓ Cultural changes ✓ Portable computers- laptops (1980), netbooks o Global cultural exchange (2008), tablets (1993) o User-generated content ✓ Smart phones o Digital communities and subcultures ✓ Wearable technology ✓ Job market evolution ✓ Cloud and Big Data o New career opportunities o Changed skill requirements MEDIA CONVERGENCE BENEFITS Media Convergence ✓ Increased access to information It is the synergy of communication, computing, ✓ Enhanced connectivity and content in the digital world. ✓ Creative expression opportunities Media convergence refers to the merging of ✓ Improved efficiency different equipment and tools for producing and distributing information through digitalization and computer networking. It allows media text CHALLENGES to be produced and distributed in multiple media formats and devices. ✓ Digital divide According to Flew (n.d,) Media convergence is a ✓ Privacy concerns phenomenon involving the interconnection of ✓ Information overload information and communications technologies ✓ Media literacy needs namely computer networks, and media content. Smartphone that has camera, radio, web browser, video player, etc. is an example of converged media. RESPONSIBLE USE OF MEDIA AND INFORMATION SOCIAL IMPACT OF MEDIA CONVERGENCE INFORMATION DISORDER It refers to the many ways our information environment is polluted – content is fake, used ✓ Changed communication patterns out of context, or weaponized to attack certain o 24/7 connectivity individuals or groups of people. o Instant messaging and video calls o Global reach at fingertips CATEGORIES OF INFORMATION ✓ Transformed entertainment consumption DISORDER o On-demand content SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS  MEDIA INFORMATION LITERACY GRD SEM STEM 12 SY | 2024 – 2025 12 02 exchanged by two or more Misinformation people in an ongoing online it refers to information that is false, but the argument person sharing or disseminating it unknowingly perceives it as something true. ─ FOMO (Fear of Missing Out) → The fear of missing out a. False connection - when headlines or (FOMO) is an emotional visuals do not support the content response to the belief that b. Misleading content - by cropping photos other people are living or choosing quotes or statistics selectively better, more satisfying lives or that important Disinformation opportunities are being it refers to content that contains false missed. information with the deliberate intention to d. Social Isolation mislead or deceive the audience. a. False context - when genuine content is recirculated out of its original context WAYS TO USE SOCIAL MEDIA b. Imposter content - persons’ bylines used RESPONSIBLY alongside articles they did not write, or organizations’ logos used in videos or images they did not create 1. Turn off notification while doing something important c. Manipulated context - when genuine content is manipulated to deceive 2. Limit your screen time d. Fabricated content - fabricated “news 3. Note the quality of your online sites” or fabricated visual interactions 4. Go for more offline interaction Mal-information 5. Always check the source, data and it refers to information that is based on reality the author but is used to inflict harm 6. Be aware of what you post and share online Examples: 7. Give credit where credit is due. a. Leaks to the press of private information for personal or corporate interest (e.g. revenge With the use of technological innovations like cellphones, laptops, porn) the Internet, we can easily access and share information and b. Using a picture (e.g. of a dead child, with no media content – share a post, pass an image, forward a text context or false context) in an effort to ignite message However, always remember that although some of this hatred of a particular ethnic group information is available to us, their rights still rest on their original creators. Thus, it is important that we give proper credit to the owners or sources of the content we use (articles, texts) EFFECTS IF YOU USE MEDIA or things we share (images, posts). IRRESPONSIBLY 8. Avoid sharing raw and unverified a. Distraction and loss of productivity information b. Addiction c. Stress and mood Raw and unverified information are those that has not yet to be ─ Flame war examined of confirmed. → a series of angry, critical, or disparaging comments SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS  MEDIA INFORMATION LITERACY GRD SEM STEM 12 SY | 2024 – 2025 12 02 Example: An announcement of a new COVID-positive MEDIA AND INFORMATION case from a random person on Facebook without a formal statement from the Department of Health or SOURCES proper authorities, while these information may be true, still, they not yet proven so and so it may also be LIBRARY false or incomplete. It is a place in which literary, musical, artistic, or reference materials (such as books, manuscripts, 9. Think about who can see what you recordings, or films) are kept for use but not for have shared sale. It was existed because of the birth of the printing Always assume that anything that you see online can be seen by press. And expected to select and provide other people – people who may be influenced by your words or content that area easy to access. opinions or people who may disagree. Moreover, always be Its main role is to organize and provide you access information. And labelled as “steward of aware of how your message may be interpreted. good information”. 10. Be open to learning and constructive criticisms TYPES OF LIBRARIES Some people may share our view while some will disagree. Thus, School library it is important to keep an open mind to contrasting opinions and It serves students from kindergarten to Grade constructive suggestions. 12. 11. Respect other people’s Academic library privacy It serves colleges and universities Do not share information that friends, or family entrusted you to Public library It serves cities and towns of all types. keep confidential or information that is private in nature especially without their consent. Special library These are in specialized LIBRARIES 12. Always be respectful environments, such as hospitals, corporations, museums, the military, private business, and Being respectful should be your default manner, whether talking the government to a friend or dealing with someone professionally. Being respectful includes accepting constructive criticism, politely disagreeing and never resorting to bullying or personal attacks. Internet It is a global computer network providing a 13. Share expert knowledge variety of information and communication facilities, consisting of interconnected networks The internet is a great platform for sharing good information. using standardized communication protocols. However, it can also be used to spread misinformation and Unlike similar information found in newspapers distortions. or television broadcasts, information available on the internet is not regulated for quality or accuracy; therefore, it is particularly important PLAGIARISM for the individual Internet user to evaluate the Plagiarism is presenting someone else’s work or resource of information ideas as your own, with or without their consent, by incorporating it into your work without full acknowledgement. SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS  MEDIA INFORMATION LITERACY GRD SEM STEM 12 SY | 2024 – 2025 12 02 THINGS YOU HAVE TO LOOK INTO if the page was created in 1996 and has not been updated. WHEN EVALUATING THE INFORMATION FOUND ON THE INTERNET Is it APAC? AUTHORSHIP Authorship: The source of the information It is critical to relate the ideas you find at a site Publishing body: Legitimacy of the information to a particular author, organization, or Accuracy and Verifiability: Reliability and business. correctness of the information Currency: The timeliness of the information PUBLISHING BODY Anyone with an Internet Service Provider (AT&T, UP.net, NMU, etc.) can put up a Web page. As a result, you need to have some idea Indigenous Knowledge whether the group claiming responsibility for According to Warren (1991), it is the knowledge the information on the Web site is legitimate. that is unique to a given culture or society. It may contrast with the international knowledge ACCURACY AND VERIFIABILITY system generated by universities, research A source of information is known to be institutions and private firms. scholarly when it provides references to the IK is owned, controlled and managed by information presented. In this way, the reader indigenous peoples in order for them to can confirm whether the information is develop and produce culturally appropriate accurate or the author's conclusions information in the languages understood by the reasonable. community by utilizing indigenous materials and resources, reflecting community needs and SKILLS IN DETERMINING THE interests, visions and aspirations, and ACCURATE INFORMATION independent from vested interest groups (Indigenous Media, Freedom of Expression and Right to Information: ASEAN Scenario, 2014) 1. Look for facts 2. Cross-reference with other source for EXAMPLES of INDIGENOUS MEDIA: consistency 3. Determine the reason for writing and publishing the information 4. Check for advertising. Advertisers may use related information to market their product. CURRENCY Some information is very time sensitive. For example, a page talking about the top rate MEDIA LANGUAGE, CODES AND Web search engines in 1997 is going to be horribly out of date in 2000. There have been CONVENTIONS incredible changes in search engine technology and new developments appear Language almost monthly. However, a page discussing Media and information literacy involves a full the Civil War is likely still relevant today even understanding of information, signs, symbols and meanings being communicated through various media. SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS  MEDIA INFORMATION LITERACY GRD SEM STEM 12 SY | 2024 – 2025 12 02 Language is considered as one of the most It shows the entire object or character important medium to communicate. intended to place some relationship Language is defined as an arbitrary, vocal between characters and environment. symbols that permit all people in a given culture, or other people who have learned that culture to Medium Close-up Shot communicate or to interact. (Finocchioro, in Shows a subject down to his or her chest Jiang, 2010) with a space above to his or her head. Media Language Extreme Long Shot How media producers make meaning about a It sets up the context for a scene by showing certain media they are producing and how they large amount of landscape to establish transfer that meaning to their target audience. general setting. It allows to convey the meaning of media through its signs and symbols. Long Shot A view of situation or setting from a AUDIENCE MAY INTERPRET SIGNS distance AND SYMBOLS IN DIFFERENT WAYS Medium Shot Denotative meaning Shows a subject down to his or her waist The literal meaning of the media with a space above to his or her head. Connotative meaning Close-up Shot Various meaning suggested by the media to A full screen shot of a subject face the audience which are often associated with culture, values or beliefs. Reaction Shot It is a short shot of a character’s response to an action. Media Codes These are system of signs that when put together Point of View Shot create meaning. Also known as POV shot, is an angle that shows what a character is looking at. Typically, POV shots are placed in between TYPES OF MEDIA CODES a shot of a character looking at something. Technical Codes Camera angles The way in which equipment is used to tell the It focuses on the viewers’ position to story understand the relationship of the characters, This includes camera work, editing, audio, objects and environment. lighting. THE GRAMMAR OF THE CAMERA CAMERA ANGLES CAMERA SHOTS Bird’s Eye Angle It is usually used for establishing shot, it is These are techniques to show the amount an angle that looks down on a scene. of space in a scene. High Angle CAMERA SHOTS It is used to demonstrate to the viewers the perspective of a character. By making the Full Shot SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS  MEDIA INFORMATION LITERACY GRD SEM STEM 12 SY | 2024 – 2025 12 02 camera to look down on a character, the Written Codes subject may look vulnerable, small or weak. These are the formal written language used in a media product. It can be used to advance a Eye Level Angle narrative, communicate information about a It is the most commonly used camera angle, character or issues and themes. it makes the viewers comfortable with the characters. WRITTEN CODES Low Angle Headlines The camera is looking up to the character, Caption this makes the character look more Speech bubbles powerful and may make the audience feel vulnerable or small in the presence of that character. CONVENTION Symbolic Codes These are the accepted ways of using media It shows what is beneath the surface of what codes. These are closely connected to the we see. audience expectations of a media product. These are the accepted ways of using and SYMBOLIC CODES organizing media codes in a product. These are closely connected to the audience expectations Setting of a media product. When discussing setting, you can describe the setting of the whole story or just a TYPES OF CONVENTION specific scene. A setting can be as big as the outback or space, or as small as a specific Form convention room. Setting can even be a created These are the certain ways we expect types of atmosphere or frame of mind. media’s codes to be arranged. For instance, an audience expects to have a Mise en Scene title of the film at the beginning, and then It is a French term that means everything credits at the end. Newspapers will have a within the frame’. In media terms it has masthead, the most important news on the become to mean the description of all the front page and sports news on the back page. objects within a frame of the media product and how they have been arranged. Story convention These are common narrative structures and Acting understandings that are common in story Actors portray characters in media products telling media products. and contribute to character development, creating tension or advancing the narrative. Genre convention It points to the common use of tropes, Colour characters, settings or themes in a particular Colour has highly cultural and strong type of medium. Genre conventions are connotations. When studying the use of closely linked with audience expectations. colour in a media product there are different aspects to be looking at. GENRE It is a French word which means “Kind” or “Class”. The original Latin word is “genus” and SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS  MEDIA INFORMATION LITERACY GRD SEM STEM 12 SY | 2024 – 2025 12 02 mean class of things that can be broken down War/conflict movies into subcategories. War/Conflict movies are about POVs, men A film’s genre category will be based on where in foxholes, tanks, and planes. most of the content lands. GENRE Action movies NEWS They are usually about a clear hero and a These are stories that have critical importance to clear villain. Action movie stakes are huge, community and national life. News stories are like saving the world or the universe. also told following the basic structure of They're often bombastic and move quickly. beginning, middle and end. Adventure movies LEGAL AND ETHICAL ISSUES IN Adventure movies are usually built around a quest. MEDIA AND INFORMATION They can be swashbucklers or treasure hunts. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY Intellectual property (IP) refers to creations of the mind, such as inventions; literary and artistic Comedy works designs and symbols, names and images Comedy films usually are written with laugh used in commerce. scene. The stakes are usually much smaller or interpersonal. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS Intellectual property (IP) is a property right Drama established in law to exclude others from using, Drama is regularly mashed up with other without authorization, your intellectual genres because most movies and tv rely on creations. IP rights allow you to commercialize character-driven stories to keep the and exploit your innovative and creative ideas. audience involved. Horror film FOUR TYPES OF INTELLECTUAL Horror film focuses on adrenaline rides for PROPERTY the audience that dial in the gore, scares and creative monsters. Patents Horror is always re-inventing old classics, A patent is a property right for an investor like adding fast zombies. that's typically granted by a government agency such as the U.S. Patent and Trademark Romance movie Office. Romance movies are about people coming The patent allows the inventor exclusive rights together, falling apart, and all the hurdles in to the invention, which could be a design, between. Love is a universal language. process, improvement, or physical invention such as a machine. Thriller movie Thriller movies. What would you do when Copyrights you were over your head? This is usually Copyrights provide authors and creators of linked with horror, action, and drama, but original material the exclusive right to use, thrillers are about exciting situations that copy, or duplicate their material. Authors of have constant danger. books have their works copyrighted as do musical artists. SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS  MEDIA INFORMATION LITERACY GRD SEM STEM 12 SY | 2024 – 2025 12 02 A copyright also states that the original UNETHICAL USE OF INTELLECTUAL creators can grant anyone authorization PROPERTY through a licensing agreement to use the work. Copyright Infringement occurs when a copyrighted work is Trademarks reproduced, distributed, performed, publicly A trademark is a symbol, phrase, or insignia displayed, or made into a derivative work that's recognizable and represents a product without the permission of the copyright that legally separates it from other products. owner. A trademark is exclusively assigned to a company. It owns the trademark so no others may use or copy it. Plagiarism An act or instance of using or closely imitating the language and thoughts of another author Trade Secrets without authorization; the representation of A trade secret is a company's process or that author's work as one's own, as by not practice that isn't public information and crediting the original author. provides an economic benefit or advantage to the company or holder of the trade secret. Trade secrets must be actively protected by TYPES OF PLAGIARISM: SOURCES the company and are typically the result of a NOT CITED company's research and development (R&D). This is why some employers require the “The Ghost Writer” signing of non-disclosure agreements (NDAs). The writer turns in another’s work, word- for-word, as his or her own. “The Photocopy” The writer copies significant portions of text REPUBLIC ACT 8293 straight from a single source, without INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY CODE OF alteration. THE PHILIPPINES “The Potluck Paper” The writer copies from several different COPYRIGHT VALIDITY PERIOD sources, tweaking the sentences to make Literary Works During the lifetime of the author them fit together while retaining most of plus 50 years after death the original phrasing. Art 25 years from the years of creation “The Poor Disguise” Photographic 50 years from publication The writer has altered the paper’s Work appearance slightly by changing key words Audio-Visual 50 years from publication and phrases. Work Sound Recording 50 years from year recording took “The Labor of Laziness” place The writer takes the time to paraphrase Broadcast 20 years from date of broadcast most of the paper from other sources and Recording make it all fit together. Trademark Validity 10 years and may be renewed for periods of 10 years “The Self-Stealer” Invention Patent Valid for 20 years from filing date The writer “borrows” generously from his application or her previous work. SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS  MEDIA INFORMATION LITERACY GRD SEM STEM 12 SY | 2024 – 2025 12 02 “The Forgotten Footnote” ✓ Don’t make money off of the copyrighted The writer mentions an author’s name for a work source, but neglects to include specific information on the location of the material referenced. Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated day “The Misinformer” in and day out. The writer provides inaccurate information regarding the sources, making it impossible to find them. “The Too-Perfect Paraphrase” The writer properly cites a source, but neglects to put in quotation marks on text that has been copied word-for-word, or close to it. “The Resourceful Citer” The writer properly cites all sources, paraphrasing and using quotations appropriately. The catch? The paper contains almost no original work! “The Perfect Crime” The writer properly quotes and cites sources in some places, but goes on to paraphrase other arguments from those sources without citation. FAIR USE Fair use means you can use copyrighted materials without license only for certain purposes. These include: ❖ Commentary ❖ Criticism ❖ Reporting ❖ Research ❖ Teaching GUIDELINES FOR FAIR USE ✓ Majority of the content you create must be your own ✓ Give credit to the copyright holder SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING, AND MATHEMATICS