LP09.4-SOC Classics Civilization (Africa- America- Pacific) PDF

Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Social Studies Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.4 Revision 0, updated on May 1, 2021 Form 5050 rev 0 |...

Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Social Studies Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.4 Revision 0, updated on May 1, 2021 Form 5050 rev 0 | Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA www.richmindale.com/standards/forms  Learning Outcomes Slide 2 At the end of this lecture the students are expected to: ✓ Populating and Settling the Americas. ✓ Early Cultures and Civilizations in the Americas ✓ The Age of Empires in the Americas. ✓ Identify patterns of early migration to the Americas ✓ Describe the lifestyles of people living in Archaic America Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.4 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Slide 3 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mpz8h_MFkWg&list=PLNCENOd1LxgBFxG2Q8XLQyCah4cDACuC0 Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.4 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Africa in Ancient Times Slide 4 More than eleven million square miles in size, Africa is Earth’s second-largest continent and home to a huge diversity of geographies and climates. Its environments range from arid desertscapes with sand dunes hundreds of feet high to lush tropical rainforests blanketed by impenetrably dense foliage. Its peoples have adapted to these environments over millennia, and their achievements were great, but extreme climates wreak havoc on the historical record. Ancient Africa was nevertheless a marvelous mosaic of unique civilizations, and the more historians work at uncovering their pasts, the clearer our picture will be of their accomplishments and contributions to world history. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.4 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Africa’s Geography and Climate Slide 5 Geography played a vital part in shaping early human societies. Landscape, climate, wildlife, vegetation, and the availability of natural resources all helped influence what early societies looked like, whether they were nomadic units that kept animals and survived by hunting and foraging or settled communities that grew crops, tended herds or flocks, and built shelters. Such characteristics depended on factors like weather patterns and soil fertility, as well as the proximity of drinking water and toolmaking resources. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.4 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Africa’s Geography and Climate Slide 6 The savanna is a grassy plain that constitutes another of Africa’s immense biomes. A biome is a community of vegetation and wildlife adapted to a particular climate. At around five million square miles in size, the savanna covers almost half the surface of the continent and has been home to more people and history than any other part of Africa. Stretching from the warm and humid reaches of the rainforest to the torrid zone of the Sahara, it is wetter than the desert but drier than the rainforest and presents a striking geographic contrast to the landscapes of the desert and rainforest. Unlike those areas, the savanna landscape encompasses snow-capped mountains, vast expanses of grassy plains dotted with trees, and marshy tropical areas. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.4 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Africa’s Geography and Climate Slide 7 Geographers consider the savanna a region of transitions, with three successive belts running east– west: the Sahel, the tropical grassland savanna, and the woodland savanna. The Sahel, the northernmost band, is a semiarid belt between the Sahara and the grassland savannas to the south. It is the driest part of the savanna and experiences rain only periodically during six months of the year. The people of the Sahel have historically been seminomadic—that is, they have adopted a mixed-farming system of crop production and the breeding and raising of livestock. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.4 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Africa’s Geography and Climate Slide 8 Although the soil of the Sahel lacks sufficient nutrients to grow forests of trees, it is rich in the kind of nutrients that support the growth of plants in gardens as well as those that allow for small-scale farming and foster the growth of abundant grasses for the grazing of larger animals, particularly cattle and sheep. These herding animals also provide a key ingredient to help African farmers grow crops: manure. With the use of manure and the process of composting, the people of the region successfully navigate the challenges posed by their environment. Its conditions have tended to produce limited agriculture and smaller homesteads that are spaced farther apart to accommodate livestock. Many people of the region continue to live a seminomadic lifestyle rooted in animal Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.4 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Africa’s Geography and Climate Slide 9 husbandry. They do not cling to the past, a recurring myth about Africa; rather, their lifestyle is still the best way to harness what their climate provides. The Sahel transitions to desert in the extreme north of the savanna belt. Deserts are the sunniest and driest parts of the continent. Africa’s largest desert—in fact, the world’s—is the Sahara. At 3.6 million square miles, about the size of the United States, the Sahara covers much of North Africa (excluding the fertile coastal zones along the Mediterranean and the Nile delta) and stretches from the Red Sea in the east to the Atlantic Ocean in the west. The Sahara has not always been a vast desert, however. In the period following the last Ice Age, this was a lush region that experienced monsoon-like weather conditions and was home to Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.4 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Africa’s Geography and Climate Slide 10 pastoralists and large herds of cattle. In fact, the earliest evidence we have of the domestication of cattle was discovered on Saharan rock art. But between 6000 and 2500 BCE, the region witnessed a great drying, which resulted in the retreat of the rainforest and the expansion of desert zones. These changes prompted crises for the human inhabitants of the formerly tropical zones, who found their old hunting and gathering techniques no longer suitable in the changed environment. This desertification is what produced the modern Sahara, which receives less than an inch of precipitation per year with variations of some regions experiencing up to four inches per year, while other places go decades with no rain. The average daytime high is 99°F, and average nighttime lows are as cool Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.4 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Africa’s Geography and Climate Slide 11 as 68°F, but highs can reach up to 120°F during the warmer months from April to June, and lows can dip below 37°F in the cooler period between December and January. The only plants that can survive in this hostile environment rely on the water that collects in dry riverbeds during the exceptional periods of rain, but they are few. Among the Sahara’s thousand- foot-tall sand dunes, hard stony surfaces, and vast mountain ranges with peaks as high as eleven thousand feet are oases, green dots of civilization formed around underground water sources that reach the surface via wells or springs. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.4 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Africa’s Geography and Climate Slide 12 Although together these oases take up only eight hundred square miles—about 0.02 percent of the desert’s total landmass—they are home to some three-quarters of the people living in the desert. The remainder of the population are nomads, including the Tuareg and Teda. These peoples engage in a range of economic activities, such as farming and herding, but on a severely restricted basis. Pasturage, for example, exists only in marginal areas such as mountain borders and the somewhat moister areas to the west, limitations that govern the herders’ nomadic lifestyle. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.4 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Types of Ancient African Societies Slide 13 The variety of African climates directly influenced the evolution of human societies there. People adapted to these climates in many ways, developing techniques and technologies that both helped them survive and altered their surroundings. Understanding the connection between climate, geography, and humans opens the way to understanding Africa’s early history. Before the domestication of plants and animals, life in prehistoric Africa was characterized by the hunter gatherer stage of human civilization Hunter-gatherers survive by hunting prey and foraging for fruits and vegetables, or by exchanging game for crops grown by others. In some regions, such as Tanzania and Kenya in East Africa and Botswana in southern Africa, hunter-gatherers followed the Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.4 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Types of Ancient African Societies Slide 14 seasonal migrations of large game animals, such as wildebeests and elephants. Hunter-gatherers do not plant crops or build permanent shelters, but rather live nomadic lifestyles guided by the seasons, limited resource availability, conflict with other groups, or a combination of these factors. They must be highly mobile, so their communities tend to be small, consisting of only several dozen interrelated people. Their mobility means that they often play an important role in connecting different regions and cultures and in transmitting goods and ideas across great distances. Hunting and gathering peoples of Africa have historically included the rainforest-dwelling Baka of Central Africa and the San people of the Kalahari Desert. The Baka, found today in Cameroon, Gabon, and Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.4 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Types of Ancient African Societies Slide 15 northern Congo, eat wild roots, nuts, fruits, vegetables, a variety of insect species, fish, and wild game they hunt using bows, poison-tipped arrows, and traps. Baka villages are made up of small single-family huts of branches and leaves, built predominantly by women and usually dismantled after about a week so the Baka can follow the available food supply. Baka society has a well- defined structure. In addition to building the family hut, women also dam small streams to catch fish and carry material gathered while foraging with their husbands. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.4 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Types of Ancient African Societies Slide 16 Men hold a higher social status derived from the fact that they engage in the more hazardous task of hunting and trapping animals. Like that of many other African peoples, the Baka religion was and remains centered on a belief in animism—that is, it teaches that certain objects, places, and creatures have spirits. Those who can interpret what those spirits desire have positions of leadership. Animism is also polytheistic, meaning it has numerous gods, each of whom typically personifies a natural force such as rain, wind, or lightning. Given the impact of weather on survival, it is not surprising that trying to control the natural environment was a key factor in religious observance. Among the gods of the Baka are Kamba, the creator of all things, and Jengi, the spirit of the forest. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.4 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Types of Ancient African Societies Slide 17 The Baka live in and rely on the forest for their survival, so they view Jengi as a parental figure and, perhaps most importantly, the protector of the forest. Although ancient African religions were remarkably complex, and their rituals, practices, and beliefs varied greatly among the continent’s diverse populations, some commonalities can be identified in the pre-Judaic, pre-Christian, and pre- Islamic periods, including polytheism. Another typical feature of the pantheon of traditional African deities is a supreme being, like the Ngai of the Kikuyu, held to be the creator god from whom the universe originated. The supreme being was a distant deity who played no role in the ordinary affairs of Africans. Instead, management of the day-to-day fell to specialized secondary deities, such as Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.4 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Types of Ancient African Societies Slide 18 Obatala, the Yoruba god of earth, and Makasa, the Baganda god of harvest and fertility. Other shared features of many ancient African religions include the worship of ancestors as protectors and guides and ceremonial practices to mark important life events, such as the Bantu Okuyi, a rite of passage celebrating the transition between youth and adolescence. The San people of southwest Africa were and remain seminomadic hunter-gatherers and are polytheistic. Their diet is dictated by the arid conditions in which they live. Lack of water in the Kalahari Desert means there are fewer vegetables and fruits to forage, although seasonal nuts, plant buds, and certain roots are food staples. The San also hunt a variety of big game animals, including giraffe and antelope species such as Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.4 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Types of Ancient African Societies Slide 19 kudu and hartebeest, using poison-tipped arrows and traps. They do not build permanent homes. Rather, their shelter types vary by season: they erect nightly rain shelters in the spring, when they move constantly in search of budding greens, and in the dry season, when water is scarce and most plants are dead or dormant, they congregate around the only permanent water holes in the area. The hunt is a key part of San society, and all the San gods have jobs related to it. The supreme deity Cagn ensures a successful hunt, often by protecting the San hunters from animals or people who could endanger the hunt. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.4 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Types of Ancient African Societies Slide 20 Hei-tusi the hero god assists Cagn in leading and protecting the hunt. To these are added a host of lesser spirits, including predators and tricksters. The most important of the San religious rituals depends on the hunt. The curing or great trance dance is initiated by a San shaman through the hunting of a “power animal” such as an antelope, whose fat is believed to have supernatural potency and is used in different ritualistic settings, including rites of passage. The shaman enters a trance- like state after a night-long dance around a fire surrounded by clapping women. For tens of thousands of years, people across Africa lived in relatively small groups and relied on hunting and gathering. This lifestyle began to change dramatically beginning around 7000 BCE when plant Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.4 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Types of Ancient African Societies Slide 21 and animal domestication methods from the Fertile Crescent were first adopted in Africa. Often called the Neolithic Revolution, the adoption of domestication led some groups to build permanent settlements and support large populations. Over thousands of years, these methods spread up the Nile River and across North Africa. Below the Sahara, plant domestication was developed independently in both the east and the west as the people in those areas learned to cultivate their own unique plant varieties. By approximately 1000 BCE, large populations in both north and sub- Saharan Africa supported themselves by working the land. This wave of transformation effectively transformed the continent and over time led to the emergence of a number of large and sophisticated civilizations. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.4 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  The Emergence of Farming Slide 22 Although scholars still debate the origins of agriculture in Africa, there is a general consensus that agriculture emerged in three distinct regions: along the Nile River in Egypt, in the eastern Sahara of Sudan, and in the great bend of the Niger River of West Africa. The oldest evidence for agriculture in Africa can be found in Egypt along the Nile River valley. There, sometime after 7000 BCE, agricultural technology and knowledge about the domestication of wheat, barley, sheep, goats, and cattle were introduced into the region, likely from southwest Asia. The introduction of these methods transformed the region and put Egypt on the path to greatness. Over the next few thousand years, these practices were disseminated west across North Africa to Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, and Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.4 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  The Emergence of Farming Slide 23 Morocco. In the grasslands south of the Sahara, agriculture emerged independently. The origins of that process can be traced to as early as 9000 BCE, when the Nilo-Saharan people of the region began to adopt the grain-collecting and grinding techniques of their northern neighbors and applied them to sorghum and pearl millet, the tropical grasses of the Nile region. These changes were made possible by a millennia-long wet phase beginning around 11,000 BCE. During this period, monsoon- like weather conditions prevailed, drenching the region of the Sahara and creating lakes and a lush landscape covered in grasses and acacia forests that was home to countless varieties of wildlife. By around 8000 BCE, the Nilo-Saharans had domesticated wild cattle of the Red Sea hills and had Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.4 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  The Emergence of Farming Slide 24 begun to produce pottery they used to store and cook these grains. By as early as 6000 BCE, the gathering of these wild grains had begun to evolve into deliberate domestication. Over the next few thousand years, the Nilo-Saharans domesticated a host of other plants, including watermelons, cotton, and gourds. Agriculture also emerged independently, far to the west of the Nilo-Saharans in the bend of the Niger River of West Africa. There, the domestication of yams by the Niger-Congo peoples developed gradually and likely in a piecemeal fashion beginning possibly around the same time the Nilo- Saharans of the eastern Sahara were adopting agriculture. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.4 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  The Emergence of Farming Slide 25 Certainly, by 3000 BCE, the Niger-Congo peoples of West Africa were actively clearing land with stone tools to plant crops such as yams, the oil palm, peas, and groundnuts. Over the next couple thousand years, the Niger-Congo peoples also domesticated a uniquely African variety of rice, which they grew in the wetlands of the Niger River region. The impact of farming was enhanced by advances in metallurgy. Bronze was introduced into Egypt from the Near East and Eastern Mediterranean a little before 3000 BCE. From there, bronze technology was gradually disseminated west across North Africa as well as south up the Nile into sub-Saharan Africa. Being far harder than the farming materials these populations were previously using, the introduction of bronze greatly Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.4 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  The Emergence of Farming Slide 26 increased agricultural production. Unlike wooden plows, which allow only scratch farming, bronze- bladed plows pulled by oxen could dig deep into the ground and turnover large amounts of earth. Iron tools in Egypt during the Bronze Age were not unknown. Indeed, an iron dagger was placed in Pharaoh Tutankhamun’s tomb in 1323 BCE, and archaeologists have found several hundred iron objects in sites around the Near East and Eastern Mediterranean which date to centuries before the start of the Iron Age. Most of these iron objects, however, were ornamental and include things like iron jewelry. It was only after about 1000 BCE that the number of iron tools began to overtake the number of bronze tools across the Near East. The reason for this is that iron is far more difficult to Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.4 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  The Emergence of Farming Slide 27 produce than bronze. The types of iron objects that could be produced earlier were inferior to bronze in strength, which is why the early objects tended to be ornamental. Only during the Late Bronze Age Collapse (1200–1100 BCE), when tin was difficult to acquire, did people begin experimenting with iron more seriously. By about 900 BCE, numerous blacksmiths around the Near East had mastered the art of creating iron tools that were far superior in strength to bronze. Evidence of sophisticated ironworking technology in Egypt dates to the seventh century BCE, introduced to the area from other parts of the Near East. For many years, modern historians assumed that ironworking technologies spread to other parts of Africa from Egypt. The prevailing consensus now, however, is Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.4 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  The Emergence of Farming Slide 28 that ironworking technology was likely developed independently in sub-Saharan Africa. Most modern scholars agree that iron smelting in sub-Saharan Africa likely preexisted its introduction into Egypt by a few centuries. The earliest evidence dates to about 1000 BCE and comes from Central Africa— modern Chad, the Central African Republic, and South Sudan. From there the technology appears to have spread west to the Niger River area and, by 500 BCE, was being used by the Nok culture of West Africa. Settling around the confluence of the Benue and Niger Rivers in present-day Nigeria, the Nok initially used iron to fashion jewelry. Eventually they began using it to make farming tools and weapons as well. The obvious utility of iron for fashioning tougher and more durable tools Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.4 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  The Emergence of Farming Slide 29 used to clear forests, aerate land, and dig trench based irrigation systems led others to adopt the new material. As a result, over the next several centuries, ironworking technology spread around West Africa and later far beyond. In the hands of migrating Bantus, iron technology was indispensable. They used iron tools to clear the surrounding trees and extended prehistoric irrigation systems by digging deeper furrows, shored up with embankments, to create Iron Age farms. In the process, they spread ironworking technology throughout equatorial and subequatorial Africa. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.4 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  🙢 END OF PRESENTATION 🙢 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Social Studies Form 5050 rev 0 | Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA www.richmindale.com/standards/forms