LP09-SOC Classics Civilization (Africa- America- Pacific) G08 Richmindale PDF

Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Social Studies Subject: G08-SOC-LP09 Revision 0, updated on May 1, 2021 Form 5050 rev 0 |...

Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Social Studies Subject: G08-SOC-LP09 Revision 0, updated on May 1, 2021 Form 5050 rev 0 | Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA www.richmindale.com/standards/forms  Learning Outcomes Slide 2 At the end of this lecture the students are expected to: ✓ Populating and Settling the Americas. ✓ Early Cultures and Civilizations in the Americas ✓ The Age of Empires in the Americas. ✓ Identify patterns of early migration to the Americas ✓ Describe the lifestyles of people living in Archaic America Subject: G08-SOC-LP09 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Slide 3 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lYkjCP2foTQ Subject: G08-SOC-LP09 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Slide 4 The stunning ruins of Machu Picchu, situated in the Andes Mountains between two sharp peaks almost eight thousand feet above sea level, continue to attract visitors from around the world. Once a palace and royal retreat for the conquering Inca ruler Pachacuti Yupanqui, the complex was begun in the mid-fifteenth century CE and remained occupied until shortly after the Spanish arrived in the following century. Under Pachacuti Yupanqui, from their Andean home city of Cuzco, the Inca extended their control and built a large empire in Peru. Later rulers continued this expansion, bringing much of western South America under their rule. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Slide 5 While the Inca Empire was impressive and politically, religiously, and technologically sophisticated, it was merely the last of many Andean civilizations and cultures stretching back thousands of years. Indeed, these South American civilizations were part of an even larger number of cultures, empires, and architectural traditions that spanned the entire Western Hemisphere and were built by the descendants of migrants who reached the Americas several thousand years ago. Ancestral humans like Homo erectus migrated out of Africa almost two million years ago and made their way around Asia, the Near East, and Europe. But so far, no solid evidence has placed them in the Americas. It was only with the rise of Homo sapiens that the populating of the Americas began. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Populating and Settling the Americas Slide 6 Exactly when this occurred is not clear, but it likely started around eighteen thousand years ago at the earliest. Within a few thousand years, modern humans had expanded in small numbers around North America, Central America, and South America. There they developed their own agricultural traditions, independent of those that emerged in the Near East, China, and Africa. They also established a range of unique cultural traditions and later a number of sophisticated civilizations characterized by refined religious practices, monumental architecture, large urban populations, and in some cases, writing systems. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Populating the Americas Slide 7 About eighteen thousand years ago, the last glaciation period was entering its peak stage, and sea levels globally were far lower than they are today. It was likely during this period that the first Homo sapiens reached the Americas, crossing the then-existing land bridge between modern Alaska and Russia known as Beringia. Beringia has since been consumed by rising waters and now lies under the Bering Strait. But then it was a lowlying land of sand dunes and spotty vegetation. It is possible that Homo sapiens had lived there for thousands of years before venturing into North America, but solid evidence for that theory has not yet been found. Regardless of how long humans lived in Beringia or when they crossed, they began spreading farther south into the Americas as the glacial ice retreated. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Populating the Americas Slide 8 They made their way through a corridor between two melting ice sheets and spread out in waves into what is now the continental United States. Some made their way to the western coast. Others migrated into the northeast and southeast regions. Still others made their way through the center of the continent into modern Mexico, Central America, and South America. By around fifteen thousand years ago at the earliest, human populations had reached as far as the tip of South America and were living throughout the Western Hemisphere. There are aspects of the migration we may never fully understand but can be fairly certain happened. It is very likely, for example, that some populations moved down the west coast via a combination of land travel and coastal skirting by raft or canoe. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Populating the Americas Slide 9 Solid evidence has not yet been discovered, however, because at that time the coast extended a number of miles west of its current location. As sea levels rose following peak glaciation, the water covered these routes in the same way it covered Beringia. Yet we do have evidence for later coastal travel along similar routes. And these 10,000-year-old sites, discovered on high ground in coastal Alaska and Canada, have convinced many that similar and older evidence may now be beneath the sea. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  The Clovis People Slide 10 As long as thirteen thousand years ago, groups of hunter-gatherers had spread across North America south of the remaining ice sheets. Named after the site in Clovis, New Mexico, where the first evidence of their existence was discovered, the Clovis culture consisted of mobile bands of hunter- gatherers who camped at resource rich locations in modest-sized populations. Since the earliest discovery in the 1920s, archaeologists have found many other sites traceable to Clovis culture in Texas, Virginia, South Carolina, Oregon, and Pennsylvania. Recent DNA analysis conducted on remains discovered in Central and South America suggest that the Clovis culture also extended far to the south. G08-SOC-L09> Classic Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  The Clovis People Slide 11 As they migrated, the Clovis people hunted mammoths, mastodons, giant bison, and many small animals. They likely also fished in coastal waters and in lakes and rivers. The places where they did settle for long periods typically had reliable access to fresh drinking water, animals for hunting and fishing, and rocks for making their signature points. Archaeologists have even discovered burial sites that appear to have been carefully designed and decorated with red ocher, a native earth containing iron oxide, suggesting a spiritual belief that required occasional ritual burial. G08-SOC-L09> Classic Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Peopling the Pacific Northwest Slide 12 The groups that settled along the resource-rich Pacific Northwest developed into complex hunter- gatherer societies keenly adapted to the abundant marine life in the region. They likely migrated into the area by following caribou, which they hunted. Once they settled in the densely forested region, they learned to survive on beaver, elk, seals, birds, sea lions, and salmon and a great many other fish species. Salmon were an important resource. When they migrated upstream in the fall to spawn, they were so numerous they could be easily captured with traps, crude dams, or spears. They were then eaten immediately or dried to preserve the food for later. Halibut was another important fish species the peoples of the Pacific Northwest made into a staple of their diets. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Peopling the Pacific Northwest Slide 13 The landscape also provided a great many resources for tools. From bone, the hunter-gatherer peoples designed harpoons useful for hunting large marine mammals like whales. They polished the rocks from the region into woodworking tools and used them to carve dugout canoes from the available trees. They also perfected a sophisticated woodcarving technique for producing art, created special bone and wood fishhooks, and used certain types of tree bark to create cloth and baskets. Because of the great abundance of resources along the Pacific Northwest coast, the groups that settled there could accumulate wealth far more easily than many other hunter-gatherer societies. We know they developed complex societies in which wealth and social status were connected. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Peopling the Pacific Northwest Slide 14 Evidence from the few discovered burial sites dating to around 2000 BCE supports the suggestion that wealth contributed to social differentiation even then. In the burial sites of the very wealthy, for example, archaeologists have found carved tools made of antler and other objects made from shells. As time went on, the graves of the wealthy came to include even more objects indicating their higher social status. There is also evidence of high population density in some areas, made possible by the large supply of food resources and the ability to accumulate and store them. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Peopling the Great Plains Slide 15 Within the expansive Great Plains region in the center of the North American continent, settlers hunted large bison herds that grazed on the short grasses growing there. Unlike the animals hunted by the Clovis people, the bison ere able to adapt to the warming climate conditions and flourished in the plains. The groups that followed and lived off them practiced a seminomadic lifestyle requiring relatively few belongings; thus, their culture had far less social stratification than existed in the Pacific Northwest. Hunting bison was dangerous and required keeping a distance in order to not startle the animals or allow them to grow reflexively fearful of human presence. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Peopling the Great Plains Slide 16 We know from archaeological sites in central Canada, Texas, Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado that as long ago as 8000 BCE, hunters used a strategy of driving herds of bison over cliffs to their death. Once the animals had been killed or immobilized in this way, sometimes by the hundreds, the hunters could carefully process the carcasses for their meat, bones, and hides. Other strategies included cornering the bison herds in a way that allowed the hunters to approach them with spears. In addition to bison, the plains peoples also hunted antelope, deer, and small animals like rabbits and birds. Hunting birds sometimes required the use of bird decoys designed with feathers to allow hunters to approach and make the kill. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Peopling the Great Plains Slide 17 The hides of some animals, especially soft ones like rabbit, could be used for clothing when stitched together with plant materials. Edible plants included various types of seeds, berries, nuts, acorns, and tubers like yampa and biscuit-root, which could be unearthed with digging sticks. People carried and stored these foods in coiled baskets made of plants or bags made of leather. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  🙢 END OF PRESENTATION 🙢 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Social Studies Form 5050 rev 0 | Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA www.richmindale.com/standards/forms