LP09.1-SOC Classics Civilization (Africa-America-Pacific) PDF Richmindale 2021

Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Social Studies Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.1 Revision 0, updated on May 1, 2021 Form 5050 rev 0 |...

Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Social Studies Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.1 Revision 0, updated on May 1, 2021 Form 5050 rev 0 | Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA www.richmindale.com/standards/forms  Learning Outcomes Slide 2 At the end of this lecture the students are expected to: ✓ Populating and Settling the Americas. ✓ Early Cultures and Civilizations in the Americas ✓ The Age of Empires in the Americas. ✓ Identify patterns of early migration to the Americas ✓ Describe the lifestyles of people living in Archaic America Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.1 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Slide 3 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qFoW80m9Jkw Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.1 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Peopling the Eastern Woodlands Slide 4 To the east of the Great Plains lie the wetter and lusher Eastern Woodlands, extending from the Mississippi River basin to the Atlantic coast. The groups that lived there found a great variety of plants and animals to feed on and exploit. The many rivers and lakes of the region provided fresh water that encouraged settlement along their shores. The same was the case with the oxbow lakes, U-shaped pools created as river courses stabilized in the warmer conditions. These locations also served as excellent hunting and fishing grounds for catfish, deer, birds, rabbits, and many others. Edible plants included nuts from oak, chestnut, and beech trees. Near coastal areas, there was access to saltwater marine life. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.1 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Peopling the Eastern Woodlands Slide 5 Not only was there less need for mobility here, so that settlements could be sustained, but populations also began to rise around 6500 BCE, and people constructed large earthworks in Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Florida. The oldest discovered, Watson Brake in northern Louisiana, dates from around 3900 BCE and includes several human-made earth mounds as high as twenty-five feet and set in a circular formation. Archaeologists believe the site was likely used by hunter-gatherers on a seasonal basis. While no burial remains have been found there, large cemeteries from the period have been discovered in many other woodland locations including Illinois and Tennessee. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.1 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Peopling the Eastern Woodlands Slide 6 Some sites include the remains of more than a hundred individuals, some with personal items like weapons and art. They are evidence of not only rising populations but also an increasingly sedentary lifestyle. ❑ Peopling Mesoamerica To the south and west of the Eastern Woodlands, the climate is much more arid and less green. This desert scrubland extends down the center of Mexico to the tip of the Central Mexican Plateau. South of there, in the region often described as Mesoamerica, the environment is warmer, greener, and wetter. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.1 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Peopling Mesoamerica Slide 7 The formerly largegame-hunting peoples settled there after around 8000 BCE as the game disappeared and the bison followed the retreating grassland north. Evidence of Archaic peoples in this area has been found in several coastal sites along the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific Ocean, as well as in the Tehuacán Valley south of modern Mexico City. They lived largely in small groups and hunted and gathered over large areas. During the dry season, they relied mostly on wild game like lizards, snakes, and insects, and edible plants like the agave. During the rainy season, they ate avocados, nuts, various types of fruit, and small game, like rabbits. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.1 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Peopling Mesoamerica Slide 8 Beginning around 8000 BCE, some groups of hunter-gatherers began periodically occupying a site known as El Riego Cave in the Tehuacán Valley. Excavations there have uncovered numerous stone tools, woven baskets and blankets, and even elaborate burial sites. These burials suggest the existence of a complex spiritual practice. Other evidence in the Tehuacán Valley indicates that by around 5000 BCE, the settlers’ earlier reliance on wild game had given way to a more plant-based diet that included beans, squash, maize (corn), and bottle gourds. By 2600 BCE, the gathering of wild plants had waned considerably as groups adopted agricultural practices, cultivating maize, beans, and squash. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.1 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Peopling the Andes Mountains Region Slide 9 The Andes Mountains run along the western side of South America, rising to more than twenty-two thousand feet in some areas and punctuated by arid deserts and dozens of rivers. It is unclear when the first humans reached South America. At the Monte Verde site in Chile, archaeologists excavating a peat bog recovered remnants of shelters, butchered animal remains, and even scraps of clothing made from hides. Testing dates these to about 12,000 BCE, well before the arrival of Clovis culture in the north. It is unclear exactly what this information means, and it leaves the story of how the Americas were populated incomplete. But whenever they came, the first hunter-gatherers who arrived appear to have spread quickly down the continent, likely because its unique geography Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.1 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Peopling the Andes Mountains Region Slide 10 encouraged north–south rather than east–west migration. It is unclear when the first humans reached South America. At the Monte Verde site in Chile, archaeologists excavating a peat bog recovered remnants of shelters, butchered animal remains, and even scraps of clothing made from hides. Testing dates these to about 12,000 BCE, well before the arrival of Clovis culture in the north. It is unclear exactly what this information means, and it leaves the story of how the Americas were populated incomplete. But whenever they came, the first hunter-gatherers who arrived appear to have spread quickly down the continent, likely because its unique geography encouraged north– south rather than east–west migration. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.1 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Peopling the Andes Mountains Region Slide 11 The earliest hunter-gatherer groups reached as far as southern Chile and often camped near streams to hunt llamas, guanacos (similar to llamas), and deer. By 8000 BCE, some had begun regularly occupying certain sites. One such site is Guitarrero Cave, located at an altitude of 8,500 feet near the small town of Mancos in central Peru. There, archaeologists have recovered projectile points, modified bone and antler, and textiles. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.1 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA The Andes Mountains are the longest mountain system on Earth. Slide 12 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wgQ-fPfmGg4 Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.1 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Peopling the Andes Mountains Region Slide 13 Those who lived in and around Guitarrero Cave likely survived by hunting animals and gathering beans, peppers, and a variety of tubers. In the narrow, low-lying areas along the Pacific coast, people relied on marine resources like fish and mollusks. The site called Quebrada Jaguay in coastal southern Peru may have been used by fishers as early as 10,000 BCE. There, archaeologists have discovered what are believed to be cord and fishing nets as well as the remains of fish and other exploited marine life. Obsidian found at the site, originating about one hundred miles away, is even more surprising; it suggests that long-distance trade may have been occurring in the region many thousands of years ago. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.1 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Early Cultures and Civilizations in the Americas Slide 14 At the start of the third century BCE, after thousands of years of hunter-gatherer existence, the peoples living in the Americas began to form complex agricultural-based societies. Over the next few thousand years, the early settled communities gave way to large and architecturally impressive settlements from the Andean region to the Eastern Woodlands of North America. These led to local similarities in art, architecture, religion, and pottery design. ❑ Complex Civilizations in Mesoamerica By the year 1200 BCE, farming had become well established across southern Mexico, especially in the gulf lowland areas where there was sufficient water for irrigation. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.1 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Complex Civilizations in Mesoamerica Slide 15 The many societies there were not exclusively agricultural; they continued to rely on hunting and gathering to supplement their diets. One of them, the Olmec culture, emerged around this time as Mesoamerica’s first complex civilization with its own monumental architecture. ❑ Olmec Culture The start of the Olmec civilization, at a site known as San Lorenzo in the modern Mexican state of Veracruz, stretches back to about 1350 BCE and the construction of a large earthen platform rising some 164 feet above the flat landscape. Upon this platform, the Olmec built ceremonial and other structures, water reservoirs, a system of drains, numerous stone works of art, and a number of Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.1 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Olmec Culture Slide 16 massive sculpted stone heads. One of the structures has become known as “the red palace” because of the red ocher pigment on the floor and walls. It was likely a residence for the elite and included large stone columns and aqueducts. The massive stone heads and other sculptures, some weighing as much as fifty tons, were carved from volcanic basalt that came from as far as ninety miles away and was likely brought by raft for part of the way and on rollers over land. Because little of the San Lorenzo site remains, we can only speculate about the organization of the Olmec civilization, but it is clear that their civilization shaped those that followed. For example, the great earthen platform and monumental sculptures shaped liked step pyramids attest to a highly sophisticated culture, with Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.1 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Olmec Culture Slide 17 a clearly defined elite that could control large labor forces. Relying on pottery fragments and population density estimates, scholars have concluded that most workers were probably free laborers working to accomplish larger goals. They likely lived well beyond the elevated center reserved for the elite, in villages surrounded by gardens and other agricultural zones where the Olmec grew maize, avocados, palm nuts, squash, tomatoes, beans, tropical fruits, and cacao for chocolate. The stone heads themselves are remarkable (Figure 8.12). Seventeen have been found across all the Olmec sites; some stand eleven feet tall. All are generally similar in form and style, depicting men’s faces with large lips and noses with flared nostrils, Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.1 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Olmec Culture Slide 18 The hides of some animals, especially soft ones like rabbit, could be used for clothing when stitched together with plant materials. Edible plants included various types of seeds, berries, nuts, acorns, and tubers like yampa and biscuit-root, which could be unearthed with digging sticks. People carried and stored these foods in coiled baskets made of plants or bags made of leather but they were likely intended to be realistic portraits of rulers of the sites where they were discovered. Upon their heads are helmets of various styles, some with coverings for the ears. Given the effort required to transport the stone and carve the heads, these works were likely intended to emphasize the power of the rulers, both to the Olmec people and to outsiders. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.1 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Olmec Culture Slide 19 Evidence of possible vandalism on some of the heads has led some scholars to suspect an invasion occurred in the tenth century BCE, with desecration of the images as a result. Others, however, believe this is evidence of reworking that was never completed. We may never know for sure, but we do know that during the tenth century BCE, San Lorenzo declined in importance. At the same time, another Olmec site rose in significance, some fifty miles to the northeast at La Venta. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.1 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Olmec Culture Slide 20 La Venta was built around 1200 BCE on a high ridge above the Palma River less than ten miles from the Gulf of Mexico. By 900 BCE, it had become the dominant Olmec city in the region. At its height, La Venta covered almost five hundred acres and may have supported as many as eighteen thousand people. Its central monuments included several large earthen mounds, plazas, a possible sports arena, several tombs, and numerous stone heads and other sculptures. The complexity of this urban complex reflects a major development in Mesoamerican civilizational and architectural design. It was likely built as a sacred site, with its temples and other complexes organized on a north–south axis believed to enhance the rulers’ authority by connecting them to supernatural environments. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.1 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Olmec Culture Slide 21 This style of urban design was later adopted by other Mesoamerican civilizations like the Maya. Olmec art depicts numerous deities, such as a dragon god, a bird god, a fish god, and many fertility deities like a maize god and water gods. The Olmec also clearly recognized many types of supernatural mixed beings, like a feathered serpent and the were-jaguar, a cross between a jaguar and a human. These artistic images imply that the Olmec had a sophisticated pantheon of gods who controlled the universe and expected certain rituals be performed, perhaps by Olmec leaders themselves, who may have functioned as shamans empowered to communicate with the spirit world. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.1 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Olmec Culture Slide 22 The rituals were performed in the temples and plazas of the sacred cities like La Venta and San Lorenzo, as well as in sacred natural sites like caves and mountaintops. Other rituals were connected to a type of ball game played in a special court with balls made from the abundant natural rubber of the region. Sports contests often existed to bring communities together, to allow men to show prowess and strength in times of peace, and to entertain. It is also likely that in times of heightened spiritual need, such contests could take on greater meaning and might have been choreographed to play out supernatural narratives and perhaps connect people to the gods. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.1 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Olmec Culture Slide 23 Like some later civilizations, the Olmec also saw bloodletting as a link to the spirit world. Blood sports may have been used to create pathways to understanding the will of their gods. The Olmec were clearly in contact with other groups around southern Mexico and Central America. There is evidence of a robust trade in pottery and valued materials like obsidian, magnetite, and shells, likely carried out by merchants traveling across the larger region. Over time, this trade exposed other Mesoamerican cultures to Olmec ideas about religion, art, architecture, and governance. Some scholars thus conclude that Olmec civilization was a “mother culture” for later large and sophisticated Mesoamerican states. Cultural similarities exist among these, such as ritual Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.1 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Olmec Culture Slide 24 ball games, deities, and calendar systems. Olmec-style artifacts have also been found at sites as far away as what are now western Mexico and El Salvador. Like much related to the Olmec, however, the extent of their influence is a question we may never answer with certainty. By the time this civilization disappeared around 400 BCE, a number of other Mesoamerican cultures were emerging. The Zapotec civilization appeared in the valleys of Oaxaca in western Mexico beginning around 500 BCE, with the construction of the regional capital known today as Monte Albán. Set on a flattened mountaintop overlooking the larger region, Monte Albán likely had a population of about five thousand by around 400 BCE and as many as twenty-five thousand by around 700 CE. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.1 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Olmec Culture Slide 25 As it grew over the centuries, so too did its stone temples and other complexes. The city exerted influence on the hundreds of much smaller communities scattered across the Oaxaca Valley. The region was highly suitable to maize cultivation, thus allowing for larger populations and monumental architecture. From the defensive walls created around their settlements, it seems the Zapotec lived in a world where warfare was especially common. Monte Albán itself was likely selected for defensive reasons. The structures built at Monte Albán after 300 CE reflect the influence of another major Mesoamerican civilization about thirty miles northeast of Mexico City. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.1 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Olmec Culture Slide 26 The massive city of Teotihuacán dominated trade in obsidian, salt, cotton, cacao, and marine shells across southern Mexico and greatly influenced cultures like that of the Zapotec. The origins of the Teotihuacán settlement date to about 400 BCE, but major building at the site did not begin until centuries later. By 300, the growing city had a population of about 100,000, making it one of the largest cities in the world at the time (Figure 8.14). It exercised enormous cultural and military influence across large portions of Mesoamerica until it declined in the sixth and seventh centuries CE. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.1 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  The Teotihuacanos Slide 27 The Teotihuacanos built numerous stone temples and other structures organized around a north–south passageway known as the Avenue of the Dead. The largest temples are known as the Pyramid of the Sun and the Pyramid of the Moon. Both are multitiered stone structures, 197 and 141 feet tall, respectively. The site also includes a large royal residence known as the Citadel, which includes the elaborate Temple of Quetzalcoatl, Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.1 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  The Teotihuacanos Slide 28 the feathered serpent. Elite military leaders and others lived in large apartment compounds decorated with colorful artwork depicting priests, gods, or warriors. The remaining population was spread across the roughly ten thousand square miles that surrounded the city and produced trade goods as well as agricultural products. The size of Teotihuacán denotes its wealth and regional influence at its height. This wealth came from trading in crafts, agricultural products, obsidian tools, cloth, ceramics, and artwork. The many preserved frescos and murals show the city’s rulers dressed in elaborate clothing, Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.1 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  The Teotihuacanos Slide 29 including iridescent quetzal bird feathers from as far away as Guatemala, testifying to Teotihuacán’s long reach. To influence areas so far away, the city wielded power through its control of trade and use of military force and diplomacy. Sculptures at Monte Albán show Teotihuacano diplomats meeting with the Zapotec elite, reflecting mostly peaceful contact between the two civilizations. Evidence from Maya sites also demonstrates that the Teotihuacanos commonly intervened in Maya affairs deep in Central America, sometimes militarily. They may even have orchestrated a coup in the powerful Maya city of Tikal in 378. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.1 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  🙢 END OF PRESENTATION 🙢 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Social Studies Form 5050 rev 0 | Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA www.richmindale.com/standards/forms