Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Social Studies PDF

Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Social Studies Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.2 Revision 0, updated on May 1, 2021 Form 5050 rev 0 |...

Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Social Studies Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.2 Revision 0, updated on May 1, 2021 Form 5050 rev 0 | Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA www.richmindale.com/standards/forms  Learning Outcomes Slide 2 At the end of this lecture the students are expected to: ✓ Populating and Settling the Americas. ✓ Early Cultures and Civilizations in the Americas ✓ The Age of Empires in the Americas. ✓ Identify patterns of early migration to the Americas ✓ Describe the lifestyles of people living in Archaic America Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.2 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Slide 3 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YW0rLAX3y-c Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.2 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Maya Culture Slide 4 While Maya civilization was clearly influenced by the Teotihuacanos beginning in the fourth century CE, evidence of urban development and rapid population growth in the Maya heartland of Central America dates to before 600 BCE. Village life may go back much further, but in any case, by 600 BCE, the lowlands of Central America were full of small villages, each showing evidence of sophisticated pottery, architecture, irrigation techniques, and religious traditions. By 250 BCE, a handful of powerful Maya city-states had emerged. The major cities of this Early Classic period (250–600 CE) include Tikal, Calakmul, El Mirador, and a few others. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.2 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Maya Culture Slide 5 El Mirador was a dominant city before 150 CE, with a population of about 100,000 at its height. But Tikal and Calakmul were equally impressive. All had numerous large pyramid-like structures creating an impressive skyline across the spaces cleared of jungle. Most of the major cities were built next to large, shallow lakes, since access to water for drinking and irrigation was important in the lowlands, where rainfall was often insufficient. The tropical soil in the area is also insufficiently fertile, and the Maya developed a style of slash-and-burn agriculture to raise maize, squash, beans, and cacao for the growing urban populations in these cities. The era of Maya greatness begins with the Classic period, starting around 250 CE and lasting until about 900. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.2 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Maya Culture Slide 6 During this time, urbanization in the Maya world expanded greatly, with approximately forty different city states emerging in different areas. Some of the most powerful were older sites like Tikal and Calakmul, along with newer locations like Palenque, Copan, Yaxchilan, and Piedras Negras. Each had its own rulers, referred to as “divine lords.” These powerful chieftains exercised their authority over the city-state through their control over religious rituals and ceremonies, the construction of temples, and especially wars they waged with other Maya city-states. Such wars were common for weakening rivals and keeping neighbors in line, and they may even have served important ritual purposes. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.2 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Maya Culture Slide 7 They also allowed for the exacting of tribute from subdued enemies in the form of animal products, salt, textiles, artwork, and agricultural goods like cacao and maize. Tribute could be paid through labor as well, when defeated enemies supplied workers for the victorious city-state. Only rarely did rulers seek to control conquered city-states, however. These generally remained independent, though they all shared many cultural attributes. At the heart of Maya religious practices was the veneration of family ancestors, who were considered bridges between heaven and earth. Homes had shrines for performing ritual bloodletting and prayers directed to the ancestors, and deceased family members were typically interred beneath the floor. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.2 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Maya Culture Slide 8 Indeed, the large stone temples themselves were in some ways grander versions of these family shrines, usually with large tombs within them, and deceased kings were effectively ancestors for the entire city-state. Ritual practices were tied to the complicated Maya calendar, and gods could act in certain ways depending on the time of year and the location of certain heavenly bodies. Shamans and priests guided rituals like bloodletting, which allowed for communication with the ancestors by Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.2 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Maya Culture Slide 9 releasing a sacred essence in the blood called chu’ulel. The same principle applied to the human sacrifice of war captives and especially captured rival leaders. While we can only speculate about how the Olmec played their ritual ball game, we know more about the Maya and later versions. The intention was to reenact aspects of Maya mythology, and the game held a significant place in religious practice. Two teams of four wore ritual protective padding and passed the ball to each other without using hands or feet on long I-shaped courts flanked by sloping walls. The object appeared to be to move the ball through a stone ring without letting it hit the ground. As the use of padding indicates, the game could be quite dangerous; the ball was solid rubber and could weigh Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.2 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Maya Culture Slide 10 more than seven pounds. But the true danger came at the end, when losing team leaders or sometimes the entire losing team could expect to be sacrificed to fulfill the game’s ritual purpose. One of the reasons we know so much about the Maya is that, unlike some other Mesoamerican civilizations,they created a writing system that scholars have been able to decode and read (Figure 8.18). Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.2 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Maya Culture Slide 11 This system was phonetically based, with complex characters, and was far more developed than any other writing system discovered in Mesoamerica. It allowed the Maya to record their own history in stone monuments, including invaluable political histories, descriptions of rituals, propagandistic records of battles, and genealogies. Classical Maya civilization entered a period of decline in the ninth century CE and then deteriorated rapidly. Over a period of about a century, alliances broke down, conflicts became more common, the production Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.2 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Maya Culture Slide 12 of luxury goods slowed to a stop, and cities went from thriving urban centers to depopulated shells. The reason for this collapse has been a topic of debate among historians and archaeologists for many years, and much remains uncertain. Among the proposed causes are epidemic diseases, invasions, natural disasters, internal revolutions, and environmental degradation. Several of these may have been influential; it is unlikely there was a single cause. For example, studies over the last few decades have pointed to the environmental problems created by demographic growth. This growth led to large-scale deforestation, which in turn produced soil erosion. Large populations that required high agricultural yields made Mayan civilization more vulnerable to variations in climate or Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.2 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Maya Culture Slide 13 a string of bad harvests caused by crop disease. Such problems would have put enormous pressure on elites and commoners alike and contributed to disorder, war, and perhaps internal revolts. However, it happened, by 900 CE the Classic period of Maya civilization had come to an end. But this was not the end of the Maya. In the Yucatán Peninsula, well north of the old centers of power, Maya civilization would experience a rebirth that extended into the sixteenth century and the arrival of the Spanish. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.2 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA Early Cultures and Civilizations in South America Slide 14 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0SXRQXIhWqw Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.2 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Early Cultures and Civilizations in South America Slide 15 South of Mesoamerica and north of the Andes lies a dense tropical jungle that long prevented any regular communication or cultural transmission between the two areas. As a result, the early cultures and civilizations in South America developed in different ways and responded to different environmental factors. Neolithic settlements like Norte Chico in today’s Peru had already emerged by 3000 BCE. However, in the centuries following this, others proliferated in the Northern Highlands as well. These include sites known today as Huaricoto, Galgada, and Kotosh, which were likely religious centers for offering sacrifices. There was also Sechin Alto, built along the desert coast after 2000 BCE. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.2 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Early Cultures and Civilizations in South America Slide 16 Then, around 1400 BCE, groups in the Southern Highlands area around Lake Titicaca (on the border between Peru and Bolivia) began growing in size after adopting agricultural practices. The construction of a large sunken court in this area around 1000 BCE indicates they had their own sophisticated ceremonial rituals. Around 900 BCE, the Andes region experienced a transformation when a single society, often called the Chavín culture, expanded across the entire area, opening what archaeologists call the Early Horizon, or Formative, period. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.2 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Early Cultures and Civilizations in South America Slide 17 The Chavín culture is known for its distinctive pottery style, which spread throughout the entire region and depicted numerous people, deities, and animals in a flowing and balanced manner. The name Chavín comes from Chavín de Huántar, possibly the culture’s most important religious center. This site is more than ten thousand feet high in the Andes Mountains, to the east of the older Norte Chico settlements. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.2 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Early Cultures and Civilizations in South America Slide 18 Its dominant architectural feature was its large temple complex, which faced the rising sun and included a maze of tunnels snaking through. Deep within the tunnels was a large sculpture of possibly this culture’s chief deity, called El Lanzón (“great lance”) because of its long lance-like shape. The image of El Lanzón mixes both human and animal features, with flared wide nostrils, bared teeth, long fangs on either side of the mouth, and claws protruding from fingertips and toes. The temple was also decorated with many other sculptures of animals, human heads, and deities bearing the features of both, all probably intended to awe residents and visitors alike. The inhabitants of Chavín de Huántar numbered about twenty-five hundred by 200 BCE as it slipped into Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.2 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Early Cultures and Civilizations in South America Slide 19 decline. The site’s importance lay in its role as a religious or ceremonial site, not as a population center. But by around 400 BCE, the Chavín religion and culture had spread far and wide across the Andes region. Whether these influences were transmitted by trade or warfare is unclear. Eventually, however, they replaced other architectural and artistic styles and burial practices. Innovations in textile production and metal working in gold, silver, and copper also proliferated around the region. Crafts people in towns and villages produced textiles and metal objects, and traders moved them from place to place along improved routes and with the aid of llamas as pack animals. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.2 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Early Cultures and Civilizations in South America Slide 20 The Moche civilization emerged in northern Peru and made major settlements with large pyramid- style architecture at Sipán, Moche, and Cerro Blanco. Its people were agriculturalists with a keen knowledge of irrigation technology, which they used to grow squash, beans, maize, and peppers. They were also a highly militaristic society; their art depicts warriors in hand-to-hand combat, scenes of torture, and other forms of physical violence. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.2 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Early Cultures and Civilizations in South America Slide 21 The Moche formed a politically organized state with a sophisticated administration system. Their cities and burial practices reflect a hierarchical organization, with powerful divine kings and families of nobles ruling from atop large pyramids. Below these two tiers was a class of many bureaucrats who helped manage the state. Near the bottom of the social order were the large numbers of workers, agricultural and otherwise, who lived in the many agricultural villages controlled by the elite. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.2 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Early Cultures and Civilizations in South America Slide 22 Far to the south of the Moche, along the dry coast of southern Peru, were the Nazca, whose culture also emerged around 200 BCE. While the terrain there is parched, with rainfall virtually unknown in some areas, the rivers that carry water from the mountains provided the Nazca with sufficient water for irrigation. Unlike the Moche in their large cities, the Nazca people lived mostly in small villages. However, they maintained important ceremonial sites like Cahuachi, where villagers made pilgrimages and witnessed elaborate fertility and other rituals. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.2 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Early Cultures and Civilizations in South America Slide 23 Politically, the Nazca may have adopted a type of confederation made up of a number of important families. Apart from many human-altered hills, called huacas, they also left behind hundreds of geoglyphs, large artistic representations imprinted in the dry desert ground. These are sometimes referred to as the Nazca Lines, and they can be either geometric patterns or images of animals like birds, fish, lizards, and cats (Figure 8.23). Some are as large as twelve hundred feet long and were created by clearing stones away from the desert floor to reveal the different-colored ground beneath. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.2 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Early Cultures and Civilizations in South America Slide 24 Whereas the Nazca lived in the arid coastal desert, the Tiwanaku civilization thrived high in the mountains near Lake Titicaca. Like the Moche and Nazca societies, this culture emerged in the wake of the collapse of Chavín culture around 200 BCE. Beginning around 100 CE, it entered a period of sustained building at its key city of Tiwanaku. There, residents built two large stone structures topped by additional buildings and carved stone artwork. A signature feature of the that poke out from among the stone blocks (Figure 8.24). Noting the different facial features on each head, some scholars have concluded that they represent important ancestors of the Tiwanaku elite or possibly the gods of various conquered groups. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.2 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Early Cultures and Civilizations in South America Slide 25 At its height, the city supported perhaps as many as forty thousand people and oversaw at least four smaller cities in the surrounding area. It may even have been the center of a type of imperial system, with colonies on both the Pacific coast and the eastern side of the Andes. To support Tiwanaku and the other related cities, the people irrigated massive fields with a network of canals to grow potatoes. They also raised domesticated llamas and used them as pack animals for long-distance trade. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.2 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Early Cultures and Civilizations in South America Slide 26 Tiwanaku survived until about 1000 CE and may have declined as the water level in Lake Titicaca rose to flood its farmland. The other civilizations of this period—the Moche and the Nazca—had disappeared long before, between 500 and 600 CE, for reasons that likely included environmental transformations. Other Andean civilizations emerged in their wake, including the Wari of the highlands of southeastern Peru and the Chimor of coastal Peru. These later groups built upon the earlier cultures’ innovations in agriculture, art, manufacturing, and trade. While Wari declined around 800 CE, Chimor survived into the fifteenth century. It was only in the 1400s that Chimor was conquered by a new and expanding imperial system, the Inca. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.2 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  🙢 END OF PRESENTATION 🙢 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Social Studies Form 5050 rev 0 | Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA www.richmindale.com/standards/forms