LP09.3-SOC Classics Civilization (Africa- America- Pacific) G08 Richmindale PDF

Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Social Studies Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.3 Revision 0, updated on May 1, 2021 Form 5050 rev 0 |...

Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Social Studies Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.3 Revision 0, updated on May 1, 2021 Form 5050 rev 0 | Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA www.richmindale.com/standards/forms  Learning Outcomes Slide 2 At the end of this lecture the students are expected to: ✓ Populating and Settling the Americas. ✓ Early Cultures and Civilizations in the Americas ✓ The Age of Empires in the Americas. ✓ Identify patterns of early migration to the Americas ✓ Describe the lifestyles of people living in Archaic America Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.3 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Slide 3 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OkQzogkhv1A Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.3 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  The Age of Empires in the Americas Slide 4 The arrival of the Spanish at the end of the fifteenth century inaugurated a new age in the Americas, but in Mexico and Peru, the Spanish entered areas already under the control of large and sophisticated empires. The Inca in the Andes and the Aztecs in Mesoamerica were the cultural inheritors of thousands of years of civilizational development that included the heritage of the Moche, Nazca, and Tiwanaku in the Andes and the Olmec, Maya, and Teotihuacanos in Mesoamerica. Likewise, the Mississippian tradition chiefdoms of the Eastern Woodlands, where the early Spanish explorers also trod, were the product of ancient cultural and civilization developments going back to the mound-building traditions of Adena, Hopewell, and even earlier cultures. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.3 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  The Aztec Empire Slide 5 The early origins of the Aztecs are cloudy, partly because this culture did not have a fully developed writing system for chronicling its history. Instead, the Aztecs relied on artistic records and oral traditions passed from generation to generation. They also used codices, book-like records drawn on bark paper that combined both images and pictograms. Based on information from these sources, historians have been able to place Aztec origins within the context of the collapse of the Toltec civilization. The Toltec were an earlier Mesoamerican culture that filled the power vacuum created by the decline of Teotihuacán. From their capital at Tula, the Toltec dominated central Mexico between the tenth and twelfth centuries CE. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.3 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  The Aztec Empire Slide 6 When their civilization collapsed internally or was possibly conquered, a number of nomadic and warlike groups descended into the area, one of which appears to have been the Aztecs. A new period of cultural transformation and violent wars followed. The Aztecs clearly excelled in these military conflicts, likely acting as mercenaries. Ultimately, they were permitted to settle on a collection of islands within a large but shallow ancient lake called Lake Texcoco, one of five contiguous lakes that once spread across the Valley of Mexico. ❑ The Aztec Origin Story Much of our information about the Aztecs was recorded by the Spanish after they arrived in the Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.3 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  The Aztec Origin Story Slide 7 sixteenth century. This is problematic for historians because Spanish religious leaders and conquistadores destroyed Indigenous records, particularly those that seemed to have religious significance. Since the Europeans viewed the Indigenous people through their own worldview and transformed Mesoamerica politically and culturally, their written accounts are often an imperfect means for understanding this people. Only by carefully studying the records we have, including Spanish accounts and Aztec codices, have scholars been able to piece together the story the Aztecs told themselves and their subject peoples about their origins. The word Aztec is derived from their mythical original home, Aztlan. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.3 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  The Aztec Origin Story Slide 8 According to the Aztecs’ own origin story, they migrated from Aztlan centuries before their rise to greatness in the Valley of Mexico. This long period of wandering in search of a new home included a number of important events, such as battles, encounters with sorcerers, significant tribal divisions, and the birth of important gods like Huitzilopochtli, the Aztec war god. The story culminates in a dramatic clash on the shore of Lake Texcoco. There the Aztec migrants faced an alliance of rebels who sought their destruction. They survived only because Huitzilopochtli intervened by sending his priests to kill the leader of the enemy alliance and rip out his heart. Huitzilopochtli then instructed the Aztec priests to throw the heart far into the lake. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.3 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  The Aztec Origin Story Slide 9 It landed on the island of Tenochtitlán and sprouted a cactus, on which an eagle holding a snake landed. This was where Huitzilopochtli said the Aztecs should settle and build their great city. The Aztecs began constructing their home city of Tenochtitlán among the islands within Lake Texcoco around 1325. During the following century, they survived by trading goods they could produce as well as continuing to serve as mercenaries for the surrounding powers. In this way, they accumulated wealth and supplied themselves with stone, which they used to transform their small island settlement into a large and architecturally sophisticated city. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.3 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  The Aztec Origin Story Slide 10 After acquiring some influence in the region, they formed an alliance with two neighboring city- states, Texcoco and Tlacopan. Then, in 1428, this Triple Alliance launched a surprise attack on the powerful city-state of Atzcapotzalco and made itself the dominant regional power. Over the next several decades, the Triple Alliance, with the Aztecs at its head, expanded its control of central Mexico to include Oaxaca in the west, parts of modern Guatemala in the south, and the areas bordering the Gulf of Mexico. By 1502, the newly crowned emperor of the Aztecs, Moctezuma II, was ruling an expansive empire from his capital city of Tenochtitlán. At its height in the early 1500s, Tenochtitlán had a population of at least 200,000 people. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.3 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  The Aztec Origin Story Slide 11 It was a massive island city with large causeways that connected it to the shores of the lake. Some of the city’s land had been made by human intervention, which included creating artificial agricultural islands called chinampas around the city that were crisscrossed by canals for irrigation and transportation. These chinampas produced food for the city’s occupants. Toward the center of the island where the land was more firm were the homes of the city’s occupants, made mostly Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.3 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  The Aztec Origin Story Slide 12 of adobe with flat roofs and built around small courtyards. At the center of the island were large temples, a ball court, administration buildings, homes for the elite, and the palaces of the rulers. The most impressive of the temples was the Templo Mayor, which was expanded numerous times during its long history. By the early 1500s, it was a dual stepped pyramid standing about ninety feet tall. One side was dedicated to the city’s patron Tlaloc, the god of rain. The other side was dedicated to Huitzilopochtli, the god of war. Priests climbed a long staircase to the temple to perform important state rituals. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.3 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  The Aztec Origin Story Slide 13 One of the most important ceremonies performed at the Templo Mayor and other temples in Tenochtitlán was the ritual of human sacrifice. Like many Aztec traditions, this rite was widely practiced in Mesoamerica and had roots going back to the Olmec culture and likely earlier. Human sacrifices occurred on important days identified on the Aztec calendar and during the commemoration of new temples or the expansion of existing ones. Contemporary descriptions note that long lines of sacrificial victims were led up the steps to the temple platform. There they were laid on a sacrificial stone, where their chests were opened with a sharp flint or obsidian knife and their hearts removed by the executioner (Figure 8.30). Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.3 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  The Aztec Origin Story Slide 14 The bodies were then tossed down the steps of the temple. These rituals were closely tied to Aztec cosmology and the people’s understanding of their role in the universe. The gods were believed to participate in the practice of sacrifice and to have used it to create the world and perpetuate its existence (Table 8.2). They often needed the assistance of human beings, who were created to serve and feed them through human sacrifice and other means. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.3 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  The Aztec Origin Story Slide 15 The sacrifices were thought to ensure that the sun stayed in the sky, the harvests continued to be bountiful, illnesses were kept at bay, and the military power of the Aztecs remained supreme. Human sacrifice was also an important means of preserving and expanding the empire and keeping conquered territories in line, since sacrificial victims were often those captured in battle. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.3 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  The Aztec Origin Story Slide 16 Thus, the goal in warfare was often to seize the enemy alive. Aztec war had important ritual purposes too. In some instances, it could be highly theatrical and consisted of paired individuals fighting each other, rather than large armies. Young boys began training to serve in the Aztec military from an early age. They drilled regularly with javelins for throwing, leather-covered shields, and clubs fitted with obsidian blades. Until they were old enough and experienced enough to become warriors themselves, they worked in the service of veteran warriors. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.3 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  The Aztec Origin Story Slide 17 The Aztec Empire also exacted tribute payments from its conquered territories. At its height, the empire consisted of thirty-eight provinces, each expected to submit specific tribute to the imperial capitals. Occasionally, regions that resisted incorporation into the empire were given harsh terms. More often, the type of tribute demanded was related to the location of the tribute state and the goods it typically produced. For example, the Gulf coast area was known for natural rubber production and was assessed a tribute payment of Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.3 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  The Aztec Origin Story Slide 18 sixteen thousand rubber balls for use in the Aztec ball game. Locations much closer to the capitals commonly provided goods like food that were expensive to transport over long distances. Those much farther away might be expected to provide luxury goods the Aztec elite gave as gifts to important warriors. Typical tribute items included cloth, tools like knives and other weapons, craft goods of all types, and of course, food. Tribute items could also include laborers to work on larger imperial projects. The Aztec tribute system functioned much like a crude system of economic exchange. Goods of all types flowed into the centers of power and the hands of elites. But they also made their way to commoners, who benefited from the diversity of the items the system made Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.3 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  The Aztec Origin Story Slide 19 available. As a highly militarized society, Aztec culture prized perceived male virtues like bravery, strength, and fighting ability. Warriors were expected to sacrifice themselves to perpetuate the glory of the state. When they were successful in battle, they were adorned with rich cloth and celebrated by the masses. Aztec women operated within a more circumscribed world. They could not serve in the military or attain high positions within the state, yet they did not necessarily occupy a lower status than men. Rather, Aztec state culture emphasized the complementarity of women and men, with men expected to fill roles outside the home like farming and fighting and women responsible for domestic chores like cooking and weaving. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.3 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  The Aztec Origin Story Slide 20 Aztec women thus often spent long hours grinding corn into meal and weaving clothing for the family. Their work could sometimes take them outside the home, such as to the markets where some gained considerable wealth as traders and served in leadership roles. As midwives and healers, women ensured that healthy children were born and that the sick were treated with medicines backed by centuries of knowledge about the medicinal properties of certain plants. Aztec society was made up of a number of social tiers. At the bottom was a large number of enslaved people and commoners with no land. Above these were the commoners with land. Before the imperial expansion, landed commoners had some limited political power. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.3 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  The Aztec Origin Story Slide 21 However, within the imperial system they were relegated to providing food and service for the military. Above them were the many specialized craftspeople, merchants, and scribes. And above all commoners were the nobles, who used conspicuous displays of wealth to elevate themselves. They served in the most important military positions, on the courts, and in the priesthood. The members of the Council of Four also came from the noble class. The council’s primary task was to select the Aztec emperor, or Huey Tlatoani, from the ranks of the nobility. The emperor occupied a position far above everyone else in Aztec society. His coronation included elaborate rituals, processions, speeches, and performances, all meant to imbue him with enormous power. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.3 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  The Aztec Origin Story Slide 22 Even high-ranking nobles were obliged to lie face down in his presence. The Aztec rulers had not always been so powerful or elevated so far above the masses. Their great authority and the ceremony of their office increased with the expansion of the empire. By the coronation of Moctezuma II in 1502, the office of emperor had reached its height, as had the empire. The expansion of the preceding decades had slowed, and demands for tribute and captives for ritual sacrifice were taking their toll and stirring resentment in many corners of the empire. It was into this context that the first Spanish explorers came. They were able to exploit the weaknesses in the empire and eventually bring about a new Spanish-centered order built on top of the old Aztec state. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.3 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  The Inca Empire Slide 23 At around the same time the Aztec Empire was expanding across Mesoamerica, an equally impressive new civilization was on the rise in the Andes region of South America. Known today as the Inca, its cultural and technological roots extend back to the earlier Andean cultures of the Moche, Nazca, and Tiwanaku. The heart of what became the Inca Empire was the city of Cuzco, located more than eleven thousand feet above sea level in the central Andes and northwest of the shores of Lake Titicaca. But centuries before it became an imperial city, it was a relatively modest agricultural community where the predecessors of the Inca farmed potatoes and maize and raised llamas and guanacos. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.3 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  The Inca Empire Slide 24 According to one Andean tradition, the origin story of the Inca began with a great flood that displaced four brothers and their wives and sent them on a mission to find fertile land where they could settle. During the journey, one of the brothers acquired incredible and supernatural strength. Consumed with jealousy, the other brothers sealed him in a cave and left him to die. They continued on, somewhat remorseful, but on the outskirts of Cuzco, two were mysteriously turned to stone. This left only one brother, Ayar Manco, who reached Cuzco, dipped his golden cane into the ground, and founded the city. The fantastical story of the Ayar brothers, with its descriptions of magic and supernatural events, is clearly partly fictional, and it is not the only origin myth about the Inca. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.3 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  The Inca Empire Slide 25 However, it may preserve a kernel of truth about the early group that founded Cuzco, perhaps after some type of migration prompted by changes in climate. We may never fully know, but based on historical and archaeological evidence, we do know the people of Cuzco emerged as agricultural villagers by around 1000. Through both peaceful and violent means, they assumed a dominant position in the larger surrounding region. Over time, their numbers grew, and they became one of a number of small military powers in the Andean region, centered on the growing city of Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.3 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  The Inca Empire Slide 26 Cuzco. As master stonemasons, the Inca were capable of carefully carving stones so they fit tightly together (Figure 8.33). At its height in the early sixteenth century, Cuzco was an impressive stone city built high in the Andes. we do know the people of Cuzco emerged as agricultural villagers by around 1000. Through both peaceful and violent means, they assumed a dominant position in the larger surrounding region. Over time, their numbers grew, and they became one of a number of small military powers in the Andean region, centered on the growing city of Cuzco. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.3 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  The Inca Empire Slide 27 As master stonemasons, the Inca were capable of carefully carving stones so they fit tightly together (Figure 8.33). At its height in the early sixteenth century, Cuzco was an impressive stone city built high in the Andes. The leap to imperial expansion is explained by another Inca legend, this time telling of a military challenge from a rival group known as the Chanka and involving real historical figures. When the Chanka arrived at Cuzco, King Wiraqocha fled the city with his heir, leaving only a small group of nobles aligned with another son, Yupanki, to stand their ground. The defenders’ act of courage inspired the creator god of the Inca to intervene by transforming the surrounding stones into warriors who helped Yupanki defeat the Chanka. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.3 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  The Inca Empire Slide 28 In the aftermath of the victory, the story goes on, Yupanki assumed the additional title of Pachacuti, meaning “cataclysm.” But the victory also led to an internal dispute between Pachacuti Yupanki and the reigning king, his father. This was ultimately resolved in Pachacuti Yupanki’s favor, and he assumed control of Cuzco and the Inca, whereupon he began a series of wars of expansion that gave birth to the Inca Empire. While this story was partly contrived, there is no doubt that Inca expansion did occur, and Pachacuti appears to have been a real leader. The empire’s growth began in earnest around 1430 during his reign, and as king he oversaw the conquest of much of modern Peru. His successors, Thumpa and Wayna Qhapaq, further expanded the empire by adding territory far to the Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.3 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  The Inca Empire Slide 29 south in today’s Chile and Argentina, to the east in the edges of the Amazon basin, and to the north in Ecuador and Colombia. These wars were costly in lives and material, but they were also important for sharpening the skills of the Inca military. Inca warriors wore helmets and cloth armor, carried shields, and were equipped with weapons like clubs, spears, slings, and axes. Typically, they could use their great numbers to overwhelm and awe the enemy into capitulation. If that failed, they rushed into the fray, often with little discipline but with great courageous resolve. Apart from the sheer power of numbers, the Inca military excelled in its ability to move swiftly along the empire’s complicated highland road systems to surprise the enemy and put down any emerging rebellions. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.3 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  The Inca Empire Slide 30 The empire created through conquest was divided into four administrative regions controlled by close relatives of the emperor (Figure 8.35). Each region was then broken down into a number of provinces, organized generally along ethnic lines and ruled by an imperial governor selected from the Inca nobility. A great variety of crops were produced across the empire including potatoes, coca, cotton, and maize. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.3 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  The Inca Empire Slide 31 Surpluses were held in large storehouses to feed the armies and provide sustenance in times of famine. The subjects of the empire were also expected to provide labor for the construction of roads, bridges, palaces, and religious structures and to serve as messengers, transport food to storehouses, or serve in the military. Certain members of each household submitted their labor tax while others stayed home to manage the family’s affairs. Apart from military violence and an organized imperial administration system, the Inca used religious symbolism to hold their empire together. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.3 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  The Inca Empire Slide 32 Apart from military violence and an organized imperial administration system, the Inca used religious symbolism to hold their empire together. A complex ritual calendar was overseen by religious experts whom the king and nobles regularly consulted before making political or military decisions. The Inca used human sacrifice in some rituals, but apparently not as readily as the Aztec of Mesoamerica. Among their most important deities was the sky god, who could manifest in a number of different forms such as the creator god Wiraqocha, the thunder god Illapa, and the sun god Inti. Inti was of particular importance because Inca rulers claimed direct descent from him. They constructed temples to Inti around the empire, encouraged his worship, and incorporated Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.3 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  The Inca Empire Slide 33 representations of conquered peoples into Inti’s key temple in Cuzco. In this way, the Inca cemented stronger ties between their rulers and the large and diverse empire they had created. One of the empire’s most important features, and one that held its expansive territory together, were the many roads and bridges that laced through its vast domains. Unlike the Aztec Empire, which expanded across a far more topographically consistent landscape, the Inca Empire included large mountain ranges, canyons, deserts, and narrow coastal valleys. Travel and communication were difficult in this extreme landscape and necessitated a technologically sophisticated road and bridge system. While elements of the network predated the Inca, it was under Inca rule that the larger Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.3 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  The Inca Empire Slide 34 network was expanded and greatly improved. At the height of the empire, the system may have included as many as twenty-five thousand miles of roads. These roads were as diverse as the landscape itself, including straight passages across flat land, winding paths and staircases around and up mountains, and numerous canyon-spanning bridges made of rope, stone, and wood. On them the Inca armies traveled, and goods produced in the provinces made their way to the imperial storehouses. Like the Aztec Empire, the Inca Empire had just reached its height on the eve of the Spanish arrival in the early 1530s. Diseases brought by Europeans had already weakened it by then, even leading to the untimely death of Emperor Wayna Qhapaq in 1528. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.3 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  The Inca Empire Slide 35 Just a few years later, the Spanish conqueror Francisco Pizarro reached Ecuador with his small army. There he found new Inca subjects eager to ally themselves with a possible enemy of the empire, while the Inca themselves were in the midst of a minor civil war over who would ascend the newly vacated throne. By 1532, the Spanish had entered the conflict and emerged masters of the empire, upon which they constructed their own system. Subject: G08-SOC-LP09.3 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA  🙢 END OF PRESENTATION 🙢 Classics Civilization (Africa, America, Pacific) Social Studies Form 5050 rev 0 | Richmindale® is a trademark of Richmindale College LLC, USA www.richmindale.com/standards/forms