Limbic System and Temp Regulation Outline PDF

9/7 and 9/8 Lectures – Cerebral Cortex and Limbic System Embryologic Origin of the Brain o The brain begins as a ________________________________. o At the earliest stages of development, there are ________ vesicles that quickly develop into ________ vesicles. o What are the...

9/7 and 9/8 Lectures – Cerebral Cortex and Limbic System Embryologic Origin of the Brain o The brain begins as a ________________________________. o At the earliest stages of development, there are ________ vesicles that quickly develop into ________ vesicles. o What are the 3 main divisions in the adult brain? § § § Forebrain o What are the 2 main parts of the forebrain? § § o Telencephalon § What are the parts of the telencephalon? § Cerebral Cortex The cerebral cortex is composed exclusively of _________________ matter meaning it has a high concentration of ____________________________. There are _____________ different layers of neurons in the cerebral cortex, each with a different __________________________.  The convolutions (ridges) of the cerebral cortex are called _________________________ and the grooves are called ____________________________. o The central sulcus separates the ____________________________ and ____________________________ lobes. o The lateral sulcus separates the ____________________________ and ____________________________ lobes. Frontal Lobe o What are the 4 important functional areas found in the frontal lobe? § § § § o Functions: § The prefrontal area controls ____________________________ behavior, ____________________________ memory, and inhibits activity in the _____________________ thus controlling emotional ________________________. § The Broca motor area is important for ___________________ aspects of speaking. § The premotor area is important for programing of ___________________ movements and is part of the ____________________________ system. It provides input to modulate ____________________________ by the primary motor area. § The primary motor area is the location of ____________________________. The ____________________________ depicts how the parts of the body are represented at the primary motor cortex and their relative size or area taken up correlates to the amount of upper motor neurons dedicated to that area. The size of the ___________________ and ___________________ explains our incredible dexterity. The size of the ___________________ and ___________________ explains how we can be extremely expressive in our facial expressions.  o Label the functional areas of the frontal lobe: Parietal Lobe o What are the 2 important functional areas found in the parietal lobe? § § o Functions: § The elements of the parietal lobe are devoted to the processing, integration, and storage of ____________________________ information. § The sensory association area will ____________________________ the processing of sensory information coming incoming to the primary sensory area. § The primary somatic sensory area is the final destination for ___________________________. Looking at the homunculus for the primary sensory cortex, we can see there are a relatively large amount of sensory information reported from the ______________, ______________, ______________, and ______________.  o Label the functional areas of the parietal lobe: Occipital Lobe o What are the 2 important functional areas of the occipital lobe? § § o Functions: § The primary visual cortex receives input from the _________________________. § The rest of the occipital lobe is the visual association cortex which plays a secondary role in the ______________________ and ______________________ of sensory information from the retinas. o Label the functional areas of the occipital lobe:  Temporal Lobe o What are the 3 important functional areas of the temporal lobe? § § o The temporal lobe lies below the _________________________. o Functions: § The Wernicke area is responsible for the _________________________ and _________________________ of speech. If there is dysfunction in this area, there will be _________________________ (inability to speak) or _________________________ (speech dysfunction). § In general, the temporal is involved in _________________________ memory and secondary processing of information of the senses of ______________________, _________________________, and _________________________. o Label the functional areas of the temporal lobe: o The _________________________ cortex which is responsible for taste and the _________________________ cortex which is responsible for smell are hidden from view behind the ___________________________________. Corpus Callosum o The corpus callosum connects ______________________________________________. o The purpose is the allow _________________________ between the two hemispheres which results in _________________________ of activities.  o It is said to consist of fibers from the _________________________________ which is a massive collection of axons derived from upper motor neurons within the confines of the brain before those bundles exit the brain and make their way down the spinal cord. o There is an additional way for fibers to cross the midline and connect the hemispheres called the anterior and posterior _________________________. § Basal Ganglia What are the 4 structures considered to be part of the basal ganglion and what part of the brain are they in? o o o o What does the corpus striatum consist of? o § § o Label the basal ganglia that are pictured:  What structures fine tune motor movements by modulating and refining the activity of upper motor neurons? o o o o o o Diencephalon § What are the parts of the diencephalon? § The epithalamus contains the ____________________________ which is a source of endogenous ____________________________. § The thalamus is a major ____________________________ integrative center and is the location of cell bodies of _________________________________ that make up ascending sensory pathways. The thalamus relays all sensory information EXCEPT ___________________________ to the _________________________________. The thalamus is critical for the ____________________________ of sensory info but not the ____________________________ and ____________________________ of that info. § Hypothalamus functions The hypothalamus is a ____________________________ center because it controls ____________________________ neuronal function. The hypothalamus maintains _______________________________________ by making sure that every internal organ system works individually, appropriately, and together. A specific role it has is regulating ____________________________. The hypothalamus also regulates a variety of ____________________________ and its role in the limbic system is regulating ____________________________ behavior. The hypothalamus regulates ____________________________ function and the release of hormones that act to reinforce the effects of ____________________________ outflow.  Midbrain o __________________________________ is another name for the midbrain. o What are the 3 main parts of the midbrain? § § § o What are the parts of the corpora quadrigemina? § § Functions: o The two superior colliculi receive ____________________________, ____________________________, and ____________________________ to orient the head appropriately and bring the eyes and ears towards a particular target. o The two inferior colliculi receive ____________________________ sensory information and relay that to the ____________________________ lobe which contains the _______________________________________. o The tegmentum is a collection of neurons which is engaged in the regulation of ___________________ behaviors and is considered part of the _______________________________ which is a part of the brainstem. It is directly continuous with the ____________________________. o The cerebral peduncle (basis pedunculi) is a massive fiber highway with multiple ____________________________ which all have cell bodies that originate in the primary motor cortex include… § § § o What are the two nuclei of the midbrain? § § o The red nuclei is a major ____________________________ output center regulated by the adjacent ____________________________. § The rubrospinal tract in the lateral horn (see slide 18 of CNS Overview Lecture) originates in the ____________________________ and terminates in the ____________________________. o The substantia nigra is also a major ____________________________ output center and is critical in synthesis of the neurotransmitter ____________________________.  Hindbrain o What are the main parts of the hindbrain? § § § o The ____________________________ is continuous with the spinal cord. o Cerebellum § The cerebellum is an outgrowth of the ____________________________. § The ridges of cerebellum are called ____________________________ and the grooves are called ____________________________. § The cerebellum receives and integrates ____________________________, ____________________________, and ____________________________ information to control conscious and unconscious balance and posture. § In order to accomplish these functions and receive a variety of sensory inputs, it is connected by tracts called ____________________________. Inferior peduncle = Middle peduncle = Superior peduncle = o Pons § The pons is important for the regulation of ____________________________. § The pons transmits information from the ____________________________ to the cerebellum and then from the cerebellum to the ____________________________. o Medulla oblongata § The medulla oblongata is continuous with the ____________________________. § What reflexes does the medulla oblongata control? § It is the location for the induction of ____________________________. § The medulla oblongata is the site of ____________________________ of many major pathways.  Brainstem o What makes up the brainstem? § § § o These structures of the brainstem are morphologically connected and contain a broad system of neurons called the ____________________________ which is responsible for many autonomic reflexes like ______________________________________________________________. Limbic System o What are the structures in the Limbic System? § § § o What are the parts of the Papez system? § § § § § § o The cingulate cortex is responsible for regulating sensations of ____________________________ and forming responses to ____________________________ information. o The hippocampus is involved in ___________________________________. o The limbic system is considered an extension or modification of the ____________________________ system. o The limbic system is involved in… § Primitive regulation of ____________________________ response § Visceral reaction of ____________________________ § ____________________________ behaviors § Biological ____________________________ § Sense of ____________________________  9/8 Lecture – Temperature Regulation Thermoregulation o Introduction § The _____________________ is the part of the brain that is responsible for thermoregulation. § Thermoregulation involved the balancing of heat _____________________, heat _____________________, and heat _____________________. § The body has a very _____________________ optimal range of body temperature. Temp of individual organs _____________________. The extremities are _____________________ than the core and the rectum is _____________________ than the surface of the skin. § __________________________________ involved regulation of specific secretory patterns of certain hormones which affects _____________________ which produces heat. § Women exhibit a wider fluctuation that is correlated with _____________________ cycle activity. o Control § The center of control is the _______________________________of the diencephalon and the _____________________ of the telencephalon. Functionally, these two area act as a singular structure. § This part of the brain receives _____________________ info from _____________________ that report on the temperature of the skin and core. o Body Heat Production § The two major wants to produce heat is _________________________ and ______________________________. Chemical thermogenesis involved the chemical reactions of _____________________ that produces heat. Shivering thermogenesis are skeletal muscle _____________________ that produces heat. § Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Endocrine Axis The control of chemical thermogenesis is by the hypothalamus releasing a tiny neuropeptide called ____________________________________ which is carried though portal circulation from the hypothalamus to the ________________________________.  The anterior pituitary then releases _____________________ which stimulates the release of _____________________ from the _____________________ gland. T4 then acts on the ___________________________ to stimulate _____________________secretion. EPI then induces _____________________, promotes _____________________, and increases __________________________ which increases body heat. Summary: _________→_________________→_________→_________ → heat o Mechanisms of Heat Loss § Radiation § Evaporation § Conduction § Increased respiration § Convection § Voluntary stretching § Peripheral vasodilation movements § Decreased muscle tone § Adaption to warmer climates o Mechanisms of Heat Conservation § __________________________ and voluntary mechanisms where the individual covers up the body surface to prevent heat loss which is called the _________________________ response. Pathogenesis of Fever o Fever is also referred to as __________________________ or __________________________. o Fever is a physiologic response to __________________________ increase in body temperature to minimize the effects of the infection. o Fever involves resetting the ________________________________________ in response to exogenous or endogenous __________________________. § The initial trigger is an __________________________ which is a product of the invasive organism, usually a __________________________ from the outer membrane of __________________________ and __________________________. § This exogenous pyrogen will then promote release of ___________________________. § ______________________________ act on targets in the preoptic/anterior hypothalamus to increase __________________________ and __________________________ in order to elevate the body temp to a certain point. Peripheral __________________________ = shunts blood from skin to core EPI release increases __________________________ = increased heat production  Muscle tone increases and __________________________ occurs = muscular thermogenesis Individual dress more warmly and __________________________ = heat conservation § Negative feedback mechanisms involve the production of ________________________, or anti-pyrogens, control the magnitude of the febrile response. o The febrile response can be divided into the _____________________ phase and ______________________ phase. § The acute phase is due to _______________________________ release so the individual, along with the fever, will experience anorexia, fatigue, malaise, somnolence (drowsiness), and loss of concentration. § The chronic phase will cause muscle catabolism, hyperglycemia, hepatic protein responses including opsonization to trap microbes, modulation of immune responses, and activation of complement proteins. o Benefits of Moderate Fever § Raised body temp kills many microbes by reducing serum _________________, ___________________, and ______________________ that is needed for their replication. § Deprives bacteria of nutrients by switching from glycolysis to __________________________ and __________________________. § Promotes microbial cell death, preventing __________________________. o Febrile seizures may occur at temps high than __________________ but are rare. Hyperthermia o Hyperthermia is not mediated by __________________________ and does not involve an increase in ________________________________. o It can cause _______________________ damage, _______________________ of proteins, and/or _____________________. o Accidental Hypothermia § Heat cramps Severe spasmodic abdominal and extremity cramps that follow prolonged __________________________ and associated _____________________ loss. Common in those not _____________________ to the heat or those performing strenuous work in warm climates. Manifestations = fever, rapid pulse, increased _______________  § Heat exhaustion Prolonged high ________________ or ____________________ temperatures that cause profound __________________________ and profuse sweating. Leads to __________________________, depressed plasma volumes, ______tension, decreased cardiac output, __________________________. Manifestations = dizziness, weakness, _________________, fainting, syncope § Heat stroke Potentially _________________ result of a breakdown in an overstressed thermoregulatory center. Caused by exertion, overexposure, or impaired physiological mechanisms for heat loss. The very high increase in temp is related to the failure of the preoptic/anterior hypothalamus to insert ______________________ control and so __________________________ mechanisms fail Symptoms = high core temp, _________________ of sweating, rapid pulse, confusion, agitation, coma Complications = cerebral edema, CNS degeneration, renal tubule necrosis, hepatic failure. Hypothermia o Core temp is