Neuroscience Chapter Overview
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Questions and Answers

The size of the ___________________ and ___________________ explains how we can be extremely expressive in our facial expressions.

frontal lobe, temporal lobe

Which of the following is NOT a function of the parietal lobe?

  • Processing of sensory information
  • Storage of auditory information (correct)
  • Integration of visual stimuli
  • Somatic sensory processing

    • The primary visual cortex receives input exclusively from the auditory system.

    False

    What are the two important functional areas found in the occipital lobe?

    <p>Primary visual cortex and visual association cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following areas of the brain with their respective functions:

    <p>Wernicke area = Language comprehension Primary somatic sensory area = Sensory information processing Primary visual cortex = Visual information reception Visual association cortex = Interpretation of visual stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sensory association area will ____________________________ the processing of sensory information coming to the primary sensory area.

    <p>enhance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of the temporal lobe?

    <p>Comprehension of language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three important functional areas of the temporal lobe?

    <p>Auditory cortex, Wernicke area, hippocampus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hypothalamus maintains _______________________________________ by ensuring that every internal organ system works individually, appropriately, and together.

    <p>homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following regulates the release of hormones that reinforce the effects of sympathetic outflow?

    <p>Hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The midbrain is also known as the mesencephalon.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main parts of the midbrain?

    <p>Tectum, Tegmentum, Cerebral peduncle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parts of the corpora quadrigemina with their functions:

    <p>Superior colliculi = Receive visual information Inferior colliculi = Receive auditory information Tectum = Part of the midbrain involved in sensory processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The tegmentum is engaged in the regulation of ___________________ behaviors.

    <p>motor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What neurotransmitter is critical in the synthesis within the substantia nigra?

    <p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two nuclei of the midbrain?

    <p>Red nucleus, Substantia nigra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the hindbrain is responsible for controlling balance and posture?

    <p>Cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pons transmits information from the cerebellum to the spinal cord.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structures make up the hindbrain?

    <p>Cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The limbic system is involved in primitive regulation of ____________________________ response.

    <p>emotional</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ____________________________ is continuous with the spinal cord.

    <p>medulla oblongata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following structures to their functions:

    <p>Cerebellum = Balance and posture control Pons = Regulates respiration Medulla oblongata = Controls heart rate Brainstem = Connects brain to spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the part of the brain responsible for thermoregulation?

    <p>Hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The extremities are generally warmer than the core organs of the body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What reflexes does the medulla oblongata control?

    <p>Respiratory reflexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The cingulate cortex is responsible for regulating sensations of ____________________________.

    <p>emotion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two major ways the body produces heat?

    <p>Chemical thermogenesis and shivering thermogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The center of control for thermoregulation is the _______________________________ of the diencephalon.

    <p>hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The limbic system is an extension of the cerebellum.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is released by the hypothalamus to influence heat production?

    <p>Thyrotropin-releasing hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Hypothalamus = Regulates body temperature Shivering thermogenesis = Heat production via muscle activity Chemical thermogenesis = Heat produced through metabolic processes Limbic system = Involved in emotional response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the biological optimal range of body temperature for humans?

    <p>Approximately 36.1°C to 37.2°C (97°F to 99°F)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Peripheral __________________________ = shunts blood from skin to core.

    <p>vasoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary result of EPI release during thermogenesis?

    <p>Increased heat production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The chronic phase of the febrile response causes muscle catabolism and hyperglycemia.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of moderate fever?

    <p>It kills many microbes by raising body temperature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a phase of the febrile response?

    <p>Crisis Phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hyperthermia can cause _______________________ damage.

    <p>cellular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the term with its description:

    <p>Vasodilation = Increases blood flow to the skin Hyperthermia = Excessive body temperature not controlled by the body Anorexia = Loss of appetite Hypothermia = Abnormally low body temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs in the body during accidental hypothermia?

    <p>Heat cramps and loss of electrolytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The anterior pituitary then releases _____________________ which stimulates the release of _____________________ from the _____________________ gland.

    <p>TSH, T4, thyroid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism is NOT a method of heat loss?

    <p>Increased muscle tone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fever can be triggered by both exogenous and endogenous pyrogens.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological response is fever primarily aimed at addressing?

    <p>Infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The initial trigger for fever is an __________________________, usually a __________________________ from the outer membrane of __________________________.

    <p>exogenous pyrogen, lipopolysaccharide, bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone acts on the preoptic/anterior hypothalamus to regulate body temperature?

    <p>Prostaglandins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following mechanisms with their purpose:

    <p>Radiation = Heat loss through electromagnetic waves Conduction = Heat transfer through direct contact Convection = Heat loss through air or water movement Evaporation = Heat loss through phase change of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What response is described as covering up the body surface to prevent heat loss?

    <p>Conservation response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Embryologic Origin of the Brain

    • The brain begins as a hollow tube
    • At early stages, there are 3 vesicles that develop into 5 vesicles
    • The vesicles are telencephalon, diencephalon, midbrain, mesencephalon, metencephalon, and myelencephalon

    Adult Brain Divisions

    • The three main divisions are the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain

    Forebrain Divisions

    • The two main parts of the forebrain are the telencephalon and diencephalon
    • The telencephalon consists of the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia

    Cerebral Cortex

    • The cerebral cortex is composed entirely of gray matter
    • It has many layers of neurons with different morphologies

    Convolutions (Ridges) and Grooves

    • The ridges are called gyri, and the grooves are called sulci
    • The central sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobes
    • The lateral sulcus separates the frontal and temporal lobes

    Frontal Lobe - Functional Areas

    • The four important functional areas are the prefrontal area, premotor area, primary motor area, and Broca's motor speech area
    • Prefrontal area controls goal-oriented behavior, memory, and emotional decision making
    • Broca's area controls speech production
    • The premotor area programs muscle movements

    Primary Motor Area and Homunculus

    • The primary motor area is responsible for voluntary muscle movement
    • The homunculus in the primary motor cortex shows the amount of motor neurons dedicated to specific body parts: larger regions for areas like hands and mouth, indicating their greater control

    Parietal Lobe - Functional Areas

    • The two important functional areas are the primary sensory cortex and sensory association area.
    • The sensory association area processes incoming sensory information.
    • Primary sensory cortex receives information from various sensory receptors.

    Occipital Lobe - Functional Areas

    • The two important functional areas are the primary visual cortex and visual association cortex
    • The primary visual cortex receives info from the retina
    • The visual association cortex processes the sensory info of the retina.

    Temporal Lobe - Functional Areas

    • The three important functional areas are Wernicke's area, primary auditory cortex, and auditory association cortex
    • Wernicke's area is for language comprehension; if damaged aphasia or speech dysfunction can occur.
    • The auditory cortex processes auditory information
    • The auditory association cortex interprets sounds

    Corpus Callosum

    • The corpus callosum connects the two cerebral hemispheres for communication
    • It allows for the coordinated activity between the two hemispheres

    Basal Ganglia

    • The four main structures are the corpus striatum, amygdala, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra
    • Corpus striatum contains the lentiform nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus
    • These structures are involved in fine tuning motor movements

    Diencephalon

    • The parts of the diencephalon are the thalamus, epithalamus and hypothalamus
    • The epithalamus contains the pineal gland which produces melatonin
    • The thalamus is the major sensory relay center.
    • The hypothalamus regulates homeostasis and hormone release

    Midbrain

    • The three main parts are the corpora quadrigemina, tegmentum, and basis pedunculi (cerebral peduncle)
    • The corpora quadrigemina consists of superior and inferior colliculi, involved in visual and auditory processing

    Hindbrain

    • The main parts are the pons, medulla oblongata, and cerebellum
    • Medulla oblongata is continuous with the spinal cord
    • Cerebellum coordinates movement/balance
    • Pons regulates respiration and relays info to the cerebellum
    • Medulla oblongata controls reflexes like heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration

    Brainstem

    • The brainstem is the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
    • Reticular formation is a system of neurons responsible for many autonomic reflexes.

    Limbic System

    • The Limbic system is associated with emotions, memory, and behavior
    • Its structures include the cingulate cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala.
    • This system is considered an extension of the hypothalamus, modifying or extending its influence on behavior.

    Temperature Regulation

    • The hypothalamus is responsible for thermoregulation
    • Balancing heat production and loss
    • Body temperature maintained at an optimal range
    • Thermoreceptors on the skin and in the core send information to the hypothalamus
    • Two ways to produce heat: chemical thermogenesis & shivering thermogenesis
    • Heat loss through radiation, conduction, convection
    • Physiological mechanisms to adapt to temperature changes (vasoconstriction etc)

    Fever

    • Fever is a physiological response to an infection
    • The hypothalamus modifies its set point to increase body temperature
    • This is due to releasing endogenous pyrogens which act directly on the hypothalamus
    • Fever is also known as the febrile response or pyrexia or the inflammatory response

    Hyperthermia and Hypothermia

    • Hyperthermia is an increase in body temperature not related to an infection
    • Causes can be due to strenuous exercise or environmental factors like high temperature
    • Hypothermia is a decrease in core body temperature often due to prolonged exposure to cold temperatures or severe trauma.
    • Causes can be immersion in cold water, certain medical conditions or environmental factors like cold temperatures

    Trauma Induced Temperature Change

    • Any injury affecting the CNS can result in fever.
    • This is usually from increased intracranial pressure (ICP), bleeding or inflammation.
    • The body's reaction is sustained and unaffected by anti-pyretic drugs.
    • Trauma can lead to elevation or decrease in body temperature.

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    Limbic System and Temp Regulation Outline PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores various functions and areas of the brain, including the parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes. Test your knowledge on sensory processing and the role of different brain structures. Dive into the complexities of neural functions and their interrelations.

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