Lesson 06 Pharmaceutical Compounds PDF

PHCH 1102: PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOUNDS Eden P. Cesista, RPh, MSc  OUTLINE I. Pharmaceutical Compounds of Group IA-VIIIA II. Pharmaceutical Compounds of Group IB-VIIIB PHARM CHEM 1102...

PHCH 1102: PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOUNDS Eden P. Cesista, RPh, MSc  OUTLINE I. Pharmaceutical Compounds of Group IA-VIIIA II. Pharmaceutical Compounds of Group IB-VIIIB PHARM CHEM 1102 PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY  OBJECTIVES At the end of this session, the student should be able to: 1.Identify inorganic compounds used in the pharmaceutical industry. 2.Describe the pharmacological uses and mechanisms, if applicable. 3.Discuss the pharmaceutical uses of each compound. PHARM CHEM 1102 PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY GROUP IA Compounds PHARM CHEM 1102 PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY Group IA: Pharmaceutical Compounds ▶Lithium Lightest of all metals Mood stabilizer Group IA: Pharmaceutical Compounds ▶Lithium compounds: Compounds USE Lithium carbonate Treatment of hypomanic, manic states associated Lithium citrate with bipolar disorder Group IA: Pharmaceutical Compounds ▶Sodium Deliquescent Promotes retention of water in the tissues. ___________: excess accumulation of serous fluid in the connective tissue. Contraindicated: Cation of choice in optimization of organic medicines: Group IA: Pharmaceutical Compounds ▶Sodium compound Compound Other name Use Sodium chloride Group IA: Pharmaceutical Compounds ▶Sodium compound Compound Other name Uses Antiseptic Sodium tetraborate Astringent for nose and throat in Na2B4O7·10H2O Dobell’s solution Group IA: Pharmaceutical Compounds ▶Sodium citrate Use: Anticoagulant Citrate complexes with Ca2+ ions to prevent clotting Group IA: Pharmaceutical Compounds ▶Potassium Salts have been used for its diuretic property. *Diuretic: flush excess fluid and sodium from the body. Group IA: Pharmaceutical Compounds ▶Potassium compounds Compound Other name Use Potassium bitartrate Cathartic Group IA: Pharmaceutical Compounds ▶Potassium compounds Compound Other name Use Potassium sodium Laxative tartrate Group IA: Pharmaceutical Compounds Group IA: Pharmaceutical Compounds ▶Potassium compounds Compound Use Electrolyte Replenisher *Potassium Chloride Injection *Lactated Potassium Potassium Saline Injection chloride *Ringer’s Injection and Solution Treatment of Meniere’s disease Group IA: Pharmaceutical Compounds ▶Potassium compounds Compound Use Potassium nitrite Vasodilating effect  Group IA: Compounds ▶Potassium compounds Compound Other name Use Preservative Potassium nitrate Diuretic  Ammonium Ammonium Other Name Use Ammonium Ammonium carbonate Sesquicarbonate, Expectorant/ Sal Volatile, Cough Preston Salt preparation Hartshorn Ammonium chloride Sal ammoniac GROUP IIA PHARM CHEM 1102 PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY  Magnesium Magnesium Other Name Use/s Magnesium hydroxide Antacid Laxative  Magnesium ▶Magnesium sulfate Magnesium toxicity ❑Antidote: ____________________  Calcium ▶ Most abundant cation in the body ✓ Cardiac function ✓ Blood coagulation ✓ Structural basis of the skeleton ▶ Calcium hydroxyapatite: major constituent of bones and teeth. Approximately 99% of the total body calcium is present, in form of hydroxyapatite – a lattice-like crystal composed of calcium, phosphorus, and hydroxide – in bones and teeth, ▶ __________ is required for maximum absorption of Calcium.  Calcium Calcium Use/s Calcium lactate Calcium deficiency Calcium gluconate  Calcium Calcium Other Name Use/s Calcium sulfate Cast support hemihydrate (CaSO4.1/2 H2O)  Barium ▶Barium sulfate “Barium meal”: used as radiopaque for GIT imaging Does not associate with HCl and water thus it cannot be absorbed Side effect: Constipation GROUP IIIA PHARM CHEM 1102 PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY  Aluminum ▶Elemental Aluminum: protective agent for burn ▶Insoluble aluminum salts: ▶Soluble aluminum salts:  Aluminum Aluminum Silicates Other Name Use/s Kaolin/ Native hydrated Porcelin Clay Adsorbent Aluminum Silicate Bolus alba Diarrhea China clay Bentonite / Native Soap clay Suspending Colloidal aluminum Mineral soap agent silicate GROUP IVA PHARM CHEM 1102 PHARMACEUTICAL INORGANIC CHEMISTRY  Carbon Two allotropes of Carbon 1. ________________ Diamond Graphite 2. _________________ Bituminous coal (______) Anthracite coal (______)  Carbon ▶Activated Charcoal Adsorbent in the treatment of diarrhea Emergency treatment for poisoning  Silicon Other Name Use/s Polymeric dimethyl Anti-flatulent siloxane Purified Siliceous Terra Silicea Purificata, Absorbent Earth Purified Kieselguhr, Purified Filtering medium Infusorial Earth Clarifying agent  Silicon Other Name Use/s Native hydrated Adsorbent magnesium aluminum silicate Native Hydrous Dusting Powder Magnesium silicate Lubricant  Tin ▶Stannous fluoride Aka fluoristan topically as dental prophylactic (anti-cariogenic)  TEST YOURSELF 1.) What are the two allotropes of carbon? 2.) Purest carbon? 2.1) Softest mineral?  TEST YOURSELF Other name? 3. Native hydrated aluminum silicate 4. Native colloidal aluminum silicate 5. Native hydrated magnesium aluminum silicate 6. Native hydrous magnesium silicate  TEST YOURSELF 7. Preservation of meat and is also known as: 8. Radiopaque imaging “Barium meal” 9. Vitamin required for maximum absorption of Calcium? 10. Major constituent of bones and teeth? 11. The only insoluble salt of potassium? 12. This cation act as mood stabilizer?  REFERENCES Block, J.H., Roche, E. B., Soine, T. O., & Wilson, C. O. (1974). Inorganic Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry. London, Great Britain: Henry Kimpton Publishers. Cedrone, E., Neun, B. W., Rodriguez, J., Vermilya, A., Clogston, J. D., McNeil, S. E., Barenholz, Y., Szebeni, J., & Dobrovolskaia, M. A. (2017). Anticoagulants Influence the Performance of In Vitro Assays Intended for Characterization of Nanotechnology-Based Formulations. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 23(1), 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23010012 Fresenius Medical Care (2015). Principles and Benefits of Citrate Anticoagulation. Retrieved October 12, 2024 from https://www.ed.ac.uk/files/imports/fileManager/Principles%20and%20Benefits%20of%20Citrate%20Anticoagul ation.pdf Mann, K. G., Whelihan, M. F., Butenas, S., & Orfeo, T. (2007). Citrate anticoagulation and the dynamics of thrombin generation. Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH, 5(10), 2055–2061. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-7836.2007.02710.x Morelli, M. B., Santulli, G., & Gambardella, J. (2020). Calcium supplements: Good for the bone, bad for the heart? A systematic updated appraisal. Atherosclerosis, 296, 68–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.01.008