PHCH 1102: Pharmaceutical Compounds Quiz

PHCH 1102: Pharmaceutical Compounds

• The course covers pharmaceutical compounds from Groups IA-VIIIA and IB-VIIIB.
• Students will learn to identify inorganic compounds used in the pharmaceutical industry.
• Students will learn about the pharmacological uses and mechanisms of these compounds.
• Students will learn about the pharmaceutical uses of each compound.

Group IA Compounds

• Lithium:

  • Lightest of all metals.
  • Mood stabilizer.
  • Lithium carbonate: Treatment of hypomanic and manic states associated with bipolar disorder.
  • Lithium citrate: Also used for treating bipolar disorder.

• Sodium:

  • Deliquescent.
  • Promotes water retention in tissues.
  • Edema: Excess accumulation of serous fluid in connective tissue.
  • Contraindicated in heart failure.
  • Cation often used in optimizing organic medicines.
  • Sodium chloride (NaCl): Table salt, freezing salt, electrolyte replenisher.
    • Used as a nasal spray, oral rehydration salts, and other medical applications.
  • Sodium tetraborate (Na2B4O7.10H2O): Also known as borax.
    • Has antiseptic and astringent properties.
  • Sodium citrate: Used as an anticoagulant.
    • Citrate complexes with calcium ions to prevent clotting.

• Potassium:

  • Salts are used as diuretics to flush excess fluid and sodium from the body.
  • Potassium bitartrate: Cream of tartar.
    • Used as a cathartic.
  • Potassium sodium tartrate: Rochelle salt.
    • Used as a laxative.
  • Potassium nitrite (KNO2):
    • Has vasodilating effects.
  • Potassium nitrate (KNO3): Saltpeter.
    • Preservative and diuretic.
  • Potassium chloride (KCl): Electrolyte replenisher
    • Important in treating Meniere's disease.

• Ammonium carbonate: Expectorant and cough preparation.

• Ammonium chloride: Loosens congestion, facilitates mucus expulsion.

Group IIA Compounds

• Magnesium hydroxide: Milk of magnesia.
  • Antacid and laxative.
• Magnesium sulfate:
  • Laxative.
  • Treatment of hypermagnesemia (elevated magnesium levels).
  • Calcium gluconate is used as an antidote.

Calcium

• Calcium hydroxyapatite: Major constituent of bone and teeth.
• Approximately 99% of total body calcium exists as this.
• Component of hydroxyapatite - a lattice-like crystal.
• Calcium is essential for maximum absorption of calcium.
• Calcium lactate (P.O): Used for calcium deficiency.
• Calcium gluconate (IV): Used for calcium deficiency.
• Calcium sulfate hemihydrate: Plaster of Paris.
  • Used for cast support

Barium

• Barium sulfate: Used as radiopaque for GI tract imaging.
  • Forms "barium meal."
  • Does not absorb in the digestive system.
  • Constipation is a side effect.

Group IIIA Compounds

• Aluminum:
  • Elemental aluminum: Protective agent for burns.
  • Insoluble aluminum salts (e.g., aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3)): Antacid.
  • Soluble aluminum salts: Antacid.
• Aluminum silicates: Adsorbent
  • E.g., Kaolin, bentonite, and attapulgite are used to treat diarrhea.

Silicon

• Polymeric dimethyl siloxane: Anti-flatulent agent.
• Purified siliceous earth: Filter, clarify solutions.
• Native hydrated magnesium aluminum silicate: Adsorbent.
• Native hydrous magnesium silicate: Talc.
  • Dusting powder, lubricant.

Tin

• Stannous fluoride: Prevents tooth decay.
  • Topical prophylactic treatment.

Test Yourself

• Two Allotropes of Carbon: Crystalline and Amorphous
• Purest Carbon: Diamond
• Softest Mineral: Graphite