Group 1B: The Coinage Metals PDF

Group 1B: The Coinage Metals Georchelle Faith Darcey, RPh BSPh 103: Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry (Topic 5b) Properties includes copper (Cu), silver (Ag), and gold (Au) occurs as free metallic state in nature relatively easy to recover from ores have been used for centurie...

Group 1B: The Coinage Metals Georchelle Faith Darcey, RPh BSPh 103: Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry (Topic 5b) Properties includes copper (Cu), silver (Ag), and gold (Au) occurs as free metallic state in nature relatively easy to recover from ores have been used for centuries for the fabrication of coins readily act as central unit of complexes ○ hydroxides and many of its simple salts are insoluble in water ○ soluble compounds are toxic Two different valence states exist for copper and gold, giving rise to compounds which can almost be considered as having originated from two different elements Copper (Cu) only reddish colored metal third most malleable metal highly conductive metal that's considered the gold standard for electrical wiring ○ excellent conductor of heat (surpassed only by Ag and Au) and electricity (surpassed by Ag) ○ resistant to corrosion and has a high thermal resistance that helps prevent overheating forms two series of salts: cuprous and cupric salts Cuprous iron (Cu1+) readily undergo disproportionation, a reaction in which a compound undergoes oxidation ○ 2 H2O2 = 2 H2O + O2 (here hydrogen peroxide is oxidized to oxygen and is reduced to water) water insoluble all its precipitates are white except: ○ Cu2S (Copper sulfide) - black ○ Cu2O (Copper oxide) - brick red Cupric ion (Cu2+) maximum oxidation state present in hemocyanin and cytochrome oxidase ○ Hemocyanin, a copper-containing protein chemically unlike hemoglobin, is found in some crustaceans. Hemocyanin is blue in colour when oxygenated and colourless when oxygen is removed. Some annelids have the iron-containing green pigment chlorocruorin, others the iron-containing red pigment hemerythrin. Responsible for the binding, transportation and storage of dioxygen within the blood (hemolymph) of many invertebrates. ○ Cytochrome oxidase is a transmembrane molecule found in the mitochondria of eukaryotes and in the cellular space of aerobic prokaryotes. This molecule is a proton pump that plays a vital role in producing energy, in the form of ATP, via the ETS. Copper (Cu) alloys alloy - a metal made by combining two or more metallic elements, especially to give greater strength or resistance to corrosion ○ Cu + Sn = bronze ○ Cu + Zn = brass Copper (Cu) pharmacologic actions protein precipitant (heavy metal) enhances the utilization of iron Copper (Cu) toxicity Wilson Disease is a rare, autosomal recessive disorder caused by abnormal copper accumulation in the body particularly involving the brain, liver, and cornea (Kayser-Fleischer ring). Copper (Cu) toxicity antidote Penicillamine (Cuprimine®) D-Penicillamine is the primary chelator used in copper toxicity, although EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) and DMPS (dimercaptopropane sulfonic acid) may also be used for heavy metal toxicity with copper. It is a chelating agent that helps remove copper from the body especially excess copper associated with Wilson's disease. Copper (Cu) deficiency Menkes Disease is caused by mutations in the ATP7A gene that regulates the metabolism of copper in the body The disease primarily affects male infants. Copper accumulates at abnormally low levels in the liver and brain, but at higher-than-normal levels in the kidney and intestinal lining. COPPER ACETOARSENITE CUPRIC SULFATE Cu(C2H3O2)2·3Cu(AsO2)2 CuSO₄ BLUE VITRIOL, BLUE STONE, ROMAN VITRIOL, SALZBURG PARIS GREEN antidote for phosphorus poisoning insecticide stimulates vomiting reflux (emetic) enhance the utilization of iron algaecide and fungicide in swimming pools component of: ○ Benedict’s Solution ○ Fehling’s Solution (Fehling’s A) ○ Barfoed’s Solution ○ Bordeaux Mixture: CuSO4 and Ca(OH)2 (hydrated lime) or quick lime (CaO) Benedict's reagent is the solution used in Benedict's test to detect simple sugars such as glucose It is a bright blue solution prepared by mixing copper sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO4. 5H2O), sodium citrate (Na3C6H5O7), and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) in distilled water. Fehling’s A solution is an aqueous solution of copper sulfate which is also blue in color due to presence of copper It is prepared by dissolving copper sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO4. 5H2O) in distilled water and then adding some drops of dilute sulphuric acid (H2SO4). Barfoed's test is a chemical test used for detecting the presence of monosaccharides It is based on the reduction of copper (II) acetate to copper (I) oxide (Cu2O), which forms the brick red precipitate. Bordeaux mixture an aqueous solution of copper sulfate and lime an effective fungicide and bactericide that has been used for decades to control diseases of fruit and nut trees, vine fruits, and ornamental plants Silver (Ag) latin: Argentum common salts of silver are insoluble or only slightly soluble in water (except nitrate and fluoride) silver has oligodynamic action ○ provide local germicidal action since silver ion has the ability to precipitate protein and chlorides in tissues (ex. AgNO3) Silver (Ag) Toughened silver nitrate, the product of forming some 5% silver chloride (AgCl) in silver nitrate (AgNO3) by the addition of hydrochloric acid (HCl) or potassium chloride (KCl), is cast into sticks and used as styptic. Discoloration due to photosensitivity of silver ion can result to cosmetic problems. ○ Silver compounds must be protected using light–resistant containers. There is renewed interest in ophthalmology for silver or silver compounds in colloidal solution that were once used widely as topical antiseptics (ex. mild silver protein). Silver (Ag) properties very soft, ductile, and malleable metal FINE SILVER ○ 99.9% purity ○ too soft ○ usually alloyed to give strength while preserving ductility and the beauty of metal STERLING SILVER ○ 92.5% Ag + 7.5% Cu SILVER NITRATE (AgNO3) LUNAR CAUSTIC, LAPIS INFERNALIS (CAUSTIC PENCIL) component of indelible ink used for the treatment of warts 1% ophthalmic solution ○ prophylaxis for gonorrhea ophthalmia neonatorum ○ replaced by ERYTHROMYCIN ointment as current therapy TOUGHENED SILVER NITRATE SILVER NITRATE PENCIL, MOULDED SILVER NITRATE, FUSED SILVER NITRATE, LUNAR CAUSTIC “toughened” using 5% AgCl removal of warts, canker sores in the mouth SILVER PROTEINATES Silver Proteinates Medicinal Use % Ag (unionized) MILD SILVER PROTEIN Antiseptic for the eyes 19-23 (ARGYROL) STRONG SILVER PROTEIN Antiseptic for the ears and throat 7.5-8.5 (PROTARGOL) COLLOIDAL SILVER PROTEIN General germicide 18-22 (COLLARGOL) Gold (Au) latin: Aurum king of all metals, the most precious and expensive* metal most malleable metal best conductor of electricity Gold (Au) toxicity Gold dermatitis British anti-Lewisite (BAL) / dimercaprol, is a parenterally administered heavy metal chelating agent that is used to treat arsenic, gold, copper and mercury poisoning. Gold (Au) Can be dissolved by: AGUA REGIA - 3 parts HCl : 1 part HNO3 aqua regia Gold chloroauric acid SELENIC ACID - only single acid that can dissolve gold selenic acid Gold auric selenate PURPLE OF CASSIUS - colloidal gold + stannous hydroxide GOLD COMPOUNDS DMARDS-DISEASE MODIFYING Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) are a group of medications commonly used in people with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Some of these drugs are also used in treating other conditions such as ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. 1. AUROTHIOGLUCOSE IM; 50% Au for RA Au sodium aurothiomalate is also indicated for the treatment of adult and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (RA) that is unresponsive to conventional chemotherapy. 2. AURANOFIN (Ridaura®) Oral; 28-29% Au Auranofin is not a true pain reliever (such as like aspirin) but it is thought to decrease pain that occurs with arthritis by decreasing inflammation. It decreases morning stiffness and pain/swelling in joints and can increase grip strength. Thank you for listening!