Lecture 3 Fruits (Dr. Nahla Shawky) PUA PDF

11/28/2024 1 By: Dr. Nahla S. El-Gazzar Medicinal Lecturer of Pharmacognosy Fruits Fac. of Pharmacy Alex. University 1 Medicinal fruits containing anthracene derivatives 2 1 ...

11/28/2024 1 By: Dr. Nahla S. El-Gazzar Medicinal Lecturer of Pharmacognosy Fruits Fac. of Pharmacy Alex. University 1 Medicinal fruits containing anthracene derivatives 2 1  11/28/2024 Senna pod ‫قرون السنامكي‬ Dried ripe fruit of Cassia acutifolia L. & C. angustifolia, Family Fabaceae (leguminosae). 3 Chemical constituents Hydroxyanthracene derivatives, mainly sennosides A and B. There are also small amounts of aloe- emodin, rhein. mucilage, flavonoids. 4 2  11/28/2024 Medicinal uses Uses supported by clinical data: Short-term use in occasional constipation (stimulant laxative). 5 Pharmacology (Mechanism of action) ❑ Stimulation of peristaltic contractions, accelerating colonic transit => decrease in fluid absorption from the colon to the body. ❑ Influences electrolyte absorption and secretion by colon => increase in fluid secretion from the body to the colon. ❑ The time of action of Senna is usually 8–10 hours, thus the dose should be taken at night. 6 3  11/28/2024 Contra-indications Cases of undiagnosed abdominal symptoms, appendicitis, severe dehydration states or chronic constipation. Toxicity: Symptoms of overdose: griping, severe diarrhoea with losses of fluid & electrolytes. 7 Precautions and warnings Use for more than 2 weeks requires medical attention (electrolytes imbalance, dependence, paralytic ileum) Pregnancy: Use should be limited to conditions in which changes in diet or fiber laxatives are not effective. Contraindicated for children and for nursing mothers. 8 4  11/28/2024 Drug interactions ▪ Decrease Intestinal transit time => decrease absorption of orally administered drugs. ▪ Increase loss of potassium =>Increase effects of cardiotonic glycosides (digitalis). ▪ Use with drugs, herbs which induce hypokalaemia (thiazide diuretics, liquorice root) may increase electrolyte imbalance. 9 Cassia pod ‫خيار شمبر‬ Dried ripe fruit of Cassia fistula L., Family Fabaceae (leguminosae). 10 5  11/28/2024 Chemical constituents Anthracene derivatives (combined sennidin and rhein). 11 Medicinal uses Pulp of ripe fruits has a mild laxative action 12 6  11/28/2024 Medicinal fruits containing bitter and pungent principles 13 Colocynth (Bitter apple, Peppo) ‫الحنظل‬ Dried pithy pulp of unripe, but fully grown fruits of Citrullus colocynthis, Family Cucurbitaceae 14 7  11/28/2024 Chemical constituents Amorphous resin (purgative action). Triterpene Glycosides (cucurbitacins B & E). Alkaloids (purgative action). 15 Medicinal uses Has a drastic purgative action, not used alone but usually combined with Hyoscyamus (antispasmodic) to counteract the griping. It is a folk remedy for tumors (cucurbitacin B and cucurbitacin E are undergoing clinical studies as antitumor agents). 16 8  11/28/2024 Side effects, Toxicity ▪ Severe abdominal pain, vomiting, hemorrhagic diarrhoea (drastic irritation of gastrointestinal mucosa). ▪ A dose of 4 to 6 g may be fatal. ▪ Powdered drug causes severe pain if it comes in contact with nasal mucous membrane. The use of colocynth as drastic purgative can no longer be justified because of the high risks involved. 17 Contraindications ▪ Should not be given to children, pregnant women. ▪ Should not be given to nursing mothers as it is excreted in the milk. ▪ In the presence of haemorrhoids and inflammatory conditions of the stomach and intestine. 18 9  11/28/2024 Hops ‫ﺣﺷﯾﺷﺔ اﻟدﯾﻧﺎر‬ Dried strobile of the pistillate plant Humulus lupulus L., Family Cannabinaceae 19 Chemical constituents Oleo–resin 15–30% (bitter principles in a soft and hard resin. The lipophilic soft resin consists mainly of Humulone and lupulone). The hard resin contains a hydrophilic ɣ- resin. Volatile oils 0.3–1.0%, mainly: β-caryophyllene. 20 10  11/28/2024 Medicinal uses Stated to possess sedative and topical bactericidal properties. German Commission E: for mood disturbances (restlessness, anxiety and sleep disturbances). Antibacterial activity is attributed to humulone & lupulone. Traditional use: bitter stomachic (stimulates appetite). 21 Side–effects, Toxicity Respiratory allergy and Contact dermatitis has long been recognized and is attributed to the pollen. Contra–indications Should not be taken by individuals suffering from depression (sedative effect may increase symptoms) or taking CNS depressants (additive effect, use with caution). 22 11  11/28/2024 Capsicum (Cayenne pepper) ‫الشطة‬ Dried ripe fruit of Capsicum frutescens L. (C. minimum Roxb.), Family Solanaceae 23 Constituents ✓ Pungent principles Capsaicinoids: mainly capsaicin alkaloid (48.6%) which located in the dissepiment. ✓ Carotenoid pigments: capsanthin. ✓ Proteins, fats, vitamins A and C. 24 12  11/28/2024 Medicinal Uses The capsaicinoids are principally responsible for the biological activity These pungent principles: ▪ Stimulate and aid digestion (stomachic). ▪ Act as a counter-irritant when applied externally. 25 Side effects, Toxicity Capsicum contains pungent principles (capsaicinoids); strongly irritant to mucosal membranes. Inhalation of capsicum can produce allergy. 26 13  11/28/2024 Contra–indications, Warnings Excessive ingestion may cause gastrointestinal irritation, hepatic or renal damage. It may cause kidney and liver damage due to excessive consumption internally. 27 Pregnancy and lactation During pregnancy: it may cause gastrointestinal irritation => should be used with caution. It is not known whether pungent components in capsicum are secreted into the breast milk. 28 14  11/28/2024 Medicinal fruits containing alkaloids 29 Family Piperaceae ❑ Black pepper ❑ White pepper ❑ Tailed pepper (Cubebs) 30 15  11/28/2024 Black pepper Dried unripe fruit of Pipper nigrum. 31 White pepper Dried ripe fruit of Pipper nigrum by removing outer part of epicarp. 32 16  11/28/2024 Chemical constituents ▪ 5-9% alkaloids (piperine). ▪ 1-2% volatile oil. Medicinal uses ✓ Animal studies suggest they can reduce effects of oxidative stress on liver => liver support. ✓ It is claimed that they are not good for liver if compromised by disease. 33 Tailed pepper (Cubebs) Dried full grown but unripe fruit of Pipper cubeba. Chemical constituents: ▪ 10-18% volatile oils. ▪ Crystalline substance (cubebin, cubebic). ▪ No alkaloids. Medicinal uses: ✓ Chronic bronchitis ✓ Antimicrobial ✓ Carminative & flavouring 34 17  11/28/2024 Cocculus (Fish berry) ‫صياد السمك‬ Dried ripe fruits of Anamirta paniculata (cocculus indicus) Family Menispermaceae. 35 Chemical constituents Toxic!! Contain: o Alkaloids (Menispermine). o Toxic bitter principle (Picrotoxin). Medicinal uses ✓ Picrotoxin is used intravenously as antidote in barbiturate poisoning. 36 18  11/28/2024 Poppy capsule ‫اﻟﺧﺷﺧﺎش‬ Dried nearly ripe fruits of Papaver somniferum Family Papaveraceae. 37 Poppy capsule ‫اﻟﺧﺷﺧﺎش‬ Chemical constituents Opium latex (morphine alkaloid). Meconic acid. Medicinal uses ▪ In preparation of opium. ▪ Analgesic and sedative. 38 19