Medicinal Fruits Lecture PDF

11/20/2024 1 By: Dr. Nahla S. El-Gazzar Medicinal Lecturer of Pharmacognosy Fruits Fac. of Pharmacy Alex. University 1 Medicinal fruits containing volatile oils (Cont.) 2 1 ...

11/20/2024 1 By: Dr. Nahla S. El-Gazzar Medicinal Lecturer of Pharmacognosy Fruits Fac. of Pharmacy Alex. University 1 Medicinal fruits containing volatile oils (Cont.) 2 1  11/20/2024 Star Anise ‫ينسون نجمي‬ (Chinese star anise) Dried ripe fruit of Illicium verum, Family Magnoliaceae. 3 Constituents Volatile oil containing 80-90% of the phenolic ether anethole which: Resembles anise in flavour. 4 2  11/20/2024 Medicinal uses Tea as a carminative and sedative for the treatment of infant colics. Catarrhs of respiratory tract, peptic discomfort. Industrial source of shikimic acid (extracted from the seed) => in Tamiflu® (Oseltamivir). 5 Adulterant: Japanese Star anise Bastard star anise Dried ripe fruit of Illicium anisatum (religiosum) Family Magnoliaceae. Burned as incense in Japan in religious rituals. Toxic Plant!! Contains: anisatin, shikimin and sikimitoxin (cause severe inflammation of the kidneys, urinary tract and digestive organs). 6 3  11/20/2024 How to detect adulteration ? A rapid analytical method which detect the presence of eugenol and methoxy eugenol compounds. 7 Vanilla pod (vanilla bean) Vanilla consists of the Fresh carefully-cured, fully grown but unripe fruits of Vanilla planifolia and V. tahitensis, Family Orchidaceae Cured 8 4  11/20/2024 Constituents Vanilla fruit when fresh possesses no pleasant aroma, the odour being developed during the process of curing. Fresh vanilla pod Black vanilla pod Glucovanillin Vanillin 9 Curing of Vanilla pod First indication of ripening is slight yellowing of whole pod; they should be picked and curing process commenced. If left to ripen further; the pods are prone to split and deteriorate (decomposition of precursors). If picked too early; the quality of the resulting product is distinctly inferior (precursors formed in small amount). 10 5  11/20/2024 uses Vanilla is used solely as a flavoring agent (approved by FDA). 11 Medicinal fruits containing flavonoids 12 6  11/20/2024 Citrus fruits (Family Rutaceae) Bitter orange peel Grapefruit 13 Bitter orange peel ‫قشر الالرنج‬ Fresh or dried outer part of pericarp of ripe or nearly ripe fruits of Citrus aurantium variety amara. 14 7  11/20/2024 Chemical constituents NLT 2.5% V.O. (limonene 90%). Bioflavonoids (Hesperidin= vitamin P), Naringin. Bitter principle: Limonoids (Limonin). Alkaloids: Synephrine, octopamine (unripe fruit). Pectin (complex carbohydrate). Juice (Citric acid, vitamins A, B and C). Phenols, furanocoumarins. 15 Medicinal uses Traditional Usage: Appetite Stimulant (gastric-juice deficiency). Digestive Disorders. German Commission E: In treating poor digestion due to hypo- acidity (in loss of appetite). 16 8  11/20/2024 Medicinal uses of the volatile oil Carminative. Flavouring agent. Bitter tonic and stomachic. In perfumery. New studies on limonene: prevents development of abnormal growths on skin (chemopreventive activity). 17 Medicinal uses of Hesperidin Decrease capillary fragility by strengthening capillary walls. Acts as antioxidant by attraction of free radicals. 18 9  11/20/2024 Medicinal uses of Pectin A bulk laxative (increases viscosity and volume of stool). In GIT disorders => facilitates digestion Promotes healing of wounds. 19 Side effects Furanocoumarins within orange peel can cause photosensitization in people exposed to high levels of UV, especially people with fair skin. Bitter orange may have serious drug interactions with drugs such as statins in a similar way to grapefruit. 20 10  11/20/2024 Grapefruit Citrus paradisi Macfad. Grapefruit is a hybrid of the Pomelo (Citrus maxima (B.) Merr) with the sweet orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck). 21 Chemical constituents Furanocoumarins: bergamottin, bergapten. Flavonoid glycosides: naringin. Flavonoid aglycones: galangin, kaempferol. Peel contains volatile oil; mostly limonene. 22 11  11/20/2024 Medicinal uses Grapefruit is used as a source of flavonoids (citrus bioflavonoids). Grapefruit and grapefruit juice are commonly ingested as part of the diet. 23 Interactions Grapefruit juice has been found to inhibit an enzyme which metabolizes medication. One whole grapefruit, or a glass of 200 mL of grapefruit juice can cause drug overdose toxicity!! Particularly dangerous with drugs of low therapeutic index => small increase in blood concentration may lead to toxicity. 24 12  11/20/2024 Examples on case report of adverse effects verapamil (antihypertensive drug) SR 120 mg daily. warfarin (oral anticoagulant). 25 Medicinal fruits containing phytosterols 26 13  11/20/2024 Saw Palmetto ‫ثمار النخيل المنشاري‬ )Sabal) The dried ripe fruits of Serenoa serrulata, F. Arecaceae (Palmae). 27 Chemical constituents Rich in fatty acids and phytosterols Fixed oils (26.7%): Many free fatty acids and their glycerides. Oleic acid (unsaturated) and capric, myristic, palmitic and stearic acids (saturated). Phytosterols: β-Sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol. Carbohydrates: mannitol, galactose and arabinose. Others: Flavonoids, resin, tannin and volatile oil. 28 14  11/20/2024 Medicinal uses Modern interest is focused on its use in treatment of symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Mechanism of action: Inhibition of hormone responsible for prostate enlargement. Relaxing smooth muscle tissue. 29 Contra–indications and Warnings In view of reported anti–androgen, saw palmetto may affect existing hormonal therapy, including oral contraceptive pill. β-sitosterol is chemically similar to cholesterol. High levels in blood have been correlated with increased severity of heart disease in men who have previously suffered from heart attacks. 30 15  11/20/2024 Important note: Results of clinical studies indicate that saw palmetto is a potential agent for treatment of BPH. However, this is not an indication suitable for self–diagnosis and self–treatment, OTC use should be under medical supervision. 31 32 16