Pharmacognosy 2 Lecture 6: Fruits PDF

Academic Year: 2024/2025 Pharmacognosy 2 (Course Code PG203) Lecture No. (6) Fruits By Dr. Mohamed aboelmagd Department of...

Academic Year: 2024/2025 Pharmacognosy 2 (Course Code PG203) Lecture No. (6) Fruits By Dr. Mohamed aboelmagd Department of Pharmacognosy November 19, 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 1  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Lecture’s Aim To provide a comprehensive understanding of the structure, identification, and pharmacognostic importance of medicinal non-official seeds 1 Provide students with a fundamental understanding of the structure and classification of fruits in pharmacognosy. 2-Describe the macroscopic and microscopic features of fruits, helping students differentiate between various types of fruits. 3-Help students to classify fruits based on their development from different floral structures, including true fruits, false fruits, and composite fruits November 19, 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 2  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Lecture’s Competencies Understand the basic structure of fruits, including the epicarp, mesocarp, and endocarp, and their functions in fruit anatomy Recognize key macroscopic characteristics of fruits such as shape, color, surface, and scars, Classify fruits into different types, including simple fruits, aggregate fruits, and composite fruits Distinguish between true fruits (derived solely from the gynoecium) and false fruits (involving other floral parts), November 19, 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 3  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Lecture’s Contents 1-Non- umbelliferous fruits : A. Capsicum Fruit B. Nigella C. Coffee beans Calabar beans 2-Introduction of fruits November 19, 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 4  Academic Year: 2024/2025 November 19, 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 5  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Capsicum Fruit Name: Capsici Fructus; Chillies, Cayenne Pepper. Origin: It is the dried ripe fruits of Capsicum minimum. (Fam. Solanaceae). Geographical Source: Southern India and South America, but especially in Africa. November 19, 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 6  Academic Year: 2024/2025 A.C. Gingerol Capsaici n 1. Pungent principles  Capsaicinoids (oil soluble): Capsaicin , 6,7-dihydrocapsaicin , nordihydrocapsaicin Pungency is destroyed by oxidation (KMnO4 or K2Cr2O7) Pungency is not destroyed by alkalis (gingerol: pungent principle of Ginger destroyed by alkalis ) 2.. November 19, 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 7  Academic Year: 2024/2025 2. Carotenoid pigments (antioxidant). 3. Steroid glycosides (including capsicosides A,B,C, D). 4. Fixed oils and trace of volatile oil. 5. Fats, proteins, and vitamins A&C November 19, 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 8  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Uses Capsicum has been used externally as stimulant, counter irritant, rubefacient. In the form of ointment, plaster and medicated wool it is used for the relief of rheumatism and lumbago Internally used as condiment and spicy. November 19, 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 9  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Mechanism of action: The burning and painful sensations associated with capsaicin result from its chemical interaction with sensory neurons. Capsaicin, as a member of the vanilloid family, binds to a receptor called the vanilloid receptor subtype 1 (TRPV 1) November 19, 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 10  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Capsaicin Capsaicin is a strong irritant requiring proper protective goggles, respirators, and proper hazardous material handling procedures Capsaicin takes effect upon skin contact ( sensitizer), eye contact ( ingestion, and inhalation (Lung irritant, lung sensitizer) Treatment after exposure When capsaicin is ingested, cold milk is an effective way to relieve the burning sensation (due to caseins, a protein found in milk , having a detergent effect on capsaicin. November 19, 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 11  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Uses & Action & Contraindications Internally: 1) Atonic dyspepsia = indigestion & flatulence. 2) Increase metabolism of fats, reduces the appetite treatment of obesity. 3) It is used in children for thumb sucking or nail biting. November 19, 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 12  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Externally: Form: ointments & plasters Cases: Rheumatism, lumbago, and after Herpes zoster infections (postherptic neuroalgia) ‫الحزام الناري‬ Action: pain controller & counter irritant activity. MOA: of capsaicinoids : Depletion of substance P (neurotransmitter) has a little role in pain relief of capsaicin - Increase dermal blood flow + Attenuate cutaneous hypersensitivity which reduce pain via binding to vanilloid receptor subtype 1 (TRPV1) (it is a pain and heat receptor). November 19, 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 13  Academic Year: 2024/2025 November 19, 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 14  Academic Year: 2024/2025 November 19, 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 15  Academic Year: 2024/2025 November 19, 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 16  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Contraindication: 1. Externally:  Application on injured skin  Allergy to capsicum content  first application should be to a very small area of skin. 2. Internally: People with ulcers, heartburn, or gastritis Side effects: burning of mouth and throat and runny nose. Chemical test: 1. Capsaicin + FeCl3  bluish-green color 2. Capsaicin + H2SO4 + sucrose  violet color is formed after few hours November 19, 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 17  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Macroscopical characters Capsicum fruits: charcteristic odor & pungent taste & red – brown color. The fruit is true, simple, succlent, berry. The epicarp is glabrous, shining, leathery, while mesocarp is more or less translucent and succlent. Axile placentation. Dissepiment (placenta) contain up to 89% of capsaicin. November 19, 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 18  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Characters of the seed applies to the whole family members of Solanaceae. The Seed: flat, with curved embryo, either loose or attached to a thin reddish, membranous dissepiments. Outer epidermis Inner epidermis endosperm November 19, 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 19  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Powdered Capsicum Color: orange red color Odour : sternutaory. Low Taste: fiery pungent power High power 3- Clavate hair : glandular hair with multicellular glandular head and unicellular or multicellular, uniseriate stalk. Low power High power 1- islets of sclerieds of endocarp pitted, lignified polygonal elongated 2-Seed coat : very large polygonal cells having thick, sclerieds having sinous walls lignified sinuous walls and branched lumen. November 19, 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 20  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Capsicum Summary and key words fruit berries Capsaicinoids Internally: Dyspepsia, Uses Externally: Obesity Counter irritant,Lumbago Gastric ulcer Contraindications Skin injury, allergy Sclereids of the Curved epidemal seed coat embryo Islets of sclereids of November 19, 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 21 Endocarp  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Senna pods ‫قرون السنا مكي‬ Name: Senna Fruit, Senna Fructus, Senna Legumes. Origin: The dried ripe fruits of Cassia acutifolia known as Alexandrian senna pods and Cassia angustifolia known as Tinnevelly Senna Pods (Fam. Leguminosae). Endocarp fiber + Ca Non-glandular oxalate prisms tichome (CRYSTAL SHEATH ) November 19, 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 22  Academic Year: 2024/2025 A.C. 1. Hydroxyanthracene glycosides   Sennosides A - B (rhein dianthrones)  Sennosides C - D (rhein aloe-emodin hetrodianthrones)  The active constituents are located in the pericarp.  The seeds contain very little sennoside. 2. Flavonoids  derivatives of kaempferol - isorhamnetin 3. Mucilage  galactose, galacturonic acid and arabinose 4. Sugars  glucose,fructose and sucrose. November 19, 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 23  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Aloe- emodin Rhei n November 19, 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 24  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Action and Uses Treat constipation for short term  Acute cases only such as: Anal fissures, hemorrhoids After recto-anal operations Bowel clearance before: X-ray examinations and abdominal surgery. November 19, 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 25  Academic Year: 2024/2025 MOA: Sennosides are not absorbed in the upper gut but converted by the microflora of the large intestine into active aglycones (principally rhein anthrone), which exert a stimulant laxative effect on the colon (cf. psylium). Gut Microbiota rhein anthrone November 19, 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 26  Academic Year: 2024/2025 November 19, 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 27  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Contraindication 1. Treat constipation for long term  Not for chronic cases? Chronic use or abuse: electrolyte imbalance  ↓ K which can lead to disorders of heart function and muscular weakness Drug Interaction: not recommended to be taken with cardiac glycosides and diuretics (they already disturb the electrolytes slightly) November 19, 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 28  Academic Year: 2024/2025 2. Intestinal obstruction, abdominal pain of unknown origin, and acute intestinal inflammation, e.g. colitis, appendicitis. (avoid disruption of the intestine) 3. Children under 12 years of age. 4. Pregnancy and lactation 5. Side effects: Cramp and discomforts in the GIT. These require a dosage reduction. Or supplement with (Anise, Fennel) November 19, 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 29  Chronic use of Senna causes acute Academic Year:hepatitis 2024/2025and affect the kidneys November 19, 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 30  Academic Year: 2024/2025 No enough scientific reports are available of the safety of the long term usage of Senna herbal tea in slimming and weight loss. Patient are advised to perform exercise, change the lifestyle and have a balanced helathy diet. November 19, 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 31  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Chemical Test Modified Borntrager’s test: Pd + alcoholic KOH −boil dil. with H2O −filter acidify the filtrate with dil. HCl −cool few drops of H2O2 + ether −shake allow to separate  transfer the ethereal layer to clean test tube  shake with dil. NH4OH  rose-red to intense red color in the aqueous layer. November 19, 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 32  Key words andYear: Academic mind map 2024/2025 A.C.: Sennoside A, B, C, D. Name of A.C. ? Nature ? Senna Anthraquino Pods ne glycoside Use ? Stimulant Avoid in laxative pregnanc y, intestinal Constipation November 19, 2024 www.merit.edu.eg obstructio 33  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Vanilla Pod ‫فانيليا‬ Origin; consists of the cured fully grown but unripe fruits of Vanilla fragrans F: Orchidaceae Vanilla fragrans is grown in the woods of eastern Mexico, Active Constituents November 19, 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 34  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Green vanilla contains glycosides, namely glucovanillin (Vanilloside) and glucovanillic alcohol. After drying, Glucovanillic alcohol yields on hydrolysis glucose and vanillic alcohol; which converted by oxidation into vanillic aldehyde (vanillin) November 19, 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 35  Academic Year: 2024/2025 GLuco vanillin glucose Vanillin November 19, 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 36  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Allied drugs of Anise: Star-Anise Star Anise ‫اليانسون النجمي‬ Dried ripe fruit of Illicium verum F: Illiciaceae Cultivated in China Active constituents: Contains 5% volatile oil with trans-anethole Shikimic as the major constituent O acid Shikimic acid trans-anethole November 19, 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 37  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Uses Essential oil of I. verum can be used as a flavoring. The fruit extract has carminative, stomachic, stimulant, and diuretic properties. And expectorant Shikimic acid extracted from I. verum is one of the main ingredients in the antiviral drug Tamiflu used to fight avian influenza. Shikimic acid has antimicrobial, and antioxidative properties and significant anticancer potential November 19, 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 38  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Milk Thistle ‫الحليب الشوك‬ Cardui mariae fructus Names: Milk Thistle, Blessed milk thistle, St. Mary silybium, Mary thistle. Botanical origin: the ripe fruits freed from their pappus (tuft of silky hairs) of Silybum marianum.Family Asteraceae History Milk thistle was also named Mary thistle in honor of the Virgin Mary, because her breast milk was said to have fallen on the plant leaves while Jesus was breastfeeding. The name milk thistle comes from the milky white fluid that comes from the leaves when they are crushed. pappus November 19, 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 39  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Flower After fertilization Fruit after pappus removal and formation of fruit November 19, 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 40  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Active constituents: 1- Flavolignans known as Silymarin. It is a mixture of isomeric flavolignans, 2- Fixed oil, protein and sterols Silymarin (Silymarin is a complex mixture of polyphenolic molecules)is a powerful antioxidant Silibinin (known as silybin, is the major active constituent of silymarin, a semipurified fraction of silymarin) that demonstrated: Structural changes in the outer membrane of hepatocytes. Thus blocking of toxin binding sites November 19, 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 41  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Uses First drug of choice for alleviation of any liver disorder 1- Hepatoprotective Protects liver from toxins (including alcohols, carbon tetrachloride ,heavy metals, acetaminophen and poisonous mushrooms 2- Treatment of acute and chronic liver hepatitis. 3- Treatment of fatty liver, liver cirrhosis. 4- Gall bladder disorders. 5- When the liver is under stress, e.g. infection, excess alcohol and chemotherapy November 19, 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 42  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Mechanism of action of silymarin: 1. Antioxidants prevent damage of body cells caused by a chemical process called oxidation.(free radical scavenging, reduce the free radicals) 2. Anti-inflammatory effects of silymarin help to keep liver cells from swelling in response to injury. 3. Stimulation of hepatocytic regeneration and inhibition of formation of inactive fibrous tissue Silymarin has also demonstrated anti-cancer effects November 19, 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 43  Academic Year: 2024/2025 November 19, 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 44  Further reading Academic Year: 2024/2025 November 19, 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 45  Further reading Academic Year: 2024/2025 November 19, 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 46  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Black pepper ‫الفلفل االسود‬ Origin dried, unripe fruits of Piper nigrum (piperaceae) Indian plant Aromatic odor Pungent taste November 19, 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 47  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Active metabolites Pepper contains 1 2.5 % of volatile oil consists mainly of β caryophyllene ( 21.59 27.70 %), limonene 21.06 22.17 %), sabinene ( 8.5 17.6 %) Active metabolites 5 9 % of the crystalline alkaloids piperine and piperettine November 19, 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 48  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Uses Pepper was once employed in the treatment of gonorrhoea and chronic bronchitis November 19, 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 49  Academic Year: 2024/2025 November 19, 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 50  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Hawthorn berry - Fructus Crataegi ‫ زعرور األوديه‬- ‫الزعرور البري‬ Names: Hawthorn berry, Crataegus fruits, Fructus oxycanthae, Haw. Botanical origin: Hawthorn berry consists of the dried fruit of Crataegus monogyna Jaq. ( = C. oxycantha L.), Family: Rosaceae. It contains not less than 1.5% of flavonoids calculated as hyperoside. November 19, 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 51  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Active constituents: 1- oligomeric procyanidins→ leucoanthocyanidins ( based on the condensation of phenolic catechins to give molecules having from 2 – 8 monomeric units ). 2- Flavonoids : Hyperoside, vitexin 2-rhamnoside and its acetyl, and rutin. 3- Amines (with cardiotonic action). 4- Catechins and epicatechins. 5- chlorogenic acid. 6- Triterpene acids, sterols, coumaroylspermidine and purines. November 19, 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 52 Proanthocyanidins  Action & Uses Academic Year: 2024/2025 Early forms of cardiac insufficiency and angina pectoris. Pharmacologically the oligomeric procyanidins and flavonoids are the active substances responsible for the action. extracts → dilatation of the smooth muscles of the coronary vessels, → lowering the resistance and increase blood flow. The tendency towards angina is ⇊. It ↑ myocardial contractility and accelerate heart rate. (Comment). November 19, 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 53 11/19/2024 Academic Year: 2024/2025 ***not useful for acute attacks, because its effects develop quite slowly, followed continuous consumption. Hypertension, and arteriosclerosis. Nervous heart complications. Heart and circulatory disturbances November 19, 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 54  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Dosage and administration: The fruit extracts are combined with extracts from hawthorn leaf and flower. Contra-indications - Hawthorn must not be recommended for self-medication. - Not recommended during pregnancy and lactation due to potential uteroactivity. November 19, 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 55  Academic Year: 2024/2025 Long pepper Long pepper is the dried unripe fruit of Piper retrofractum P. officinarum ) and P. longum , grown in Indonesia, India and the Philippines. A.C: Alkamide Guineesine ) which is cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor and has been proposed as an attractive target for the prevention and treatment of hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis November 19, 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 56  Academic Year: 2024/2025 November 19, 2024 www.merit.edu.eg 57