Fruits Belonging to Family Umbelliferae PDF

Fruits belonging to Family Umbelliferae LOGO  LOGO Family Umbelliferae (Apiaceae) vWhere does it get its name? Umbrella-shaped inflorescence.  LOGO Family Umbell...

Fruits belonging to Family Umbelliferae LOGO  LOGO Family Umbelliferae (Apiaceae) vWhere does it get its name? Umbrella-shaped inflorescence.  LOGO Family Umbelliferae 1 Ammi visnaga 2 Ammi majus 3 Fennel 4 Anise 5 Coriander 6 Caraway  LOGO General Characters of Umbelliferous fruits vGeneral Morphological Characters: v They are usually cremocarps, each consisting of two mericarps.  LOGO General Characters of Umbelliferous fruits vGeneral Morphological Characters: v Each mericarp has two surfaces: Ø A flat surface; the ventral or commissural surface. Ø A convex surface; the dorsal surface.  LOGO General Characters of Umbelliferous fruits vGeneral Morphological Characters: v The dorsal surface shows 5 raised ridges over the vascular bundles called primary ridges.  LOGO General Characters of Umbelliferous fruits vGeneral Morphological Characters: vFour secondary ridges are present in between the primary ridges. vThe ventral surface shows 2 brownish bands over the region of the vittae. x vVittae are secretory structures producing volatile oil. v Each mericarp encloses a single seed  LOGO General Characters of Umbelliferous fruits vGeneral Histological Characters: v The epicarp: formed of polygonal cells with smooth or striated cuticle. Stomata are of anomocytic type. v The mesocarp: mostly parenchymatous, may show sclerenchyma in the form of a shell, e.g. Coriander, pitted lignified parenchyma, e.g. Anise, or reticulate parenchyma, e.g. Fennel & Ammi visnaga. x  LOGO General Characters of Umbelliferous Fruits vGeneral Histological Characters: v Each mericarp shows 5 vascular bundles in the primary ridges. v Each mericarp shows 6 schizogenous secretory ducts called vittae; 4 on the dorsal surface and 2 on the commissural surface, on both sides of the raphe. x  LOGO General Characters of Umbelliferous Fruits vGeneral Histological Characters: vVittae may be simple e.g. Fennel or branched e.g. Anise.  LOGO General Characters of Umbelliferous Fruits vGeneral Histological Characters: v The innermost layer of the mesocarp may be differentiated into porous cells (Ammi visnaga), non-porous thickened cells (Ammi majus). v Endocarp cells are divided into groups, which may be: Ø Parallel to each other (parallel arrangement). Ø Variously oriented (parquetry).  LOGO General Characters of Umbelliferous Fruits vGeneral Histological Characters: v The endosperm cells contain aleurone grains (enclosing a globoid and micro- rosette crystals of calcium oxalate).x  LOGO 1. Ammi visnaga v Origin: § The dried ripe fruits of Ammi visnaga (Fam. Umbelliferae) § Also known as toothpick fruit, due to the traditional use of the stems of the plant as toothpicks. § Color: greenish brown with a violet tinge.  LOGO 1. Ammi visnaga v Histology: v I. Pericarp: v 1. Epicarp: § formed of polygonal cells, with crystals of Ca Ox, a striated cuticle & anomocytic stomata. v 2. Mesocarp: § Composed of parenchyma traversed by vittae, and by 5 vascular bundles, forming a crescent.  LOGO 1. Ammi visnaga v Histology: § Vascular bundles: accompanied by fibers and reticulate lignified parenchyma. § The innermost layer of the mesocarp: large brown-walled cells, with thick, porous inner walls (porous layer) (diagnostic element)  LOGO 1. Ammi visnaga v Histology: v Endocarp: § Consists of narrow, tangentially elongated cells, regularly arranged in variously oriented groups (parquetry arrangement). v II. Seed: (the same for all umbelliferous fruits) § The seed coat: brownish polygonal cells, followed by a collapsed hyaline layer. x § The endosperm: thick-walled parenchyma containing fixed oil and aleurone grains. x  LOGO 1. Ammi visnaga vActive Constituents: v Bitter principles: Khellin (0.5-1%), visnagin. v Coumarin derivatives, e.g. visnadin. v Fixed oil and proteins.  LOGO 1. Ammi visnaga vTherapeutic Uses: (smooth muscle relaxant) v Kidney stones: reduces the pain by relaxing the muscles of the ureter, and helps ease the stone down into the bladder. v Asthma: safe for children. v Other respiratory conditions: bronchitis, emphysema, whooping cough. v Circulatory disturbances: helps to improve the blood supply to the heart by relaxing the coronary arteries, thus relieving angina.  LOGO 1. Ammi visnaga vChemical Test (test for khellin): v Aqueous extract gives rose red color with NaOH Boil 0.1 gm of Add 2 drops A rose red A. visnaga of the filtrate color appears with 5 ml of to NaOH within two water for a solution (1:1) minutes minute, filter  LOGO 2. Ammi majus v Origin: v The dried ripe fruits of Ammi majus (Fam. Umbelliferae) v Differences compared to Ammi visnaga: 1. Color: brownish yellow, no violet tinge. 2. Histology: non-porous layer. 3. Chemical test: negative test for khellin (aqueous extract does not give rose red color with NaOH).  LOGO 2. Ammi majus vActive Constituents: § Bitter principles: Xanthotoxin. § Coumarins. § Fixed oil and proteins. vTherapeutic Uses: § Treatment of leukodermia (vitiligo), a condition characterized by patches of the skin losing their pigment. side effect: phototoxicity § Combined herbal therapy for psoriasis.  LOGO 2. Ammi majus vTherapeutic Uses: § Treatment of leukodermia (vitiligo). § The cause of vitiligo is unknown but it is believed to be due to genetic susceptibility triggered by an environmental factor such that an autoimmune disease occurs.  LOGO 2. Ammi majus vTherapeutic Uses: § Combined herbal therapy for psoriasis. § Psoriasis is a long-lasting, noncontagious autoimmune disease characterized by raised areas of abnormal skin.  LOGO 3. Fennel v Origin: v The dried ripe fruits of Foeniculum vulgare (Fam. Umbelliferae) Fennel fruits Fennel root  LOGO 3. Fennel v Powder: § Reticulate parenchyma (diagnostic element). § Mesocarp and endocarp. § Vascular bundle. § Epicarp. § Fragments of vittae (diagnostic element for umbelliferous fruits in general). § Endosperm. v Powder: § Reticulate parenchyma. § Epicarp. § Vascular bundles. § Fragments of vittae. § Parquetry endocarp. § Endosperm.  LOGO 3. Fennel vActive Constituents: v Volatile oil (2-5%): anethole (60%), fenchone (20%). v Proteins. v Fixed oil. v Vitamins.  LOGO 3. Fennel vTherapeutic Uses: § Reduces abdominal pain, colon disorders, flatulence, and GI tract spasms. § Gripe water is a non-prescription product sold in many countries around the world to relieve colic and discomforts of infants. Gripe water contains fennel, ginger, and chamomile. § For clearing the lungs (expectorant). § Tonic for kidneys, liver, spleen.  LOGO 4. Anise v Origin: § The dried ripe fruits of Pimpinella anisum (Fam. Umbelliferae)  LOGO 4. Anise v Powder: § Pitted lignified parenchyma. § Branched vittae crossed by endocarp. § Nonglandular unicellular hairs with warty cuticle. § Vascular bundles. § Epicarp (striated cuticle). § Endosperm.  LOGO 4. Anise  LOGO 4. Anise vActive Constituents: v Volatile oil (2-3%): anethole (90%). v Flavonoid glycosides. v Proteins. v Fixed oil.  LOGO 4. Anise vTherapeutic Uses: v Digestive aid, carminative. v For respiratory conditions like sinusitis. v Combats infection and relieves mucus from air passages. v Flavoring agent and fragrance component in drugs and cosmetics (mostly substituted by star anise due to cost).  LOGO Fennel and anise as estrogenic agents vFennel and anise have been used as estrogenic agents for hundreds of years. They contain compounds known as phytoestrogens. vSpecifically, they have been used to increase milk secretion, promote menstruation and facilitate birth. vContra-indicated in hormone-sensitive conditions such as breast cancer, uterine cancer, ovarian cancer or uterine fibroids. These conditions are made worse by exposure to estrogen or phytoestrogens.