Lecture 2 Unorganised Drugs - PUA PDF

12/12/2024 UNORGANIZED DRUGS Dr. Nahla Shawky Lecturer, Faculty Of Pharmacy, Alexandria University 1...

12/12/2024 UNORGANIZED DRUGS Dr. Nahla Shawky Lecturer, Faculty Of Pharmacy, Alexandria University 1 Latex Ex: Opium Classification according to physical Extracts Ex: Agar, Gelatin Resin Juice Ex: Aloes Ex: colophony characters Resin and resin combinations Oleo-gum-resin Balsams Ex: Benzoin, Tolu Ex: Myrrh balsam Olibanum Guggul Asafoetida Gums Ex: Gum Acacia, Gum Tragacanth, Guar gum Saccharin derivatives Ex: Honey, Bee propolis, Bee venom, Royal jelly 2 1  12/12/2024 Classification according to physical characters Latex Ex: Opium Extracts Ex: Agar, Gelatin Juice Ex: Aloes Gums Ex: Gum Acacia, Gum Tragacanth, Guar gum 3 Dried Latex Opium 4 2  12/12/2024 Opium  air-dried latex obtained by incision from the unripe capsules of Papaver somniferum L.  It contains not less than 10% of morphine and not less than 2% of codeine. 6 Collection and preparation  Incision are made when the capsules are green using special knives (in the afternoon)  Incision SHOULD NOT penetrate the interior of the capsules (the endocarp).  Exuded milky latex rapidly coagulates and turn brown. 7 3  12/12/2024 Collection and preparation In next early morning, Latex is scrapped, dried and manipulated to various shapes surrounded by poppy leaves. 8 Notes:  Opium: mixture of alkaloids derived from Papaver somniferum.  An Opiate: is any of the naturally occurring narcotic alkaloids found in the opium poppy plant. e.g. morphine and codeine.  An Opioid : is any natural or synthetic compound which has morphine- like action.  e.g. the natural peptides discovered in the brain that called Endogenous opioid peptides e.g. enkephalins and endorphins. 9 4  12/12/2024 Alkaloids combined with the organic acid meconic acid. A. Phenanthrene group: 1. Morphine Most effective pain killer (cancer, before and after anaethesia).  Antiperistaltic in diarrhea (can cause constipation)  respiratory depressant (act on brain center).  It is addictive.  Eye pupil constrictor  Slight drop in temperature and sweating 10 Heroin  Diacetyl morphine  Illegal highly addictive drug  It was recommended as a morphine substitute with less respiratory depressant properties.  Unfortunately, heroin has proved to be one of the most addictive drugs known. Dependence on heroin and thus addiction occurs very quickly because of the stronger lipophilic properties of heroin that permits its passage of the blood brain barrier and thus the potent effect.  Heroin is usually injected, sniffed/snorted, or smoked 11 5  12/12/2024 Alkaloids A. Phenanthrene group: 2. codeine:  Cough sedative for dry cough (short duration of action). 12 Alkaloids B. Benzyl isoquinoline alkaloids: Papaverine:  Non addictive.  Smooth muscle relaxant (GIT, cough)  Cerebral and peripheral vasodilators. C. phenyl alkyl amines: Narceine. 13 6  12/12/2024 Test for identity  Test for meconic acid: To 1.0 g of the powdered drug add 5 ml of water, shake for 5 min and filter. To the filtrate add 0.25 ml of ferric chloride solution. A red colour develops which does not disappear on the addition of 0.5 ml of dilute hydrochloric acid. 14 Test for identity  Test for Morphine: Evaporate 1 ml of the filterate to dryness, add to the residue one drop of formaldehyde, 2 drops H2SO4, a crimson red color is produced. 15 7  12/12/2024 Classification according to physical characters Latex Ex: Opium Extracts Ex: Agar, Gelatin Juice Ex: Aloes Gums Ex: Gum Acacia, Gum Tragacanth, Guar gum 16 Extracts 1. Agar-agar (Japanese Isinglass)  The polysaccharides from various species of Rhodophyceae (red algae) mainly belonging to the genus Gelidium.  Prepared by collection, spreading on the beach to bleach, treating the algae with boiling water; the extract is filtered whilst HOT, concentrated, dried then cut. 17 8  12/12/2024 Extracts Constituents: 1. Agar-agar  Agarose: neutral jelling fraction composed of (Japanese Isinglass) alternating galactose and 3,6 anhydrogalactose.  Agaropectin: non jelling fraction but affects the viscosity of the solution, composed of uronic acid, partially esterified with sulphuric acid. 19 Chemical tests: Extracts 1. Agar-agar  Powder gives crimson red colour with N/50 (Japanese Isinglass) iodine solution.  Boil with dil. HCl and filter On the filtrate carry out the following tests:  Add few drops of BaCl2 a white ppt is formed. 20 9  12/12/2024 Extracts 1. Agar-agar (Japanese Isinglass) Uses: 1.Suspending,thickening and emulsifying agent in pharmacy. 2.Bulk laxative. 3. Nutrient media in bacteriological cultures. 4. Agarose is used for Electrophoresis, affinity and gel filteration chromatography. 22 Extracts 2. Gelatin  It is a soluble protein produced by partial hydrolysis of insoluble collagenous by-products of meat industry such as skin, bones and tendons of cattle and sheep.  Protein called glutin, containing 19 amino acids but traces of essential amino acids so it is considered as incomplete nutrient.  Must not contain chondrin. 23 10  12/12/2024 Extracts 2. Gelatin 1. Powder +soda lime yield ammonia odor. 2. Solution + tannic acid yield white ppt. 5. Test for adulteration: solution+ mineral acids should get no ppt (no chondrin). 25 Extracts 2. Gelatin  Pharmacy:  Suppositories, tablets and hard gelatin capsules.  Suspending, stabilizing and thickening agent.  Microencapsulation.  Bacteriological culture medium.  Clinical uses: Plasma substitute, haemostatic dressing. 27 11  12/12/2024 Classification according to physical characters Latex Ex: Opium Extracts Ex: Agar, Gelatin Juice Ex: Aloes Gums Ex: Gum Acacia, Gum Tragacanth, Guar gum 31  Gums are hydrocolloids either anionic or nonionic polysaccharides or salts of polysaccharides, produced by plants as a protective product after injury or unfavorable growth conditions (abnormal products).  Heterogenous polysaccharides which on hydrolysis give mixture of sugars (other than glucose)+ uronic acids.  They are formed from the cell wall by the action of enzymes. This process is called (gummosis)  Gums are insoluble in most organic solvents.  In water they either dissolve or form a viscous colloidal solution or jelly-like masses 32 12  12/12/2024 Uses  film coating agents, nanoparticles, viscous liquid formulations like ophthalmic solutions, suspensions.  viscosity enhancers, stabilisers, disintegrants, solubilisers, emulsifiers, suspending agents, gelling agents, bioadhesives and binders 33 Air-dried gummy exudate flowing naturally from or obtained by incision of the trunk and branches of Acacia senegal family leguminoseae (fabaceae). 34 13  12/12/2024 Constituents:  Arabin which is calcium salt of Arabic acid.  Arabic acid which yields upon hydrolysis: L- arabinose, D-galactose, D- glucuronic acid and L- rhamnose.  Oxidase enzyme. 35  Suspending agent.  Cough and cold preparations, externally in sore throat and wound healing preparations.  It is also used for the treatment of catarrh and diarrhea 37 14  12/12/2024 Disadvantages:  It enhances the destruction of many pharmaceutical products (phenols, vitamins…) Example cod liver oil  Why? Due to the presence of oxidase enzyme 39  Air-dried gummy exudate flowing naturally or obtained by incision from trunk and branches of Astragalus gummifer Fam. Leguminoseae (Fabaceae). 40 15  12/12/2024 Constituents:  Water soluble fraction: Tragacanthin (contain NO methoxyl groups).  Water insoluble fraction: Bassorin (contain about 5% methoxyl groups). 41 Uses: Suspending agent, binder in tablet, in cosmetics. Tragacanth solutions are highly viscous with a very long shelf life without loss of viscosity. A component of denture adhesives. Acts as emollient and demulcent Preferred in highly acidic conditions as it is highly resistant to acids. 43 16  12/12/2024 Tests Gum acacia Gum tragacanth N/50 I2 is a test for adulteration with olive green Starch, dextrin and agar (no blue or reddish color) Lead acetate ----------------------------------- White ppt Borax test Stiff mass -------------------- Test for Bluish turquoise colour ------------------------ oxidase enzyme 44  Obtained by grinding endosperm of Cyamopsis tetragonolobus Leguminoseae seed.  Water sol. Galactomannan polysaccharide on hydrolysis yield galactose + mannose.  Protein, saponin.  Whitish powder forms gel with water even in very low conc. 45 17  12/12/2024 Uses:  Tablet binder, suspending agent.  Managing blood glucose.  laxative  Promotes weight loss. causing a sense of fullness Adverse reactions:  Flatulence.  Affect absorption of concomitantly administered drugs.  Esophageal obstruction. 46 Classification according to physical characters Latex Ex: Opium Extracts Ex: Agar, Gelatin Juice Ex: Aloes Gums Ex: Gum Acacia, Gum Tragacanth, Guar gum 47 18  12/12/2024 Juices are fluid plant saps composed of aqueous liquid containing dissolved substances. They are usually present in cells (e.g. Aloes) or cavities ( e.g. orange). After collection they are dried by evaporation of the water contents Juices 48 Juices 1.Aloes  The concentrated and dried juice of the leaves of various Aloe species family Liliaceae.  It contains not less than 28% of hydroxy anthracene derivatives, expressed as barbaloin. 49 19  12/12/2024 Juices 1.Aloes The Aloe juice is prepared by cutting the leaf transversely. The collected juice is then boiled for concentration 50 Juices 1.Aloes 51 20  12/12/2024 Juices 1.Aloes Chemical tests: Bornträger test: The aglycones give rose red color. Modified Bornträger test: Oxidative hydrolysis using FeCl3/HCl yield the free aglycones. 53 Juices 1.Aloes Uses: Stimulant laxative but it causes gripping effect (carminative or antispasmodic drug is used). Antiseptic and antibacterial. The fresh juice is used to heal burns Tincture benzoin co: mixture of Benzoin, Aloes, Storax and Tolu balsam. Uses as antimicrobial for respiratory disorders. Side effects and precautions (same as Senna) 54 21