Pharmaceutical Chemistry Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which constituent is derived from hydrolysis of Arabic acid?

  • D-mannose
  • L-arabinose (correct)
  • L-xylose
  • D-fructose

    • What is one disadvantage of using the oxidase enzyme present in certain preparations?

  • It enhances the destruction of certain pharmaceutical products. (correct)
  • It improves shelf life capabilities.
  • It enhances the therapeutic effect.
  • It increases the viscosity of solutions.

    • Which substance is known to contain about 5% methoxyl groups?

  • Bassorin (correct)
  • L-arabinose
  • Tragacanthin
  • Arabic acid

    • In which conditions is Tragacanth preferred due to its chemical properties?

    <p>Highly acidic conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a use of Tragacanth?

    <p>Antibiotic preparation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum concentration of morphine required in opium?

    <p>10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be avoided when making incisions in opium capsules?

    <p>Penetrating the endocarp</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substance rapidly coagulates and turns brown when exuded?

    <p>Milky latex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of codeine in opium?

    <p>It is a narcotic alkaloid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which alkaloids are derived from Papaver somniferum?

    <p>Opiates like morphine and codeine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process is conducted on the latex collected in the morning?

    <p>It is scraped, dried, and manipulated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines an opioid in contrast to opiates?

    <p>Opioids include natural and synthetic compounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What group are morphine and codeine classified into?

    <p>Phenanthrene group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of agar-agar in pharmacy?

    <p>Suspending, thickening, and emulsifying agent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following indicates that agar-agar is present in a sample when tested with N/50 iodine solution?

    <p>Crimson red color</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is gelatin primarily derived from?

    <p>Insoluble collagenous by-products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of nutrient is gelatin primarily considered to be?

    <p>Incomplete nutrient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemical test can be used to detect gelatin?

    <p>Soda lime to yield ammonia odor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a use of agarose?

    <p>Thickening agent in soups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs if gelatin is mixed with mineral acids?

    <p>No turbidity observed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the significant clinical uses of gelatin?

    <p>Haemostatic dressing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant characteristic of morphine regarding its effects on respiration?

    <p>It causes respiratory depression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes heroin?

    <p>It is a synthetic compound derived from morphine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does papaverine play among the alkaloids mentioned?

    <p>It's a smooth muscle relaxant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is dependence on heroin typically established?

    <p>Due to its lipophilic properties allowing easy brain entry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition might be treated with codeine as mentioned in the content?

    <p>Dry cough.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial step in the test for meconic acid as described?

    <p>Shake the powdered drug with water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about heroin is incorrect?

    <p>Heroin is legal in many countries.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Among these effects, which is NOT associated with morphine?

    <p>Pupil dilation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called that leads to the formation of gums in plants after injury?

    <p>Gummosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a use of gums mentioned?

    <p>Antioxidants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of gums makes them generally insoluble in organic solvents?

    <p>They are hydrophobic in nature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following examples is classified as a gum?

    <p>Gum Tragacanth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are gums primarily produced as in response to?

    <p>Plant injury</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of juices as described?

    <p>They are fluid plant saps composed of aqueous liquid containing dissolved substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of polysaccharide are gums classified as?

    <p>Heterogeneous polysaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required for preparing Aloe juice?

    <p>The leaf must be cut transversely and the juice boiled for concentration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these types of solutions can gums form when mixed with water?

    <p>Viscous colloidal solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plant species is known for yielding a type of gum exudate?

    <p>Acacia senegal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemical test involves aglycones turning a rose red color?

    <p>Bornträger test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of hydroxy anthracene derivatives does Aloe juice contain?

    <p>Not less than 28%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of substances can be found in juice extracted from plants?

    <p>Aqueous liquid with dissolved substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method is used to achieve the free aglycones in the modified Bornträger test?

    <p>Oxidative hydrolysis using FeCl3/HCl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main use of latex as indicated in the classification?

    <p>As an adhesive and source of rubber</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following substances is correctly classified as an extract?

    <p>Opium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Unorganized Drugs

    • Classification is based on physical characteristics
    • Latex: Opium
    • Extracts: Agar, Gelatin
    • Juice: Aloes
    • Resin and resin combinations
    • Balsams: Benzoin, Tolu balsam
    • Gums: Gum Acacia, Gum Tragacanth, Guar gum
    • Saccharin derivatives: Honey, Bee propolis, Bee venom, Royal jelly
    • Resin: Colophony
    • Oleo-gum-resin: Myrrh, Olibanum, Guggul, Asafoetida

    Opium

    • Air-dried latex from unripe Papaver somniferum L. capsules
    • Contains at least 10% morphine and 2% codeine
    • Collection and preparation:
      • Incisions made on green capsules in the afternoon
      • Milk latex rapidly coagulates and turns brown
    • Opium is a mixture of alkaloids derived from Papaver somniferum
    • An Opiate: Naturally occurring narcotic alkaloids in opium poppy plant (e.g., morphine, codeine)
    • An Opioid: Any natural or synthetic compound with morphine-like action (e.g., enkephalins, endorphins)

    Alkaloids

    • Combined with meconic acid

    • Phenanthrene group:

      • Morphine: Most effective pain killer (cancer, pre/post-anesthesia), antiperistaltic (constipation), respiratory depressant, addictive, constricts pupils, slightly lowers temperature
      • Heroin (Diacetyl morphine): Illegal highly addictive substitute for morphine, strongly lipophilic, rapidly crosses the blood-brain barrier, highly addictive

    • Benzyl isoquinoline alkaloids:

      • Papaverine: Non-addictive, smooth muscle relaxant (GIT, cough), cerebral and peripheral vasodilator

    • Phenyl alkyl amines:

      • Narceine

    Tests for Identity

    • Meconic acid:
      • Combine 1g powdered drug with 5ml water, shake, and filter
      • To filtrate add 0.25ml ferric chloride solution
      • Red color develops, which doesn’t disappear upon addition of 0.5ml dilute hydrochloric acid
    • Morphine:
      • Evaporate 1ml filtrate to dryness
      • Add 1 drop formaldehyde and 2 drops H₂SO₄ to residue
      • Crimson red color production

    Extracts

    • Agar-agar (Japanese Isinglass):
      • Polysaccharides from various species of Rhodophyceae (red algae), mainly genus Gelidium
      • Collected, bleached, treated with boiling water, concentrated, dried, then cut
      • Constituents: Agarose (neutral gelling), Agaropectin (non-gelling, affects viscosity), component of uronic acid, partially esterified with sulphuric acid
      • Uses: Suspending/thickening agent, emulsifier, laxative, bacteriological cultures, electrophoresis/chromatography gel filtration
    • Gelatin:
      • Soluble protein produced via hydrolysis from insoluble collagenous by-products of meat industry (skin, bones, tendons)
      • Contains protein called glutin, 19 amino acids, but lacks some essential amino acids and is thus incomplete as a nutrient
      • Uses: Suppositories, tablets, hard gelatin capsules, suspending agent, stabilizing agent, thickening agent, microencapsulation, bacteriological culture medium, plasma substitute, hemostatic dressing

    Gums

    • Hydrocolloids, either anionic or nonionic
    • Polysaccharides, produced by plants as protective products or in unfavorable growth conditions
    • Heterogenous polysaccharides with various sugars on hydrolysis (besides glucose)
    • Formed from cell walls through enzymatic action (gummosis)
    • Insoluble in most organic solvents
    • Gelling agents and suspending agents, useful in suspensions, film coatings, etc
    • Gum Acacia:
      • Air-dried gummy exudate from Acacia senegal (Fabaceae)
      • Constituents: Arabic acid (e.g., calcium salt of Arabic acid), hydrolysis yields L-arabinose, D-galactose, D-glucuronic acid, L-rhamnose, oxidase enzyme
      • Uses: Suspending agent, cough and cold preparations, wound healing, catarrh and diarrhea treatment
    • Gum Tragacanth:
      • Air-dried gummy exudate from Astragalus gummifer (Fabaceae)
      • Constituents: Tragacanthin (water-soluble), bassorin (water-insoluble, contains methoxyl groups)
      • Uses: Suspending agent, binder in cosmetics, solutions with high viscosity, highly resistant to acidity -Guar Gum:
      • Obtained from Cyamopsis tetrogonolobus Leguminoseae seeds
      • Components: Galactomannan polysaccharide via hydrolysis that yields galactose and mannose, protein, saponin
      • Uses: Tablet binder, suspending agent, laxative, handling blood glucose

    Juices

    • Fluid plant saps
    • Aqueous liquid with dissolved substances in cells, cavities (orange/aloe)
    • Dried by water evaporation
    • Aloe:
      • Concentrated and dried juice from Aloe species (Liliaceae)
      • Contains hydroxy anthracene derivatives (e.g., barbaloin) above 28%
      • Uses: Stimulant laxative (gripping effect, carminative/antispasmodic), antiseptic, antibacterial, wound healing, burns, treats respiratory disorders

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    Lecture 2 Unorganised Drugs - PUA PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the composition and uses of various substances in pharmaceutical chemistry, such as opium, Tragacanth, and gelatin. This quiz covers key concepts and properties relevant to the field of pharmacy, including the analysis of hydrolysis products and the roles of different alkaloids.

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