Lecture 2 - During Rizal's Time PDF

Pamantasan ng lungsod ng Valenzuela Department of Social Studies Riz1 – Life and Works of Rizal Mr. Angelo P. Porciuncula, LPT, MAPS...

Pamantasan ng lungsod ng Valenzuela Department of Social Studies Riz1 – Life and Works of Rizal Mr. Angelo P. Porciuncula, LPT, MAPS Lesson 2: During Rizal’s Time *How Jose Rizal Became Possible in the 19th Century I. The World During the 19th Century Valenzuela (2014) and Zaide (2015) 1. United States of America § US Civil War (1861-1865) § President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, as the nation approached its third year of bloody civil war. The proclamation declared "that all persons held as slaves" within the rebellious states "are, and hence forward shall be free.” - (racial issue, enfranchisement and acquiring American citizenship) § Racial issue (“negroes” were subject to slavery by the “whites”; Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Stowe) § rapid industrialization § The next superpower after Spain according to Rizal 2. England / Great Britain § Great Britain (England, Scotland, Wales) § under the reign of Queen Victoria (1837-1901) it has transformed into European superpower wherein the African continent was their main target § mother of all parliamentary governments § Reforms such as Reform Bill of 1867 (voting rights to the laborers were extended); Education Act of 1870 (free education to all British students) § Organization of worker unions were allowed (workers’ rights and privileges) § One of the leading imperialists in the world § Colonies: (Asia-Sri Lanka, Singapore, Bangladesh, Burma, Brunei, India, British HongKong, Pakistan) Egypt, Australia, New Zealand 3. Italy § Major tourist spot (magnificent churches and plaza) § unified with Germany § Headed by Count Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi, and the “Red Shirts” outdo the Austrian and French forces from Italy § Lavished with several kingdoms worked by the unification efforts of King Immanuel II (except the Vatican City – a state within the sovereign territory in Italy proclaimed under the Lateran Treaty of 1929) and have chosen Rome as its capital 4. Germany § Once named into Prussia § led the unification by Otto von Bismarck § Attacked France in 1870 § Military domination was quite strong § 1871 when William I was crowned emperor of Germany § Colonies: (Pacific – Palau Islands, Northern Marianas, Caroline Islands) some parts of Africa 5. France § After the French Revolution in 1789, the empire continued the rise of the power of Emperor Napoleon III and was defeated by Germany in 1871 by Ottoman von Bismarck § Invaded Vietnam with the help of Filipino forces under the Spanish regime, unified with Cambodia(1863)and Laos (1893) known as the French Indochina _____________________________________________________________________________________________ *Sub heading was taken from Chapter 1 of Dumol & Camposanos’ (2018) book “The Nation as Project” **words directly translated from the Prologue of Zaide, G. & Zaide, S. (2015). Jose Rizal: Buhay, mga ginawa at mga sinulat ng isang henyo, manunulat, siyentipiko, at pambansang bayani. All Nations Publishing Co. Inc. pp.x-xxvii  6. India § Governed by Mogul empire wherein Sepoy soldiers staged a mutiny and murdered some British commanders of the army that time § Thus, British authorities hired loyal Indian soldiers to disintegrate the Mogul empire then re- establish again the British colonialism in India 7. China § one of the oldest trade partners of the Philippines § Ruled by Manchu Dynasty when Taiping rebellion happened between 1852 to 1864 § Fragmented by the foreign powers particularly managed in whole or partial by Italy, France and Great Britain § Russia also took some islands under Sino-Russian War in the early 1900 § Conflict with Mongolia § Opium War before Rizal was born in 1861 became one of the economic turmoil wherein Hongkong was surrendered under several treaties and agreements About the Opium War >>> Opium Wars: Great Britain vs China - Animated History (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f32MPPBJOjU) 8. Singapore § known for its ports that time wherein merchant and passenger ships loaded and unloaded goods from place to place § Founded by the British Sir Stamford Raffles in 1819 § Attained independence and established the state after the separation from the Federation of Malaya in 1965 ** II. The Philippines of Rizal’s Times § Framework of Discussion – various factors that lead to Rizal’s nationalism and heroism. Certain factor may be interconnected to other factors. § Background about how the Spanish Colonial Political and Social System see: Creation of Pueblos and key ideas relevant to initial colonial invasion https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9YPYmoKdHws § Key Concepts to consider – reduccion, pueblo, plaza complex, encomienda, tribute, polo, bandala ECONOMIC FACTORS 1. End of Galleon Trade (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8_ik78ujIbE) started 1565; also known as nao de China Route: Manila – Acapulco- Seville Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade ended in 1815 before Mexico gained independence from Spain in 1821 Economic and Cultural influences and impact Joined by influential Spanish and Foreign traders, Principales (native upper class), colonial officials and religious corporations and organizations (their privileged because of indulto de comercio ) Did not help the local economy boleta – ticket to join the galleon trade Obras Pias – provided financial assistance (capital) to engage in the trade owned by the Church  1813 when it was abolished; abolished to open opportunity for expansion for worldwide trade Real Situado – subsidiya o tulong na ibinibigay ng Mexico sa Pilipinas Luzon Visayas Colonial Society Maginoo Datu à Principales Timawa Timawa Alipin Oripun Indio a. Namamahay a. Tumataban – on call - baptized Christian natives b. Sagigilid b. Tumarampuk – 1 day service c. Ayuey - 3 days service 2. Opening of the Suez Canal opened Worldwide Trading in 1834 located in the Mediterranean Area Agent of Liberal Ideology; spread of news from other countries Ease of Travel from the Pacific to Europe 3. Instability of Colonial Administration Since the turbulent reign of King Ferdinand VII (1808-1833) marked the political chaos in Spain Struggle between forces of despotism and liberalism From 1834-1862, Spain has adopted 4 constitutions, elected 28 parliaments and installed no less than 529 ministers with portfolios Party strife, revolutions and other political upheavals POLITICAL STRUCTURE OF THE SPANISH COLONIAL GOVERNMENT King of Spain Governor General Representative of the King Functions: Executive and Judicial Head of the Real Audiencia (Highest Court) Residencia – power to investigate the performance of the governor-general to be replaced Provincial Government City Government Alcaldia Ayuntamiento (Alcalde-Mayor) Corregimiento (Cabildo) or City Council Counterpart of the current (Corregidor) Alcalde-Mayor governor Corregimiento are those places that was not Regidores (Councilors) developed and residents are not yet pacified or Aguacil Mayor (Head Constable baptized / Sheriff) Escribano (Scribe/ Secretary) Pueblo (Town) Barrio (Gobernadorcillo) (Cabeza de Barangay) The highest position that with a native blood can assume, occupied by Principales Barrio (Cabeza de Barangay)  4. Rise of Export Crop and Monopoly Export of Abaca (Manila Hemp) and Coffee to foreign trade European imported goods in Philippine market Monopoly contracting Sugar, abaca and tobacco Created more opportunities for Chinese migrants than the natives 5. Land Ownership Encomienda – land reward by the King of Spain to his loyal servants; right to collect tribute in a particular place Became an agent of pacification and exploitation among the natives Encomienda is used for ease of paying tribute (tax) Encomendero – land custodian, collector of taxes 3 Types of Encomienda (Santiago et al., 2012; Griplado et al., 2009) 1. Encomienda de la real corona / realanga tribute was offered to the king thru the alcalde-mayor ; (Land of the King) includes primary towns and ports 2. Encomienda Ecclesiastical tribute was offered to the Church 3. Encomienda Privado / encomienda de tribute goes to private individuals or institutions; given to particulares those who were close and loyal to the king and those who have helped in the process of colonization When executed in Visayas by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, the encomenderos were allowed to collect taxes that costs around 8 reals to indios aged 16-60 years old. To avoid the punishments and penalties, some Filipinos excluded themselves and went to the mountains, they are known as the remontados or tulisanes for the Spaniards. Hacienda – land gift to religious congregations Haciendas are agricultural lands Inquilino – land custodians, at some instances they are paid custodians Many farmers /peasants became part of this system, and farming became part of their lives because of this system they were not allowed to transfer their residence to other lands, and residency to one land became permanent Friars were the richest landlords belonging to different religious orders Friars obtained royal titles of ownership from the Spanish crown 1768, Governor Anda, realizing the danger of friar-owned lands to Filipino-Spanish relations, strongly recommended to the Madrid government the sale of friar estates Rizal, were tenants of the Dominican estates of Calamba POLITICAL FACTORS 1. Bourbon Reforms changes to the structure of the administration, to strengthen the power of the Spanish state, and increase revenues for the crown reforms were intended to stimulate manufacturing and technology to modernize Spain 2. Liberalism and Rise of Nationalism political doctrine that takes protecting and enhancing the freedom of the individual to be the central problem of politics Liberals typically believe that government is necessary to protect individuals from being harmed by others, but they also recognize that government itself can pose a threat to liberty One of the reasons that resulted in Cavite Mutiny of 1872 Governor-General Carlos Ma. Dela Torre – a liberal governor-general that provided and planned for better livelihood opportunities to the indios; allegedly influenced the organizers of Cavite Mutiny of 1872 Guias dela Dela Torre – followers of Gov. Gen. Carlos Ma. Dela Torre 3. Feudal System The Philippines is considered a feudal society because of its agricultural setting Rampant racism and discrimination Patron-Client Relationship  4. Corrupt Colonial Officials 16th to 18th centuries colonial officials were far different from the 19th century corrupt, incompetent, cruel and venal Not the Spain of Siglo de Oro 5. Philippine Representation in the Spanish Cortes 1810- 1813 – 1st period of representation Ventura delos Reyes – first delegate; took active participation in framing of the 1812 Constitution of Spain; first democratic constitution; abolition of galleon trade 1820-1823 – 2nd period of representation 1834 – 1837 – 3rd period of representation Graciano Lopez Jaena fought for this right but did not succeed 6. Human Rights were denied to Indios 7. Inequality before the Law Heavier punishments for those who belong to the lower class; “The provision of the penal code that a heavier penalty will be imposed on the Indio or mestizo irritates me exceedingly, because it signifies that every person not born white is in fact a latent criminal. This is the very great injustice that seems enormous and unjust for being embodied in law.” – Ferdinand Blumentritt 8. Maladministration of Justice SOCIO-CULTURAL FACTORS / SITUATION 1. Social Stratification Peninsulares – full blooded Spaniards born in Spain Insulares – full blooded Spaniards born in the Spanish colonies Tornatras – person of mixed Spanish, Chinese and Austronesian descent Mestizo de Español – person of mixed Spanish and Austronesian descent Mestizo de Sangley – person of mixed Chinese and Austronesian ancestry Principales – native upper class Indio – natives; full-blooded Austronesian, Christian baptized Moro – natives; full-flooded Austronesian Muslims Infidel / Infieles – outside the colonial system or social order 2. Oppressive and Inhumane Society Polo y Servicio (Prestacion Personal) – force labor; started on 1580; performed native men and mestizos aged 16 to 60 for 40 days; falla – payment to exempt from polo y servicio; amount – ½ reals per day for 4o days - The Gobernadorcillo, Cabeza de Barangay, and other members of the principalia were exempted from polo and falla Bandala (compras reales) forced selling of products Unjust Manual Labor  Tribute / Cedula – taxes 3 Types of Tributes 1. Direct – taxes on income 2. Indirect – included in bandala and taxes of Aduana (customs) 3. monopoly from non-basic products (basi, tobacco) Other forms of Taxes imposed to indios - Samboangan / Donativo de Zamboanga – tax to stop the invasion of the Moros - Vinta (1781-1851) – tax to protect from pirates in Pampanga and Bulacan - Sanctorum – tax paid to the local church - Caja de communal – tax collected (1 real) for the town expenses on construction of roads, repairs and improvement of some buildings used by the public - Diezmos prediales – amounting to the 1/10 of the produce from the land cultivated by farmers Guardia Civil – Spanish constabulary 3. Racial Discrimination RELIGIOUS FACTORS / SITUATIONS Secularization - a process by which the society is slowly transforming from that having close identification with the religious institution to a more separated relationship advocated the right of the Filipino secular clergy over the assignment of parishes rather than giving them to the newly arrived Spanish friars in the country Padre Pedro Pelaez – founder of the secularization movement Secular vs. Regular Secular – with parishes under the diocese Regular – better known as missionaries, belonging to a religious congregation >>> To have a concrete picture about the situation particularly on secularization and its relevance to the life of Dr. Jose Rizal, it is suggested to watch – Gomburza (2023) by Pepe Diokno, Jesuit Communications, MQuest Ventures, and CMB Film Services, and distributed by MQ Worldwide and Solar Pictures References: 1. Valenzuela E. (2014). Rizal and Other Heroes Their Relevance in Modern Filipino Nationalism. Unlimited Books Library Services and Publishing Inc. 2. Santiago, A. et al. (2012). Kasaysayan at pamahalaan ng Pilipinas. Joes Publishing 3. Griplado, E. et al (2009). Kasaysayan ng Filipinas at mga institusyong Filipino. Sentro ng Wikang Filipino, UP Diliman 4. Boncan, C. et al (2010). Kabihasnang Pilipino: Kasaysayan at pamahalaan. Vibal Publishing House 4. Zaide et al.(1997). JOSE RIZAL: Buhay, Mga Ginawa at mga sinulat ng isang Henyo, Manunulat, Siyentipiko, at Pambansang Bayani.All Nations Publishing Co. 5. Dumol & Camposanos (2018). The nation as project. Vibal Publishing House 5. Xiao Chua. (August 20, 2020). Xiao Time: Reduccion Part 1, Ang Pagpaplano sa mga Pueblo [Video].Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9YPYmoKdHws 6. Xiao Chua. (May 30, 2020). Xiao Time: Kalakalang Galyon o Galleon Trade [Video]. Youtube. (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8_ik78ujIbE) 7. History on Maps. (October 9, 2020). Opium Wars: Great Britain vs. China- Animated History [Video]. Youtube. (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f32MPPBJOjU)