RIZL111 - Week 2: The Philippines in the 19th Century (PDF)

THE PHILIPPINES IN THE 19TH CENTURY AS RIZAL'S CONTEXT unit 2 LEARNING OUTCOMES 1. Analyze the various social, political, economic, and cultural changes that occurred in the 19th century 2. Understand Jose Rizal in the context of his times CONDITIONS OF THE CENTURY BEFORE THE BIRTH OF JO...

THE PHILIPPINES IN THE 19TH CENTURY AS RIZAL'S CONTEXT unit 2 LEARNING OUTCOMES 1. Analyze the various social, political, economic, and cultural changes that occurred in the 19th century 2. Understand Jose Rizal in the context of his times CONDITIONS OF THE CENTURY BEFORE THE BIRTH OF JOSE RIZAL: 1 More than 300 years of Spanish Suppressive colonial rule Several attempts, through 2 revolts or uprisings by the natives to drive the foreign rulers were all futile 3 The lack of unity and nationalism seemed to be the culprit  PHILIPPINES UNDER SPAIN The Philippines was discovered by Spain under the FERDINAND MAGELLAN expedition on March 17, 1521. He was sent by king Charles I. With Spain and Portugal competing on claims over the Moluccas and the Philippine Islands, the Spaniards were only able to return to the Philippines in 1543 under the expedition of Ruy Lopez de Villalobos who named the islands as “Filipinas”. The Villalobos expedition exacted the location of the Philippines.  THE CONQUEST In 1565, Miguel Lopez de Legazpi was sent to the Philippines by Phillip II, the new king of Spain, and also Portugal. Legazpi became the first Governor General of the Philippines. He also established the Encomienda system. Likewise, he founded the city of Manila under Spain in 1571 after taking it from Rajah Sulayman.  POLITICAL CONDITION Viceroy of Mexico - ruled the Philippines indirectly as the representative of the Spanish King Governor General - heads the nationals government. chief executive in the whole archipelago head of the state & church commander in chief of the military as the power to pardon prisoners & to decide about the issues in the country power of cumplace Visitador & Residencia Alkalde Mayor - head in the provincial level his power is limited in the province but it is the same with the Governor General Gobernadorcillo - head of the town or pueblo his power is limited in the town but it is the same with the Governor General Indulto de Comercio Cabeza de Barangay - head of the barrio government Gobernadorcillo & Cabeza de Barangay are the only positions a Filipino can have in the Spanish Colonial period Must be 23 years old and above Must be educated at least owns a 500 pesos worth of property/money SUPREMACY OF THE SPANISH FRIARS The religious orders had a huge contribution in the colonization process which is why the frailocracy had a lot of power Friars could control the society & Governor General Regular priest were able to control the different parishes and had dominion over the Secular priests (Filipino priests) the enemy of the church will be considered as the enemy of the government ABUSES OF THE SPANISH GOVERNTMENT OFFICIALS The excessive power & privileges made the governor generals weak & undisciplined punishes those who aren’t happy with his administration gives too much favors to his friends & family The provincial government, headed by the alcalde mayor, was the most corrupt branch of the government  CORRUPT GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS IN THE 19TH CENTURY Gen. Rafael de Izquierdo (1871-1873) - gave the order to kill GOMBURZA Admiral Jose Malcampo (1874-1877) - he was a great soldier but as a governor general, his administration was weak due to his incompetency Gen. Fernando Primo de Rivera - took the position twice; 1880-1883 & 1897-1898 --took bribes from casino operators in Manila Gen. ValerianoWeyler (1888-1891) -a cruel and corrupt official; a tyrant who killed the Calamba tenants and is called the Butcher by the Cubans Gen. Camilo de Polavieja (1896-1897) - ordered the execution of Dr. Jose Rizal  ENCONMIENDA a system of landholding wherein POLICIES IMPOSED BY individuals loyal to Spain were granted land as trustees THE COLONIZERS ISOLATION POLICY the natives were banned from engaging in any form of intercourse POLO with their Asian neighbors. the enforced or compulsory manual labor required for every male native DIVIDE AND RULE between 16 to 60 years of age. the colonizers provoked the natives FALLA refers to payment exacted by to fight among themselves thus, anyone to be exempted from work strengthening their hold of power TRIBUTE tax imposed on every individual FRAILOCRACY or family to pay to the colonial the rule of the friars or the government as a symbol of clergy vassalage to Spain  SOME OF THE FILIPINO REVOLTS AGAINST SPANISH RULE  16th CENTURY Lakandula and Sulayman Revolt (1574) or the Tagalog revolt against the Legazpi and Lavezares administrations. Pampanga Revolt (1585) of Datus against Encomenderos Conspiracy of the Maharlikas in Tondo (1587-1588) The Cagayan and Dingras Revolts Against Tribute (1589) Magalat Revolt (1596) led by Magalat, a Cagayano rebel  17th CENTURY Igorot Revolt (1601) against conversion to Christianity Bancao Revolt (1621-1622) for religious freedom in Leyte Sumuroy Revolt (1649-50) of Warays of Northern Samar Maniago Revolt (1660-1661) in Pampanga against friar and government abuses Malong Revolt (1660-1661) in Pangasinan w/ Maniago Chinese Resistance of 1662 against pirate Koxinga Panay Revolt (1663) by Tapar a religious pagan. Zambal(es) Revolt (1681-1683) by Chieftains  18th CENTURY Agrarian Revolt of 1745 of Batangas, Laguna and Cavite Dagohoy Rebellion of 88 years (1744-1829) in Bohol. Diego & Gabriela Silang Revolt (1762-1763) in Ilocos Palaris Revolt (1762-1764) during the British invasion  19th CENTURY Novales Revolt (1823) in Manila against peninsulares Palmero Conspiracy (1828) a failed plot against Spain Hermano Pule Religious Revolt (1840-1843) in Tayabas  Causes of the Filipinos’ Defeat 1. Disunity because of lack of national identity. The divide and rule strategy was an obstacle. 2. Loyalty crisis because of ethnic differences 3. Self-interest 4. Lack of preparation and training 5. Absence of sufficient weapons and firepower 6. Geographical isolation and separation 7. Communication gap due to language differences EVENTS LEADING TO THE CHANGE OF GOVERNMENT SYSTEM Intellectual Revolution (Enlightenment) Industrial Revolution Age of Explorations and Discoveries The Opening of the Philippines to World Trade  AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT Enlightenment, French (literally “century of the Enlightened”), a European intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th centuries in which ideas concerning God, reason, nature, and humanity were synthesized into a worldview that gained wide assent in the West and that instigated revolutionary developments in art, philosophy, and politics. Central to Enlightenment thought were the use and celebration of reason, the power by which humans understand the universe and improve their own condition. The goals of rational humanity were considered to be knowledge, freedom, and happiness. The Enlightenment was both a movement and a state of mind. The term represents a phase in the intellectual history of Europe, but it also serves to define programs of reform in which influential literati, inspired by a common faith in the possibility of a better world, outlined specific targets for criticism and proposals for action.  THE ENLIGHTENMENT OF EUROPE IN THE PHILIPPINES 16 to 17ᵗʰ Century Exploration. A period of expansion for Western colonizers for Spain and Portugal that produced the likes of Christopher Columbus, Vasco de Gama, Bartholomew Diaz and Ferdinand Magellan in quest of gold, evangelization and power. Reformation of the Protestants and the Counter-Reformation of the Catholics. The Scientific Revolution and the rise of Copernicus, Gallileo and Newton. The Renaissance, the revival of the arts and humanities rediscovering the knowledge of the Greeks and the Roman. It was the rise of masters Michelangelo and Leonardo de Vinci. 18 th century Enlightenment The Rights for Women Growth of Literacy and Reading. The age for the printing press The rise of modern philosophers like John Locke, writers and artists Discussions on life, liberty and equality Promotes progress, secularization and individualism Society became anti divine right, favored the separation of church and state, and the proliferation of social classes The emancipation of black slaves in the United States by President Lincoln. 19ᵗʰ ᶜᵉⁿᵗᵘʳʸ 1821. Mexican independence from Spain resulting to loss of trade in the Pacific. 1834. Opening of the Philippines to World Trade by Spain. Natives started to engage in trade. More Chinese migration to the country. Influx of European influence. The Enlightenment reached the Indios. Education of the Natives like Burgos, del Pilar, etc. The rise of the educated middle class the ILUSTRADOS  INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION The Industrial Revolution was a period of major industrialization that took place during the late 1700s and early 1800s. The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain and quickly spread throughout the world; This time period saw the mechanization of agriculture and textile manufacturing and a revolution in. power, including steam ships and railroads, that effected social, cultural and economic conditions. AGE OF EXPLORATION AND DISCOVERIES What Was the Age of Exploration or the Age of Discovery? The Age of Exploration is an informally defined period of European history when overseas exploration became a major part of European culture.  This era began in the late 1400’s and lasted through the 1700’s. It is responsible for influencing European culture, initiating globalization, and introducing colonialism around the world. For many Europeans, the Age of Exploration signifies a time when new lands were discovered. However, for many others, the Age of Exploration is remembered as a time their lands were invaded and settled by newcomers.  OPENING THE PHILIPPINES TO THE WORLD TRADE The world turns its eyes on the Philippines when, the Royal Company of the Philippines, or in Spanish, the Real Compaña de Filipinas Governor-General Félix Berenguer de Marquina recommended that the King of Spain to open Manila to world commerce. Furthermore, the bankruptcy of the Real Compaña de Filipinas (Royal Company of the Philippines) catapulted the Spanish king to open Manila to world trade. In a royal decree issued on September 6, 1834, the privileges of the company were revoked and the port of Manila was opened to trade. Because Manila was a great harbor (the shape of the bay protected trade boats from rough waters) it became one of the best cities to trade with, luring American, British and other European and Asian merchants to its shores. As a result, Spain’s economic supremacy lost its footing in the region. Modern methods of production and transportation, notably sugar mills and steamships, opened the Philippines for economic development. British, French, Dutch, and North American traders began to demand Philippine agricultural products, including sugar, cigars, and abaca (Manila hemp). Sugar became the leading export crop Impact of Opening the Port to World Trade to All Filipinos When world trades open to the Philippines, it has caused for the Spaniards to sell more product to other countries. Since the materials came from the Philippines, they use our resources and do not repay us. As they sell more things we grow to have less resources. But the positive is that our economy increases. The economy of the Philippines rose rapidly and its local industries developed to satisfy the rising demands of an industrializing Europe. Manila and the Philippines garnered great economic growth around this time. Many shops opened in the Binondo and the rest of the “Extramuros” area (the areas outside of Intramuros). The best part of this was that some were also owned by Filipino businessmen who were knowledgeable in finance and consumer retail. Manila itself expanded – more people came to settle in the city and grew rich through profit from trade. In short by 19th and 20th century, the opening of the port and the other parts of the Philippine to foreign trade brought not only economic prosperity to the country but also remarkable transformation in the life of the Filipinos. As the people, prospered, their standard of living improved.  TO BE CONTINUED.... NEXT TOPIC: RIZAL'S LIFE: FAMILY, CHILDHOOD AND EARLY EDUCATION