Colonial Administration and Suez Canal History

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Questions and Answers

What significant change did the opening of the Suez Canal facilitate in 1834?

Creation of a new form of governance in Spain.

Establishment of worldwide trading routes. (correct)

Initiation of global colonization efforts.

Connection of the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean.

Which event signifies the political instability in Spain during the early 19th century?

Formation of a stable monarchy.

Four constitutions adopted between 1834 and 1862. (correct)

Rise of colonial administration in America.

Establishment of the Suez Canal.

Who represents the King of Spain within the colonial government structure?

Governor General (correct)

Minister of War

Real Audiencia Judge

Alcalde-Mayor

What was a key function of the Alcalde-Mayor in the provincial government?

To serve as a judicial authority. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Residencia' refer to in the context of the colonial administration?

The power to investigate the governor-general's performance. Signup and view all the answers

Which position in the city government is considered equivalent to the current mayor?

Alcalde-Mayor Signup and view all the answers

What typically characterized the struggle within Spanish politics during the reign of King Ferdinand VII?

Conflicts between despotism and liberalism. Signup and view all the answers

Who held the highest position in a pueblo (town) among the native population?

Gobernadorcillo Signup and view all the answers

Who led the unification of Germany?

Otto von Bismarck Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the colonies of Germany in the Pacific?

Northern Marianas Signup and view all the answers

What was the result of the conflict in 1870 between Germany and France?

Germany emerged victorious Signup and view all the answers

Which empire governed India before British colonialism was re-established?

Mogul Empire Signup and view all the answers

Which rebellion occurred in China between 1852 and 1864 during the Manchu Dynasty?

Taiping Rebellion Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant consequence of the Opium War for China?

Surrender of Hong Kong Signup and view all the answers

Which region did France invade with the help of Filipino forces under Spanish rule?

Vietnam Signup and view all the answers

Which country had a significant military presence and capability in the late 19th century?

Germany Signup and view all the answers

Who founded Singapore in 1819?

Sir Stamford Raffles Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary purpose of the Galleon Trade that started in 1565?

To trade goods between Manila and Acapulco Signup and view all the answers

What was the consequence of the end of the Galleon Trade in 1815?

It opened opportunities for worldwide trade. Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the ticket required to join the Galleon Trade?

Boleta Signup and view all the answers

What was the social hierarchy in Luzon during Spanish colonial times?

Maginoo, Timawa, Indio Signup and view all the answers

What was a characteristic of the Principales in colonial society?

They held privileged positions due to indulto de comercio. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'obras pias' refer to in the context of the Galleon Trade?

Financial assistance from the Church Signup and view all the answers

What year did the Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade end?

1815 Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the Samboangan tax?

To stop the invasion of the Moros Signup and view all the answers

Who is recognized as the founder of the secularization movement in the Philippines?

Padre Pedro Pelaez Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the term 'Diezmos prediales'?

An amount equivalent to 1/10 of a farmer's produce Signup and view all the answers

Which type of clergy is classified as 'secular'?

Clergy assigned to parishes under the diocese Signup and view all the answers

What did the tax known as 'Caja de communal' fund?

Town expenses for public building maintenance Signup and view all the answers

What could be a potential consequence of secularization in society?

Encouraging a separation between religious institutions and governance Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the 'Vinta' tax, imposed between 1781 and 1851?

To protect from pirates in Pampanga and Bulacan Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a 'Regular' clergy?

Clergy part of a religious congregation engaging in missionary activities Signup and view all the answers

Who was the first delegate to represent the Philippines in the Spanish Cortes?

Ventura delos Reyes Signup and view all the answers

What major societal issue did Ferdinand Blumentritt highlight in his quote regarding the penal code?

Discrimination against non-white individuals in the law Signup and view all the answers

Which group was not subject to polo y servicio, the forced labor requirement?

Members of the principalia Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'bandala' refer to within the context of colonial society?

Forced selling of products Signup and view all the answers

What significant constitutional milestone was achieved during the first period of representation from 1810 to 1813?

Enactment of the 1812 Constitution of Spain Signup and view all the answers

How many periods of Philippine representation in the Spanish Cortes are noted in the provided content?

Four Signup and view all the answers

What type of tribute is classified as a tax on income?

Direct tribute Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the abolition of the galleon trade?

It was part of the reforms initiated by the 1812 Constitution. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Opening of the Suez Canal

Opened in 1834
Located in the Mediterranean area
Facilitated worldwide trade
Spread of news from other countries
Ease of travel from the Pacific to Europe

Instability of Colonial Administration

Spain experienced significant political chaos during the reign of King Ferdinand VII (1808-1833)
Struggle between forces of despotism and liberalism
From 1834-1862, Spain went through 4 constitutions, 28 parliaments and 529 ministers
Characterized by party strife, revolutions, and political upheavals

Political Structure of the Spanish Colonial Government

King of Spain (Head of State)
- Governor General (Representative of the King):
  - Exercised executive and judicial functions
  - Head of the Real Audiencia (highest court)
  - Residencia: Power to investigate governor-general's performance before replacement

Provincial and City Government

Provincial Government
- Alcaldia: Equivalent to current governor
- Corregimiento: Places not fully developed or pacified
City Government
- Ayuntamiento (Cabildo): City Council
  - Regidores: Councilors
  - Aguacil Mayor (Head Constable): Sheriff
  - Escribano (Scribe): Secretary

Pueblo and Barrio

Pueblo (Town): Governed by Gobernadorcillo
Barrio (Neighborhood): Governed by Cabeza de Barangay
The Gobernadorcillo position was the highest role a native could assume
Principales (native upper class) occupied the position of Gobernadorcillo
Barrio (Neighborhood): Governed by Cabeza de Barangay

Germany

Previously named Prussia
Otto von Bismarck led the unification of Germany
Attacked France in 1870
Strong military dominance
William I crowned as Emperor of Germany in 1871
Colonies: Palau Islands, Northern Marianas, Caroline Islands (Pacific), parts of Africa

France

French Revolution in 1789
Rise to power of Emperor Napoleon III
Defeated by Germany in 1871
Invaded Vietnam, unified with Cambodia (1863) and Laos (1893), forming French Indochina

India

Governed by the Mogul Empire
Sepoy soldiers staged a mutiny, killing British commanders
Loyal Indian soldiers were hired by British authorities, disintegrating the Mogul Empire and re-establishing British colonialism

China

One of the oldest trading partners of the Philippines
Ruled by the Manchu Dynasty
Taiping Rebellion from 1852 to 1864
Fragmented by foreign powers (Italy, France, Great Britain)
Russia seized islands during the Sino-Russian War in the early 1900s
Conflict with Mongolia
Opium War before Rizal's birth in 1861 was a major economic turmoil resulting in Hong Kong's surrender under treaties

Singapore

Known for its ports, loading and unloading goods
Founded by British Sir Stamford Raffles in 1819
Attained independence from the Federation of Malaya in 1965

The Philippines of Rizal’s Times

Focus on factors influencing Rizal's nationalism and heroism
Key concepts: Reduccion, Pueblo, Plaza complex, Encomienda, Tribute, Polo, Bandala

Economic Factors

End of the Galleon Trade
- Started in 1565, also known as nao de China
- Route: Manila - Acapulco - Seville
- Ended in 1815 before Mexico's independence in 1821
- Involved Spanish, foreign traders, Principales, colonial officials, and religious organizations
- Did not benefit the local economy
- Boleta: Ticket for galleon trade participation
- Obras Pias: Church-owned institutions providing capital for trade
- Abolished in 1813 to open opportunities for global trade
- Real Situado: Financial aid from Mexico to the Philippines

Luzon: Maginoo (noble), Timawa (freeman), Alipin (slave)
- Namamahay: House slave
- Sagigilid: Slave with limited freedom
Visayas: Datu (chief), Timawa (freeman), Oripun (slave)
- Tumataban: On-call slave
- Tumarampuk: 1 day service slave
- Ayuey: 3 day service slave
Colonial Society:
- Principales: Native upper class
- Indio: Baptized Christian natives
- Moro: Muslim natives
- Infieles: Those outside the colonial system

Philippine Representation in the Spanish Cortes

1st period: 1810-1813
- Ventura delos Reyes: 1st delegate, participated in the 1812 Spanish Constitution (first democratic constitution)
2nd period: 1820-1823
3rd period: 1834 - 1837
Graciano Lopez Jaena fought for representation but failed

Human Rights and Inequality

Human rights were denied to Indios (natives)
Inequality before the law
Heavier punishments for lower classes
Ferdinand Blumentritt criticized the penal code for treating non-white individuals as potential criminals

Maladministration of Justice

Socio-Cultural Factors

Social Stratification
- Peninsulares (Full-blooded Spaniards born in Spain)
- Insulares (Full-blooded Spaniards born in Spanish colonies)
- Tornatras (Mixed Spanish, Chinese, and Austronesian descent)
- Mestizo de Español (Mixed Spanish and Austronesian descent)
- Mestizo de Sangley (Mixed Chinese and Austronesian descent)
- Principales (Native upper class)
- Indio (Full-blooded Austronesian, Christian baptized)
- Moro (Full-blooded Austronesian Muslims)
- Infidel/Infieles: Outside the colonial system
Oppressive and Inhumane Society
- Polo y Servicio (Prestacion Personal): Forced labor from 1580; Native men and mestizos aged 16-60 served for 40 days
  - Falla (payment to exempt): ½ real per day for 40 days
  - Gobernadorcillos, Cabeza de Barangay, and Principales were exempt from polo and falla
- Bandala (compras reales): Forced product selling
- Unjust manual labor
- Tribute/Cedula: Taxes
  - Direct: Income tax
  - Indirect: Included in bandala and custom taxes
  - Monopoly: Non-basic goods (basi, tobacco)
- Other taxes for Indios:
  - Samboangan/Donativo de Zamboanga: Tax to stop Moro invasions
  - Vinta (1781-1851): Tax for pirate protection in Pampanga and Bulacan
  - Sanctorum: Tax paid to the local church
  - Caja de communal: Tax collected (1 real) for town’s construction and maintenance
  - Diezmos prediales: 1/10 tax on farmer’s crops
- Guardia Civil: Spanish constabulary
Racial Discrimination

Religious Factors

Secularization: The gradual separation of society from religious institutions
Secular clergy advocated for the right to parish assignments, not to newly arrived Spanish friars
Padre Pedro Pelaez: Founder of the secularization movement
Secular vs. Regular Clergy
- Secular Clergy: Assigned to parishes under the diocese
- Regular Clergy (Missionaries): Belonging to religious congregations

Key Figures

King Ferdinand VII
Otto von Bismarck
Emperor Napoleon III
Sir Stamford Raffles
Padre Pedro Pelaez
Ventura delos Reyes
Graciano Lopez Jaena
Ferdinand Blumentritt

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Description

This quiz explores the historical significance of the Suez Canal, opened in 1834, and its impact on global trade and travel. Additionally, it delves into the political instability in Spain during King Ferdinand VII's reign and the structure of colonial governance. Test your knowledge on these pivotal topics in modern history!