Latin America to 1914.pdf

CONSOLIDATION OF LATIN AMERICA 1810 – 1930 THEMES • Latin America in the 19th century – – – • Shaped by internal divisions Threats from foreign imperialism Cross border disputes Its political leaders – – – – Tended to begin as liberals, democrats Ended up often as dictators Shaped in the e...

CONSOLIDATION OF LATIN AMERICA 1810 – 1930 THEMES • Latin America in the 19th century – – – • Shaped by internal divisions Threats from foreign imperialism Cross border disputes Its political leaders – – – – Tended to begin as liberals, democrats Ended up often as dictators Shaped in the era of Enlightenment beliefs Accepted concepts common in the West • • • Progress Property Rights New nations – – Faced problems inherited from their colonial past Largely dependent on the international economic system PROBLEMS OF THE NEW NATIONS • Most of the independent nations – – – – • Voting rights – – – • Established representative governments Rights protecting private property and free trade Less agreement on position of Roman Catholic Church Slavery abolished in all except Brazil, and someSpanish colonies Tended to be restricted by race to favor Creoles Based on property and wealth Women remained without voting rights Indian populations and people of mixed origins – – Remained outside the egalitarian principles Marginalized within societies TASK #1 POLITICAL FRAGMENTATION: CENTRAL AMERICA • Mexico – – – • Central America – – • • Quickly abandoned its experiment with monarchy Established a republic in 1823 Government remained unstable until the 1860s Initial attempts to form a unified government failed Gave way to individual states in 1838 Caribbean Islands remained within the orbit of Spanish colonialism. Haiti independent : had conquered Santo Domingo POLITICAL FRAGMENTATION • • Brazil • Independent but federal, centralist tensions Consolidation failed in South America – New Granada failed in 1830 – – – – – Broke into Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador Rio de la Plata Attempts to create a political union failed • Paraguay, Uruguay, Chile remained independent • Argentina too dominant and feared by others Peru and Bolivia • Temporarily united • Formed separate governments in 1839 Poor transportation, communication – Magnified problems – Fragmented nations, made governing difficult Task #2 CAUDILLOS, POLITICS, CHURCH • Caudillos – – – – – – • Governmental Philosophies – – – – – – – • Decades of war gave rise to regional military figures Caudillos dominated local areas Sometimes seized national governments Caudillos often operated out of self-interest Sometimes sought support from regional elites Marginalized Indians, peasants, or the poor Degree of centralization new governments should have was issue Federalists wished regional governments to establish policies Centrists wanted powerful, central administrations Liberals tended to support federalist policies Conservatives wanted centralized governments, corporate institutions, such as Catholic Church. Liberals attempted to limit the role of the Church in civil affairs Political parties representing these points of view sprang up in many of the new republics. Leaders – – – – – Regardless of political view, leaders in Latin America tended to come from wealthy landowners Rapid political change was the rule in Latin America in the first half century after independence Constitutions and leadership came and went swiftly Many military coups – military and strong army officers at the center of most changes Brazil, with its monarchy, was perhaps the most stable government in the region GREAT BRITAIN, USA IN REGION • Great Britain's Role – – • The United States – – – – • Recognized Latin American independence Forestalled plans to restore Spanish empire Also supported the independence movement Gave arms, money and refuge to leaders Promulgated the Monroe Doctrine of 1823 Britain used the Doctrine to support its own ideas Britain's support for the new nations – – – Tied to the opening of trade with Latin America Britain replaced Spain as the region's largest trading partner British dominance • • Hindered the development of Latin American industries Reinforced economic dependence of Latin America in world trade MID-CENTURY STAGNATION • From 1820 to 1850 – – • After 1850 – – • – – Permitted state development of infrastructure Roads and railroads built to export from interior Strongest in Peru, Mexico, Argentina, Chile Peru’s Guano Era • • • • In response to European demand for products Economy quickened through exports of raw materials Enhanced trade – • Economy of Latin America remained stagnant Abolition of slavery, departure of many Europeans stalled economy Europe needed fertilizer Peru exported bird dung (guano) Used money to diversify economy, build infrastructure, pay off debt, education Pattern was established – – – – Economy strictly dependent on world trade network Export of primary products into world system Uneasy alliances between peasants and conservatives Prevented rapid economic change proposed by urban middle class LIBERALS, ECONOMIC RESURGENCE • • European economy 1875 – 1900 – European industrialization, urbanization – Produced demand for Latin American products – Economies expanded rapidly – Economic growth created support for liberal policies – Led to liberal governments after 1860 European economic models – Did not fit Latin American economies, often failed – Immigrants from Europe entered Latin America • • – Filled labor vacuum created by abolition of slavery Ignored Native American populations Wealthy landowners • • Continued to monopolize the countryside At the expense of small farmers, Indians, poor Blacks TASK #3 SOCIETY IN SEARCH OF DEFINITION • Tension of Heritages – Tension in Latin American culture between • • – • Indian, Black cultures still marginalized End of Spanish colonial dominance – – – Opened Latin America to other European influences French neoclassical tradition was particularly influential Romanticism • • – Shifted Latin American attentions to Americanisms Symbols such as Indians, gauchos, and slaves. Historical studies reflected European concepts of positivism, progress • • • Heritage of Europe Heritage of the Americas (Creole culture) By 1870s, liberalism produced more realistic literary efforts It often criticized social and political systems. Popular culture remained unaffected by trends among the elite GENDER, RACE, CLASS • Women • • • • • • • Color and Ethnicity • • • • • • Active in the independence movements Gained little power during the 19th century Excluded from active participation in politics Remained subject to patriarchal authority in their households But did have broader access to public education, positions as teachers Educated women were in the forefront of the new feminist movement Slavery abolished during independence but equality not gained Legal distinctions were often removed but social, economic remained Old social hierarchy based on color and ethnicity was tacitly retained Indians remained outside the social system of Creoles, mestizos Liberal decades led to increasing control of resources, land by creoles After the 1870s • • • Economic change, immigration fostered creation of greater urban centers But Latin America remained predominantly agrarian Largely dependent on world trade with few of the modern social classes TASK #4 GREAT BOOM • A Change Occurs – Latin American export economy • Produced a social, political alliance • • • – All of Latin America depended on exports to Europe Complete dependence • • • Between large landowners, miners, and export merchants All depended on commerce for prosperity. Made Latin American economy vulnerable to shifts in markets Changes in demand and prices help, hurt region Exports dramatically increased between 1870 and 1900 – Expanding economy attracted capital from abroad – Money flowed in from Europe (UK), the United States – Foreign capital provided the impetus for expansion – Placed regional industries, transportation in foreign hands THE USA IN LATIN AMERICA • After the Civil War – – • American capitalists invested in Latin America Invested heavily in Mexico, Central America, Caribbean Spanish-American War between 1895 and 1898 – – – First US war in region since Mexican-American War Intended to open door to valuable sugar plantations As a result of the war • • • Columbia and Panama – – – – • Former Spanish colony of Puerto Rico becomes US possession Cuba reduced to dependency of the United States Colombia proved reluctant to support US plans US backed Panama's independence movement in 1904 In return, US got extensive rights to build canal in new nation Canal finished and opened in 1914 Latin American nations – – Became increasingly critical of U.S. intervention in the region Critical of military, cultural, and economic penetration of the region GLOBAL CONNECTIONS  During the 19th century  Former colonies of Latin America constructed new nations  Latin America     Was forced to forge economies from ground up In a world trade network already dominated by European nations Latin America cast off European imperialism in the 19th century New nations carried with them colonial social systems Were strictly hierarchical  Small Creole elite dominated the economy and politics  Native Americans, former slaves, peasants  Marginalized  Shared little of economic expansion of the second half of the century  Latin America was 1st region of world to decolonize      Latin America maintained ties to the West Imitated Western models Experienced growing influence of the United States Its dependent economy also kept it connected to the world. THE US IN LATIN AMERICA IMAGINING THE USA IN PANAMA LATIN AMERICA AND THE WORLD Task #5