Lecture 1 - Module info and computer basics.pdf

Level 4 - CN4015 (Introduction to Computer Systems and Networks) LECTURE 1 – Introduction to Module, Basics of Computer Systems Module Leader : Awad Alyousef ([email protected] ) Course Leader: Sonia J...

Level 4 - CN4015 (Introduction to Computer Systems and Networks) LECTURE 1 – Introduction to Module, Basics of Computer Systems Module Leader : Awad Alyousef ([email protected] ) Course Leader: Sonia Jimmy ([email protected])  Before we start: Classroom Policies Attendance 1-Reached within 15min of start time 0 – Marked Absent after 30 min + Not allowed to attend session Phone Usage Not allowed in class. Please put your phone in your bag / pocket on silent mode. Recording a video/audio or taking any picture(s) during sessions is not allowed. Eating and drinking Watching videos or playing any games by using computers Moodle Student ID Assessments [ TCA1 – 100 Marks (50% of overall module Marks) - TBC TCA2 – 100 Marks (50% of overall module Marks) - TBC] 2  You will learn today: Module Introduction Computer Systems Basics Basic Computer Architectures Evolution of Computers 3  Module Introduction This module with provide you with a basic understanding of: Computer Architecture The relationship between H/W & S/W components of a computer system. Fundamentals of Computer Networking. Number System etc 4  Main Topics of Study: The evolution of computing devices An introduction to: numeral systems, operating systems, peripheral devices, CPU & memory subsystem Fundamentals of: Networks, N/W Protocols and models, Network access etc You will learn about Ethernet and how it is used IPv4 addressing and subnetting IP networks 5  Learning Outcomes Knowledge 1. Identify and describe the purpose and function of the main components of computer systems and networks including hardware, software and protocols. (DP) 2. Explain the significance of standard network models and compare different models.(DP) (COI) Thinking skills 3. Identify and compare the performance of similar hardware components and devices. (COI) 4. Analyse the characteristics of different types of physical transmission media and the various international standards that have been defined for interfacing a device to the different media.(COI) Subject-based practical skills 5. Configure system software, computer and network hardware. (DP) (COI) (EE) 6. Write simple assembly language programs. (DP) (SEI) (EE) Skills for life and work (general skills) 7. Demonstrate how to operate ICT equipment in a safe and responsible manner and explain why this is necessary. (DP) 6  LO (DP) - Digital Proficiency (IC) - Industry Connections (SEI) - Social & Emotional Intelligence (PI) - Physical Intelligence (CI) - Cultural Intelligence (CC) - Community Connections & UEL Give Back (COI) - Cognitive Intelligence (EE) - Enterprise and Entrepreneurship 7  Assessments Assessment Method Weighting Total Marks Date: Learning percentage of Outcomes overall module marks Component 1: TCA (1 hour) 50% 100 TBC 1-4 Component 2: TCA (1 hour) 50% 100 TBC 5-7 8  Reading and resources for the module: Core Englander, I. S. (2013) The architecture of computer hardware, systems software and networking: an information technology approach. 5th edn. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. Recommended Kurose, J. and Ross, K. (2016) Computer networking: A Top-Down Approach. 7th edn. London: Pearson Stallings, W. (2012) Computer organisation and architecture: designing for performance. 9th edn. London: Pearson Education. Tanenbaum, A. and Wetherall, D.J. (2013) Computer Networks. 5th edn. Pearson New International Edition. Tomsho, G. (2019) Guide to Networking Essentials. 8th edn. Boston: Course Technology https://dl.acm.org/doi/book/10.5555/1074100 Encyclopaedia of Computer Science (available via ACM Digital Library) Digital resources via the UEL Library can be found here: https://uelac.sharepoint.com/sites/libraryandlearningservices/SitePages/Computing.aspx 9 Any Questions? 10  Warm-up What is a computer? Basic functions? What is it used for? 11  Computer An electronic device that takes input, processes that input to provide a desired output. An electronic device that processes data given as an I/P, according to a set of stored instructions to provide desired O/P. But how? 12  Basic Functions of Computer Input Process Output Devices Device Devices Peripherals CPU Peripherals 13  System Components (Block Diagram) CPU Control Unit (CU) I/P Devices Arithmetic & O/P Devices Memory Logic Unit Unit (MU) (ALU) 14 System Components (Block Diagram-2) 15 Typical Motherboard Configuration 16 Typical Motherboard Configuration - 2 17 Typical Motherboard Configuration - 3 18  System Components I/P Devices Keyboard [ Standard] Mouse Track Pad Scanner Mic etc Process Device Central Processing Unit O/P Devices Monitor [Standard] Printer Projector Headphones / Speakers etc 19  System Components (to be discussed in detail) Internal system unit components: processors; motherboard; BIOS; power supply; Fan, heat sink or cooling systems; hard drive configuration and controllers eg SATA, IDE, EIDE, master, slave; ports eg USB, parallel, serial; internal memory eg RAM, ROM, cache; specialised cards eg network, graphic cards Peripherals: all I/O devices (eg monitor, printer, camera, scanner etc) Cables coaxial, optical, twisted pair etc Back-up Storage E.g. Hard disks, pen drives, optical media, flash memory cards; portable and fixed drives etc; performance factors eg data transfer rate, capacity) 20  System Architecture The blueprint or design plan of a computer system and how it works. It is like the way a house is structured and organised: how the rooms (components) are laid out, how they connect and interact with each other etc Computer Architecture defines the capabilities and performance of a computer, determining how efficiently it can run programs and complete tasks. 21  System Architecture In the context of computers, it involves: Layout: How the computer's parts (like the CPU, memory, and input/output devices) are arranged and connected. Function: How these parts work together to perform tasks, like processing data, storing information, and communicating with external devices. Instructions: The rules or language the computer understands and uses to perform operations. 22  Some Computer Architectures 1. Harvard Architecture: History: Originated with the Harvard Mark I computer in the 1940s. Key Feature: Separate memory units for storing data and instructions, allowing simultaneous access to both, which can increase processing speed. Usage: Common in microcontrollers and digital signal processing (DSP) where speed is crucial. 23 Basic Harvard Model / Architecture 24  Some Computer Architectures 2. Von Neumann Architecture History: Developed by John Von Neumann in the 1940s. Key Feature: Single memory shared for both data and instructions, leading to the stored-program computer concept. Usage: Forms the basis of most general-purpose computers. 25 Basic Von Neumann Architecture 26 Von Neumann VS Harvard Architecture 27  Some Computer Architectures 3. Modified Harvard Architecture History: Evolved from the Harvard architecture to overcome some of its limitations. Key Feature: Combines features of both Harvard and Von Neumann architectures, typically using separate caches for instructions and data but a unified main memory. Usage: Common in modern CPUs to optimize performance. 28 Modified Harvard Architecture 29 Harvard VS Modified Harvard Architecture 30  Some Computer Architectures 4. Non-Uniform Memory Access (NUMA) History: Developed in the 1990s to improve the scalability of multi- processor systems. Key Feature: Memory is divided into various sections with different access speeds, depending on the distance from a particular processor. Usage: Used in multi-processor systems where processors can access their local memory faster than non-local memory. 31  Some Computer Architectures 5. Quantum Computing Architecture History: An emerging field with ongoing research and development. Key Feature: Based on quantum bits or qubits, which can exist in multiple states simultaneously, offering exponential growth in computational power. Usage: Potential applications in complex problem-solving, cryptography, and material science. 32  Some Computer Architectures 6. Parallel Computing Architecture History: Gained prominence in the late 20th century. Key Feature: Multiple processors executing or processing an application or computation simultaneously. Usage: Used in supercomputers, servers, and high-performance computing applications. 33  Some Computer Architectures 7. Distributed Computing Architecture History: Emerged with the growth of network technologies. Key Feature: Distributes computation processes across multiple computing nodes, which may be geographically dispersed. Usage: Common in cloud computing, grid computing, and in applications that require large-scale processing power. 34  Some Computer Architectures 8. System-on-a-Chip (SoC) Architecture History: Became popular in the 21st century with the rise of mobile devices. Key Feature: Integrates all components of a computer or other electronic system into a single chip. Usage: Widely used in smartphones, tablets, and embedded systems. 35 Von Neumann Model (detailed) 36  Von Neumann Architecture It is a foundational model for the structure and function of modern computers. Von Neumann architecture is based on the stored-program computer concept, where instruction data and program data are stored in the same memory. Basics of Von Neumann Architecture Central Processing Unit (CPU): Includes an Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) for performing operations and processor registers for temporary data storage. Memory: Stores both data and instructions in a single read-write memory. Control Unit: Interprets instructions from memory and executes them, controlling the operation of the CPU and other components. Input/Output Mechanisms: Manage data transfer to and from the computer. Unified Memory for Data and Instructions: The same memory and bus are used for both instructions and data (stored program concept). 37  Limitations of Von Neumann Architecture Despite its widespread use, the Von Neumann architecture has limitations, such as the "Von Neumann bottleneck," where the speed of data transfer between the CPU and memory becomes a limiting factor in performance. Over time, various modifications and alternative architectures have been developed to address these limitations. 38  7 Stages of Von Neumann Fetch-Execute Cycle Stage 1: Program Counter (PC) to Memory Address Register (MAR) Stage 2: Increment Program Counter (IPC) Stage 3: Address Bus Signal to Memory Stage 4: Memory Data to Memory Buffer Register (MBR/MDR) Stage 5: Decode Instruction in Current Instruction Register (CIR) Stage 6: Execute Instruction and Store Results Stage 7: Return to First Step or Handle Interrupts 39  Von Neumann Fetch-Execute Cycle (1. Program Counter (PC) to Memory Address Register (MAR) The memory address of the next instruction is taken from the Program Counter (PC) and placed into the Memory Address Register (MAR). 40  Von Neumann Fetch-Execute Cycle (2. Increment Program Counter) The Program Counter (PC) is incremented to point to the address of the subsequent instruction, preparing for the next cycle. 41  Von Neumann Fetch-Execute Cycle (3. Address Bus Signal to Memory) A signal is sent along the address bus from the CPU to the specific memory location in MAR, requesting the instruction/data. 42  Von Neumann Fetch-Execute Cycle (4. Memory Data to Memory Buffer Register (MBR/MDR)) The instruction/data from the fetched memory address is transferred along the data bus to the Memory Buffer Register (MBR) or Memory Data Register (MDR). 43  Von Neumann Fetch-Execute Cycle (5. Decode Instruction in Current Instruction Register (CIR) The instruction in the MBR/MDR is placed into the Current Instruction Register (CIR) for decoding. 44  Von Neumann Fetch-Execute Cycle (6. Execute Instruction and Store Results) The decoded instruction in the CIR is executed by the appropriate component of the CPU (such as the ALU), and the results are stored in the Accumulator (ACC) or another register. 45  Von Neumann Fetch-Execute Cycle (7. Return to First Step or Handle Interrupts) Upon completion of the execution, the cycle returns to the first step to fetch the next instruction, unless an interrupt requires attention, in which case the interrupt is handled before proceeding. 46  Von Neumann 7 Stage Fetch-Execute Cycle Stage Process The memory address of the next instruction is taken from the Program Counter (PC) and placed 1 into the Memory Address Register (MAR). The Program Counter (PC) is incremented to point to the address of the subsequent instruction, 2 preparing for the next cycle. A signal is sent along the address bus from the CPU to the specific memory location in MAR, 3 requesting the instruction/data. The instruction/data from the fetched memory address is transferred along the data bus to the 4 Memory Buffer Register (MBR) or Memory Data Register (MDR). The instruction in the MBR/MDR is placed into the Current Instruction Register (CIR) for decoding. 5 The decoded instruction in the CIR is executed by the appropriate component of the CPU (such 6 as the ALU), and the results are stored in the Accumulator (ACC) or another register. Upon completion of the execution, the cycle returns to the first step to fetch the next instruction, 7 unless an interrupt requires attention, in which case the interrupt is handled before proceeding. 47 Evolution of Computers 48  500 B.C -1500s Abacus was capable of performing calculations and storing data If it was made binary, its calculations would very closely resemble a computer. 49 50 51  Punched cards In 1801, Joseph Marie Jacquard introduced a loom that revolutionised fabric design with punch cards dictating patterns. Punch Card Mechanism: The loom utilised punched cards to determine and control the sequence of thread weaving, essentially instructing the machine on the pattern to create. Automated Weaving: These punched cards automated the process of lifting and lowering threads, allowing for complex patterns to be woven without manual intervention. Programming Precursor: Jacquard's loom is credited as the earliest instance of a machine using a stored form of instructions—akin to a program—in its operation. Foundational Technology: This innovation laid the groundwork for subsequent programmable devices and is considered a seminal moment in the history of computing. 52 ❑ Analytical engine ❑ Resembles modern computer ❑ Babbage’s machine envisioned the use of Jacquard’s punched cards for input data and for the program, provided memory for internal storage, performed calculations as specified by the program using a central processing unit known as a “mill”, and printed output. 53 54 55 56 57 58  Used thousands of mechanical relays; relays are binary switches controlled by electrical currents to perform Boolean logic. Although binary relays were used for computation, the fundamental design was decimal. Storage consisted of seventy-two 23-digit decimal numbers, stored on counter wheels. An additional counter wheel digit held the sign, using the digit 0 for plus and 9 for minus. The design appears to be based directly on Babbage’s original concepts and 59 use of mechanical  60 Harvard Mark I, 1943 Designed by Howard Aiken, this electromechanical computer, more than 50 feet (15 metres) long and containing some 750,000 components, was used to make ballistics calculations during World War II.  ABC John V. Atanasoff and Clifford Berry are credited with developing the first fully electronic digital computer using vacuum tubes for switching. Machine Identity: Known as the ABC, short for Atanasoff-Berry Computer. Binary System: Operated as a binary-based machine, a fundamental concept for modern computing. Components: Featured an Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) with thirty operational units capable of performing addition and subtraction. Memory Technology: Incorporated a rotating drum memory system able to store thirty 50-digit binary numbers. Input Mechanism: Utilised punched cards for input, with each card carrying five 15-digit decimal numbers, which were then translated into binary within the machine. Historical Significance: Despite its limitations, the ABC marked a crucial milestone that spurred subsequent pivotal developments in the realm of computer technology.. 61 62  ENIAC The ENIAC is recognised as the pioneering all-electronic digital computer. Creation: Crafted from 1943 to 1946 at the University of Pennsylvania by innovators John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert, the design drew inspiration from Atanasoff’s earlier machine concepts. Storage Limitations: It had a modest storage capacity, able to hold only twenty 10-digit decimal numbers, with a read-only storage for an additional 100 numbers. Operating Mechanism: Utilised decimal arithmetic for calculations and binary vacuum tube switches for each digit representation. I/O Mechanisms: Relied on punched cards for input and output and was capable of generating printed output. Programming Model: Lacked the ability to store programs internally; programming was conducted using manual reconfiguration with patch panels and toggle switches, making program changes and debugging exceedingly time-consuming. Size and Structure: Housed 18,000 vacuum tubes, spanned over 15,000 square feet, and tipped the scales at over 30 tons. 63  First Generation The period 1940 to 1956, roughly considered as the First Generation of Computer. The first generation computers were developed by using vacuum tube or thermionic valve machine. The input of this system was based on punched cards and paper tape; however, the output was displayed on printouts. The first generation computers worked on binary-coded concept (i.e., language of 0-1). Examples: ENIAC, EDVAC, etc. 64 65  Second Generation The period 1956 to 1963 is roughly considered as the period of Second Generation of Computers. The second generation computers were developed by using transistor technology. In comparison to the first generation, the size of second generation was smaller. In comparison to computers of the first generation, the computing time taken by the computers of the second generation was lesser. 66 68 69  Third Generation The period 1963 to 1971 is roughly considered as the period of Third Generation of computers. The third generation computers were developed by using the Integrated Circuit (IC) technology. In comparison to the computers of the second generation, the size of the computers of the third generation was smaller. In comparison to the computers of the second generation, the computing time taken by the computers of the third generation was lesser. The third generation computer consumed less power and also generated less heat. The maintenance cost of the computers in the third generation was also low. The computer system of the computers of the third generation was easier for commercial use. 70 71 72  Fourth Generation The period 1972 to 2010 is roughly considered as the fourth generation of computers. The fourth generation computers were developed by using microprocessor technology. By coming to fourth generation, computer became very small in size, it became portable. The machine of fourth generation started generating very low amount of heat. It is much faster and accuracy became more reliable. The production cost reduced to very low in comparison to the previous generation. It became available for the common people as well. 73 74 75 76 77 78 79  Fifth Generation The period 2010 to till date and beyond, roughly considered as the period of fifth generation of computers. By the time, the computer generation was being categorised on the basis of hardware only, but the fifth generation technology also included software. The computers of the fifth generation had high capability and large memory capacity. Working with computers of this generation was fast and multiple tasks could be performed simultaneously. Some of the popular advanced technologies of the fifth generation include Artificial intelligence, Quantum computation, Nanotechnology, Parallel processing, etc. 80 81  Recap: What will you learn in this module How this module will help you in your daily life What is computer Architecture Different Computer Architectures CPU components Information transfer direction 82  Next Week’s Topic Operating Systems Next week will be 2-3 minutes presentation of each student of any random topic taught in lecture 1. So, be ready for it!! ☺ 83  Useful Links 1. https://www.careerpower.in/school/computer/block-diagram-of-a-computer [ Computer’s Internal View] 2. https://quicklearncomputer.com/applications-of-computer/ Computer Applications 84