Process Control: Sample Management PDF

Process Control: Sample Management Learning Objectives At the end of this activity, participants will be able to: n name sample collection errors that could lead to incorrect laboratory examination results; n list contents that should be included in a handbook designed for peopl...

Process Control: Sample Management Learning Objectives At the end of this activity, participants will be able to: n name sample collection errors that could lead to incorrect laboratory examination results; n list contents that should be included in a handbook designed for people who collect samples off-site; n provide a rationale for rejecting unsatisfactory samples; n describe a system for sample handling, including collection, transport, storage, and disposal; n explain the importance of maintaining sample integrity and assuring that all regulations and requirements are met when transporting samples. Sample Management-Module 5 2 Scenario: Your laboratory has performed PCR for influenza virus on patient samples from ‘Clinic A’. Most of these results are negative. The medical staff from ‘Clinic A’ tells you that their patients present all the clinical signs of influenza. What are you going to check? What will you do? Sample Management-Module 5 3  The Quality Management System Organization Personnel Equipment Purchasing Process Information & Control Management Inventory Documents Occurrence & Assessment Management Records Process Customer Facilities Improvement Service & Safety Sample Management-Module 5 4  The result of any laboratory examination is only as good as the sample received in the laboratory Sample Management-Module 5 5  Essential to accurate laboratory diagnosis Influences Good Good Influences laboratory sample sample therapeutic efficiency management decisions management Directly affects patient care and outcome Sample Management-Module 5 6 Components Collection, preservation Information needed Labeling Laboratory Handbook Policies & Practices Assessing, Transport processing, tracking Retention, storage, disposal Sample Management-Module 5 7 The Laboratory Handbook n contains information needed by those who collect samples n available to all sample collection areas n must be understood by all laboratory staff n referenced in the quality manual Sample Management-Module 5 8  Laboratory Handbook Contents § name and address of laboratory § contact names and telephone numbers § hours of operation § list of tests that can be ordered § sample collection procedures § sample transport procedures § expected turn around times (TAT) § how urgent requests are handled Sample Management-Module 5 9  The Laboratory’s Responsibilities Provide sample collection information Provide appropriate containers and supplies What- When- How Define a good Assess all samples - labeling system preexamination Sample Management-Module 5 10 Test Requisition n patient ID n tests requested n time and date of sample collection n source of sample, when appropriate n clinical data, where indicated n contact information of requesting physician or authorized individual Sample Management-Module 5 11 Sample Management-Module 5 12 Collection Requirements n patient preparation n patient identification n type of sample required n type of container needed n labeling n special handling n safety precautions Sample Management-Module 5 13  Provide sample collection information Sample Management-Module 5 14  Labeling Each sample should be labeled with: § patient’s name § patient’s unique ID number § test ordered § time and date of collection § collector’s initials Use computer-generated bar codes when possible Sample Management-Module 5 15  Nurse Sample labelling from different error example Nurse not familiar ward Regular with task staff off sick Wrong Cross- Samples Verbal Laboratory Nursing blood match instruction Handbook group sample not labeled given not easy station re- organized given mislabeled at bedside to locate Shift Delay in change admitting Two patients patient dept major collected admit transfusion reaction Samples taken to Switched nursing samples station Sample Management-Module 5 16 Outcomes of Improper Collection n delays in reporting test results n unnecessary re-draws/re-tests n decreased customer satisfaction n increased costs n incorrect diagnosis / treatment n injury n death Sample Management-Module 5 17 Preexamination Steps n Verify ¨ completeness of test request ¨ appropriateness of sample ¨ information on label n Record in register or log n Enforce sample rejection criteria Sample Management-Module 5 18 Labeled samples, Spilled urine sample, completed requisitions a cause for rejection Sample Management-Module 5 19  Actions for Rejected Samples n inform authorized person n request another sample n record rejected samples n retain rejected sample based on preset criteria n extraordinary circumstances may require testing suboptimal samples Sample Management-Module 5 20 Sample Register or Log A register should include: §date and time of collection §date and time of receipt §sample type §patient name §demographics as required §laboratory assigned identification §tests to be performed Sample Management-Module 5 21 Sample Tracking-Manual § confirm receipt of samples, include date and time § label samples appropriately; keep with the test requisition until laboratory ID is assigned § track aliquots–traceable to the original sample Sample Management-Module 5 22 Sample Tracking-Computer Database entries include: n identification number n patient information n collection date and time n type of sample n tests to be performed n name of health care provider n location of patient, e.g., ward, clinic, outpatient n diagnostic test results n time and date results are reported Sample Management-Module 5 23 Sample Handling Handle all samples as if infectious Sample Management-Module 5 24 Sample Storage-Written Policy n describe samples to be stored n determine retention time n determine location n describe proper conditions n establish method of organizing samples Sample Management-Module 5 25 Sample Retention n set policy for retention n monitor stored samples, including freeze/thaw cycles n maintain an organized, accessible system n establish a schedule to review all stored samples n establish tracking procedures Sample Management-Module 5 26 Sample Referral n Record: ¨ samples referred ¨ date of referral ¨ name of person referring test n Monitor / Track, and Record: ¨ turnaround time ¨ results delivery (from referral laboratory, to requestor) ¨ problems with referral Sample Management-Module 5 27  Sample Disposal § set policy for sample disposal § compliance with local and country regulations § disinfection procedures Sample Management-Module 5 28  Sample Transport § Maintain integrity of sample: ¨ temperature ¨ preservation of sample ¨ special transport containers ¨ time limitations n Assure safety regulations are met Sample Management-Module 5 29 Transport Regulations Where do they come from? Who develops them? ü National transport regulations ü ICAO/IATA transport regulations (air) ü rail, road, and sea traffic agencies ü postal services ü private couriers Sample Management-Module 5 30 Transport Regulations Mandatory Compliance Violation Deal with accidents and spills – reduce biohazards Safety: couriers, laboratory staff, passengers, carriers Sample Management-Module 5 31 Classification of Infectious Substances New Classification in 2005: based on two transport categories Category A: infectious substances capable of causing permanent disability life-threatening or fatal disease to humans or both human and animals Packaging: most durable triple packaging with full dangerous goods documentation Training of transport staff Sample Management-Module 5 32 Classification of Infectious Substances Category B: infectious substances not included in Category A less stringent triple packaging no dangerous goods documentation required Sample Management-Module 5 33  Exemptions § substances that do not contain infectious substances § substances containing organisms that are non-pathogenic § substances containing neutralized or inactivated pathogens § environmental samples that pose no risk of infection § blood or blood components collected for transfusion § tissues or organs cleared for transplantation § dried blood spots and fecal occult blood screening tests § decontaminated medical or clinical waste 14th ed (rev) of UN Model Regulations for the Transport of Infectious Substances 2007 Sample Management-Module 5 34  Triple Packaging (UN 2007) Category A Category B Exempt human or animal specimens leakproof primary leakproof primary leakproof primary leakproof secondary leakproof secondary leakproof secondary 95 kPa pressure test 95 kPa pressure test rigid outer rigid outer adequate outer minimum 100 mm 6 minimum 100 mm minimum 100 mm absorbent material absorbent material absorbent material 9 meter drop test 1.2 meter drop test 7 kg penetration test UN marks and labels 3373 label UN 3373 full DG documentation training Sample Management-Module 5 35 Category A Sample Management-Module 5 36 Managing Sample Transport n meet all applicable regulations n train personnel in all transport procedures n assure sample is protected: ¨ temperature ¨ transport time ¨ packaging and preservation Sample Management-Module 5 37 Summary n provide a laboratory handbook with collection information to all users n have a system for tracking samples as they move through the laboratory n establish and implement a policy for sample storage and sample disposal n maintain sample integrity n assure that all transport regulations and requirements are met Always follow universal precautions Sample Management-Module 5 38 Key Messages n the laboratory must have good samples in order to ensure accuracy and reliability of testing and confidence in results n sample management directly affects patient care and outcome Sample Management-Module 5 39  Organization Personnel Equipment Comments? Purchasing Information Questions? Process & Control Management Inventory Documents Occurrence & Assessment Management Records Process Customer Facilities Improvement Service & Safety Sample Management-Module 5 40