Lecture 1: Drug Information - Primary Sources PDF

Lecture 1 By Dr. Sahar Badr 1 Aims of the course The course aims to educate the student the usefulness and limitations of various types and sources of drug information, as well as develop skills in information retrieval (recall) and the importance of drug information centre...

Lecture 1 By Dr. Sahar Badr 1 Aims of the course The course aims to educate the student the usefulness and limitations of various types and sources of drug information, as well as develop skills in information retrieval (recall) and the importance of drug information centres. Objectives 1.Define the different types and sources of drug information. 2. Identify producers/originators of information. 3.Give examples of primary literature, secondary literature and tertiary literature. 4.Demonstrate the ability to appropriately comprehend (understand) and utilize the primary, secondary or tertiary literature to answer a variety of drug information questions. 2 4.Demonstrate the ability to access Internet applications for drug information purposes. 5.State limitations of using and recommending Internet resources for drug information. 6.Define the benefits and limitations of sources of drug information from experts, pharmacists, hospital based treatment plans, and pharmaceutical companies. 3  Evaluation Exam Mark % Final written exam. 75 75 Oral Exam. 10 10 Assignments (midterm exam) 15 15 Total 100 100 4 References: 1- Drug information: A Guide for Pharmacists. by Patrick M. Malone 2- Drug Information Handbook, 2016-2017 - 25th edition 3-The clinical practice of drug information, by Michael Gabay, 2016 5 Week Wednesday Lecture Instructor 8-10 Introduction to drug information- 1 04/10/2023 Dr. Sahar Badr Primary literature 2 11/10/2023 Secondary literature Dr. Sahar Badr 3 18/10/2023 Tertiary literature Dr. Sahar Badr 4 25/10/2023 Online information resources Dr. Ahmed Shawky 5 01/11/2023 Legal & Ethical aspects of drug information Dr. Ahmed Shawky 6 08/11/2023 Types of clinical study designs Dr. Ahmed Shawky 7 15/11/2023 Drug information centers Dr. Sahar Badr 8 22/11/2023 Storage and retrieval of information Dr. Sahar Badr 9 29/11/2023 Enquiry answering& report writing Dr. Sahar Badr 10 06/12/2023 Literature evaluation and critical appraisal Dr. Ahmed Shawky Evidence-based medicine: concept and 11 13/12/2023 Dr. Ahmed Shawky principles 12 20/12/2023 Evidence-based medicine: applications Dr. Ahmed Shawky 6 Introduction The word information is derived from Latin informare which means "give form to“ Data are the facts or details from which information is derived. Information is processed data. 7 Data vs. Information - Differences in Meaning Data Information When data is processed, Data is raw, unorganized organized, structured or facts that need to be presented in a given context processed. Data can be Meaning so as to make it useful, it is something simple and called information. seemingly random and useless until it is organized. The average score of a class Each student's test score is or of the entire school is Example one piece of data. information that can be derived from the given data. 8  Information is a group of data that collectively carries a logical meaning. Examples of Data and Information:  The history of temperature readings all over the world for the past 100 years is data. If this data is organized and analyzed to find that global temperature is rising, then that is information.  The number of visitors to a website by country is an example of data. Finding out that number from the U.S. is increasing while that from Australia is decreasing is meaningful information.  Before a drug is approved by the FDA, the manufacturer must conduct clinical trials and present a lot of data to demonstrate that the drug is safe. 9 Knowledge: is the condition of knowing something with familiarity gained through experience or learning. 10 Producers/ originators of information 1- Government agencies Public libraries or the government Websites http://www.mohp.gov 2- Academic institutions  Academic institutions such as universities and colleges are major producers of information in a society or country.  Academic institutions around the world especially those in the United States (Harvard, Johns Hopkins, Stanford, University of North Carolina, University of California), United Kingdom (Cambridge, Oxford, University of Liverpool) have conducted extensive research studies in various specialties including the health sciences.  Numerous publications and knowledge materials are generated from these research studies as reports, books and articles in peer reviewed journals. 11  Academic institutions also have other publications such as Newsletters. 12 13 3- Private sectors Some examples of agencies in the private sector are commercial business agencies, publishers and non-profit organizations and agencies ((e.g. The World Health Organization (WHO)). http://www.who.int/ 4- Private Individuals Many print and web documents available today are created by private individuals. books, Journals, websites/Pages, you-tube, Facebook, Twitter, Blogs. 14 Sources of information Sources are considered primary, secondary, or tertiary depending on the originality of the information presented. The distinction can differ between subjects and disciplines. In the sciences for example; research findings may be communicated informally between researchers through email, presented at conferences (primary source), and then, possibly, published as a journal article or technical report (primary source). Once published, the information may be commented on by other researchers (secondary sources), and/or professionally indexed in a database (secondary sources). Later the information may be summarized into an encyclopedic or reference book format (tertiary sources). 15 Sources of drug information There are three types of drug information literature 1- Primary sources of information (primary Literature) Primary literature forms the foundation of the literature hierarchy. It is the source of information for the development of secondary and tertiary literature resources. 16 Primary literature is comprised of original research that is written in the author(s) own words. Most primary literature contains a detailed description of the study design, methodology, and scientific results. The reader is able to critique and analyze the study in order to develop a conclusion. Examples are:  Research studies (published as a journal article or technical report)  Case reports  Editorials, and letters to the editor  Conference Papers/Posters  Dissertations/theses  Patents Editorial: an article in a newspaper or other periodical presenting the opinion of the publisher, writer, or editor. 17 18 Examples of excellent primary literature resources include research articles and studies published in the following journals: The New England Journal of Medicine Journal of the American Medical Association The Lancet British Medical Journal British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology Pharmacology & Therapeutics Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 19 20 21 Advantages of primary literature: 1. Information from primary literature is current and original. 2. Core Clinical Journals contain information about patient-oriented, evidence-based medicine that may change or affect patient care. 3. Many articles undergo review by the author's peers before an article is accepted for publication, thereby incorporating unbiased views and suggestions to improve the quality of the report. This is known as the "peer-review process." 22 23 Disadvantages of primary literature: 1. With any research report, flaws (mistakes) in study methodology may lead to inaccurate conclusions. For example, utilizing inappropriate statistical analysis may lead one to reach an inappropriate conclusion of the results of a study. 2. In assessing the primary literature, knowledge of scientific methods and statistics is necessary to properly interpret the information. 3. Since the information presented in the primary literature is so new, it may take time before wide acceptance occurs throughout the medical community. 24 25 How to use the primary literature: 1. Be cautious, careful, and conservative when utilizing new information from a primary literature source. 2. Is the article from a peer-reviewed journal? Articles published in peer-reviewed journals are generally better in quality and objectivity than non-peer reviewed work. 3. In utilizing data from primary sources be sure that all aspects of the primary source are understood (i.e. patient inclusion or exclusion criteria, study methods and interventions, primary outcome being assessed) before applying that information to your patient. 26 4. To extrapolate primary literature data to a single patient encounter, make sure the patient population mentioned in the primary work corresponds to your practice population. 5. Remember that case reports relate only to one patient not a whole patient population. 27 28 Thank you 29