Drug Information Lecture 1 PDF

Lecture 1 By Dr. Sahar Badr 1 Aims of the course This course aims to introduce the student to the concept and need of drug information, the usefulness and limitations of various types and sources of drug information, as well as develop skills in information retrieval (r...

Lecture 1 By Dr. Sahar Badr 1 Aims of the course This course aims to introduce the student to the concept and need of drug information, the usefulness and limitations of various types and sources of drug information, as well as develop skills in information retrieval (recall), literature evaluation and critical appraisal. The course also aims to provide the students with the professional skills required to effectively answer medication-related questions in a systematic and evidence-based approach and the importance of drug information centres. 2 Objectives 1.Define the different types and sources of drug information. 2. Identify producers/originators of information. 3.Give examples of primary literature, secondary literature and tertiary literature. 4.Demonstrate the ability to appropriately comprehend (understand) and utilize the primary, secondary or tertiary literature to answer a variety of drug information questions. 5. Develop the ability to critically assess drug information literature in preparation to answer a question and document drug information responses. 3 6.Demonstrate the ability to access Internet applications for drug information purposes. 7.State limitations of using and recommending Internet resources for drug information. 8.Define the benefits and limitations of sources of drug information from experts, pharmacists, hospital based treatment plans, and pharmaceutical companies. 4  Evaluation Exam Mark % Final written exam. 60 60 Practical Exam. 25 25 Assignments (midterm exam) 15 15 Total 100 100 5 References: 1- Drug information: A Guide for Pharmacists 2- Drug Information Handbook 3-The clinical practice of drug information 4- Handouts 6  Introduction ▪The word information is derived from Latin informare which means "give form to“ ▪Data are the facts or details from which information is derived. ▪Information is processed data. 7 Data vs. Information - Differences in Meaning Data Information Data is raw, unorganized facts When data is processed, that need to be processed. organized, structured or presented Data can be something Meaning in a given context so as to make it simple and seemingly useful, it is called information. random and useless until it is organized. The average score of a class or of Each student's test score is the entire school is information Example one piece of data. that can be derived from the given data. 8 ▪ Information is a group of data that collectively carries a logical meaning. Examples of Data and Information ▪ The history of temperature readings all over the world for the past 100 years is data. If this data is organized and analyzed to find that global temperature is rising, then that is information. ▪ The number of visitors to a website by country is an example of data. Finding out that number from the U.S. is increasing while that from Australia is decreasing is meaningful information. ▪ The time and date of a purchase from ecommerce shop is an example of data. Identifying the time of day the most transactions occur in ecommerce shop is meaningful information. 9 Knowledge: is the condition of knowing something with familiarity gained through experience or learning. 10 Producers/ originators of information 1- Government agencies Public libraries or the government Websites http://www.mohp.gov 2- Academic institutions ▪ Academic institutions such as universities and colleges are major producers of information in a society or country. ▪ Academic institutions around the world especially those in the United States (Harvard, Johns Hopkins, Stanford, University of North Carolina, University of California), United Kingdom (Cambridge, Oxford, University of Liverpool) have conducted extensive research studies in various specialties including the health sciences. ▪ Numerous publications and knowledge materials are generated from these research studies as reports, books and articles in peer reviewed journals. 11 ▪ Academic institutions also have other publications such as Newsletters. 12 13 3- Private sectors Some examples of agencies in the private sector are commercial business agencies, publishers and non-profit organizations and agencies ((e.g. The World Health Organization (WHO)). http://www.who.int/ 4- Private Individuals Many print and web documents available today are created by private individuals. books, Journals, websites/Pages, you-tube, Facebook, Twitter, Blogs. 14 Sources of information ▪Sources are considered primary, secondary, or tertiary depending on the originality of the information presented. ▪The distinction can differ between subjects and disciplines. ▪In the sciences for example; research findings may be communicated informally between researchers through email, presented at conferences (primary source), and then, possibly, published as a journal article or technical report (primary source). Once published, the information may be commented on by other researchers (secondary sources), and/or professionally indexed in a database (secondary sources). Later the information may be summarized into an encyclopedic or reference book format (tertiary sources). 15 Sources of drug information There are three types of drug information literature 1- Primary sources of information (primary Literature) ▪Primary literature forms the foundation of the literature hierarchy. It is the source of information for the development of secondary and tertiary literature resources. 16 ▪Primary literature is comprised of original research that is written in the author(s) own words. ▪Most primary literature contains a detailed description of the study design, methodology, and scientific results. ▪The reader is able to critique and analyze the study in order to develop a conclusion. Examples are: ▪ Research studies (published as a journal article or technical report) ▪ Case reports, case series ▪ Editorials, and letters to the editor ▪ Conference Papers/Posters ▪ Dissertations/theses ▪ Patents Editorial: an article in a newspaper or other periodical presenting the opinion of the publisher, writer, or editor. 17 18 Examples of excellent primary literature resources include research articles and studies published in the following journals: ▪The New England Journal of Medicine ▪Journal of the American Medical Association ▪The Lancet ▪British Medical Journal ▪British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology ▪Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ▪Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology ▪Pharmacology & Therapeutics ▪Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 19 20 21 22 Advantages of primary literature: 1. Information from primary literature is current and original. 2. Core Clinical Journals contain information about patient-oriented, evidence-based medicine that may change or affect patient care. 3. Many articles undergo review by the author's peers before an article is accepted for publication, thereby incorporating unbiased views and suggestions to improve the quality of the report. This is known as the "peer-review process." 23 24 Disadvantages of primary literature: 1. With any research report, flaws (mistakes) in study methodology may lead to inaccurate conclusions. For example, utilizing inappropriate statistical analysis may lead one to reach an inappropriate conclusion of the results of a study. 2. In assessing the primary literature, knowledge of scientific methods and statistics is necessary to properly interpret the information. 3. Since the information presented in the primary literature is so new, it may take time before wide acceptance occurs throughout the medical community. 25 26 How to use the primary literature: 1. Be cautious, careful, and conservative when utilizing new information from a primary literature source. 2. Is the article from a peer-reviewed journal? Articles published in peer-reviewed journals are generally better in quality and objectivity than non-peer reviewed work. 3. In utilizing data from primary sources be sure that all aspects of the primary source are understood (i.e. patient inclusion or exclusion criteria, study methods and interventions, primary outcome being assessed) before applying that information to your patient. 27 4. To extrapolate primary literature data to a single patient encounter, make sure the patient population mentioned in the primary work corresponds to your practice population. 5. Remember that case reports relate only to one patient not a whole patient population. 28 29 Thank you 30