Drug Information Lecture 2 PDF

Lecture 2 By Dr. Sahar Badr 1 Sources of drug information 1- Primary sources of information 2- Secondary sources of information ▪Secondary sources describe, discuss, review, analyze, evaluate, interpret, summarize information reported by researchers in the primary literature....

Lecture 2 By Dr. Sahar Badr 1 Sources of drug information 1- Primary sources of information 2- Secondary sources of information ▪Secondary sources describe, discuss, review, analyze, evaluate, interpret, summarize information reported by researchers in the primary literature. ▪Secondary literature sources act as an intermediary between primary and tertiary literature, and directly link the researcher to both original research articles and reviews. Examples of Secondary Literature are: Indexing sources Abstracting sources 2 which is often referred to as a secondary database usually accessed electronically. Examples of secondary literature databases are: ▪ PubMed/MEDLINE ▪ EMBASE ▪ SCOPUS ▪ TOXNET ▪ Toxline ▪ LiverTox ▪ Pillbox ▪ Cochrane Library ▪ WEB OF SCIENCE ▪ International Pharmacy Abstracts (IPA) ▪ Google Scholar 3 PubMed/MEDLINE ▪ MEDLINE® is the National Library of Medicine® (NLM®) journal citation database. Started in the 1971, it provides more than 31 million references to biomedical and life sciences journal articles back to 1950. ▪ PubMed has been available since 1997. Its more than 37 million references include the MEDLINE database plus other types of citations (citations to non-medical journals, citations to e-books). ▪ Pubmed provides access to lots of biomedical literature databases, and MEDLINE is the largest one among those databases. ▪ By default, Pubmed will search your terms in all of those databases. But you can also limit your search to MEDLINE only - just select MEDLINE from the Subsets menu on the Limits screen of Pubmed search interface. PubMed/MEDLINE: Services provided by National Library of Medicine (US NLM). Citation: a word or piece of writing taken from a written work. 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 EMBASE ▪ Embase was established in 1947 ▪ A biomedical database focused on drugs and pharmacology, medical devices, clinical medicine, and basic sciences relevant to clinical medicine. ▪ Embase includes all the articles and journals indexed in MEDLINE, plus records and biomedical journals not currently covered by MEDLINE (45.6 million records, and over 12 million records not in MEDLINE). ▪ 3,365 journals unique to Embase and 8,451 currently published journals, including MEDLINE titles. ▪ Many major medical and pharmacy school libraries do not have access to Embase because of its cost. 15 16 SCOPUS ▪ Scopus is the largest abstract and citation database of peer- reviewed literature including scientific journals, books, and conference proceedings. Scopus provides a comprehensive overview of worldwide research output in the fields of science, technology, medicine, social sciences, and arts and humanities. ▪ The reach of this secondary resource is extensive, and coverage includes 8,500 peer-reviewed journals in addition to all citations indexed in MEDLINE. ▪ The resource is updated daily. WEB OF SCIENCE ▪ Coverage is extremely broad, including literature in areas such as agriculture, biological sciences, engineering, medical and life sciences, physical and chemical sciences, law, library sciences, architecture, dance, music, film, and theater. ▪ Coverage includes more than 8,500 major journals from 150 disciplines and is updated weekly. 17 18 19 EBSCO is a pioneer company in the library services industry. 20 Cochrane library ▪ Is one of Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM) databases. (Evidence-Based Medicine is about using information from the medical literature in making informed decision about patient care). ▪ The Cochrane Library, launched in 1996, consists of several databases. The most popular of the databases in the Cochrane Library is the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR) which provides information and evidence to support health care decision making. ▪ It includes systematic reviews and clinical trials. Many of the reviews analyze the efficiency and adverse effect of pharmacological agents and provide a useful resource for completed or abandoned clinical trials. A systematic review is a type of literature review that collects and critically analyzes multiple research studies (e.g. controlled clinical trials) and provides a high level of evidence on the effectiveness of healthcare interventions (e.g. new drug, new procedure). 21 22 23 LiverTox ▪ Provides up-to-date, unbiased, and easily accessed information on the diagnosis, cause, frequency, patterns, and management of liver injury attributable to prescription and non-prescription medications, herbals and dietary supplements. ▪ The LiverTox site is meant as a resource for both physicians and patients as well as for clinical academicians and researchers who specialize in idiosyncratic drug induced hepatotoxicity. TOXNET (TOXLINE) Databases on toxicology, hazardous chemicals and environmental health. Pillbox Pillbox enables rapid identification of unknown solid-dosage medications (tablets/capsules) based on physical characteristics (shape- size- colour-imprint) and high-resolution images. 24 25 ▪ As part of a broader NLM reorganization, most of NLM's toxicology information services have been integrated into other NLM products and services. 26 27 28 Breastfeeding & Drugs LactMed in Bookshelf 29 30 31 32 33 Advantages of secondary literature: 1. Provides quick access to the primary literature. 2. Provides a broad scope and/or concise information on specific topics. The information is usually current, but it depends on the abstracting service and the specific type of information for which one is looking. 3. Generally, the journal sources are peer reviewed and of a high standard. 4. With most resources, updated information can be sent to you periodically, i.e. weekly or monthly. 34 Disadvantages of secondary literature: 1. The time period between publication and inclusion (lag time) into secondary sources can vary for each database, from days to weeks. 2. The number of journals indexed by each system depends upon the scope (e.g. field or area) of the database. 3. Because a secondary source can include such a large amount of information, one must be proficient at sifting (screening) through the sources listed on a particular subject to find the exact information one is looking for. 35 4. To obtain useful information, one must utilize specific search terms and be proficient with a particular database's search strategy (i.e. technique). For example: Medical databases organize the literature using Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). ▪ MeSH is an example of a closed vocabulary utilized by MEDLINE (i.e. restricts the search to identified keywords for a given article). ▪ The closed vocabulary allows for similar topics to be grouped together. So whether the article specifically stated “high blood pressure” whereas another article mentioned “hypertension,” both articles would be categorized as “hypertension” in a closed vocabulary setting. ▪ In MeSH, there are 15 categories organized as A, anatomical terms; B, organisms; C, diseases; D, drugs; and so on. Each category then has a hierarchical listing of terms from general to most specific. 36 37 38 the MeSH description for diabetes type 2 as an example Tree Number(s): C18.452.394.750.149 and C19.246.300 MeSH Unique ID: D003924 Entry Terms: Diabetes Mellitus, Noninsulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus, Ketosis-Resistant Diabetes Mellitus, Ketosis Resistant Ketosis-Resistant Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes Mellitus, Non Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus, Non-Insulin-Dependent Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes Mellitus, Stable Stable Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes Mellitus, Type II https://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/2019/daolnwod/2019New_Mesh_Tree_Hierarchy.txt https://www.nlm.nih.gov/databases/download/mesh.html To download C18.452.394.750 Diabetes Mellitus C18.452.394.750.074 Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental C18.452.394.750.124 Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 C18.452.394.750.149 Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 C18.452.394.750.149.500 Diabetes Mellitus, Lipoatrophic 39 C18.452.394.750.448 Diabetes, Gestational How to use the secondary literature: Here are some things to know when using and finding primary literature through the secondary literature databases: 1. Each database has its own focus, or scope, and collects primary literature in a certain field about a disease, drug-information, or literature related to patient care. For example: Medline focuses on the biomedical sciences, Toxline focuses on toxicology, CINAHL focuses on the nursing literature. 2. The databases link you to citations that show you the author, title of the work, location and date of the publication and generally, an abstract of the manuscript. Sometimes the full text of the article will be available (free), but other times you need to get access to the article itself through a subscription. 40 Thank you 41