Drug Information Resources PDF

Drug information resources Objectives : Differentiate between primary, secondary, and tertiary sources of information. Identify resources relevant to different pharmacy practice areas. Select appropriate resources for a specific information request. Describe the role of electronic resource...

Drug information resources Objectives : Differentiate between primary, secondary, and tertiary sources of information. Identify resources relevant to different pharmacy practice areas. Select appropriate resources for a specific information request. Describe the role of electronic resources in the provision of drug information. Evaluate resources to determine appropriateness of information. Describe appropriate search strategy for use with electronic databases. Recognize alternative resources for provision of drug information. Introduction The quantity of medical information and medical literature available is growing at an astounding rate. Generally the best method to find information includes a stepwise approach moving first through tertiary (e.g., textbooks, full-text databases, review articles), then secondary (e.g., indexing or abstracting services), and finally primary (e.g., clinical studies) literature. Tertiary Resources Tertiary sources provide information that has been summarized and distilled by the author or editor to provide a quick easy summary of a topic. Examples of tertiary sources include textbooks , compendia,review articles in journals and general information found on internet. Its initial place to identifiy information as they provide a fairly complete and concise overview of information available on a specific topic.  Tertiary sources «literature» Advantage Disadvantage Convenient Lag time associated with publication resulting in less current information. Easy to use Medical information changes so rapidly that it is possible that information may be out of date before a text is even published. Familiar to most practitioners information in a tertiary text may be incomplete, due to either space limitations of the resource or incomplete literature searches by the author. First line resources when dealing with errors in transcription, human bias, drug information question. incorrect interpretation of information, or a lack of expertise by authors.  Evaluation of tertiary literature Evaluation of tertiary literature Does the author have appropriate experience/expertise to publish in this area? Is the information likely to be timely based on publication date? Is information supported by appropriate citations? Does the resource contain relevant information? Does the resource appear free from bias and blatant errors? Tertiary Resources General product information 1. Micromedex® 2.0 http://www.micromedexsolutions.com This electronic resource contains information about FDA-approved indications, off-label uses, pharmacokinetic data, safety information, and pharmacology. Multiple interactive tools are available to assess for drug–drug/food/supplement interactions, incompatibilities, and pharmacokinetic adjustments. There is an additional toxicology section which allows identification of drugs based on imprint codes and discussion of overdose management. Patient education materials are also included in this database. Tertiary sources General product information Access pharmacy http://accesspharmacy.mhmedical.com AccessPharmacy allows students to select a core curriculum topic, browse by organ system, review textbooks, or search across leading pharmacy online references. The eBook collection within AccessPharmacy consists of 22 textbooks, including: -Goodman & Gilman’s.The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 11th Edition - Basic & Clinical Pharmacology, 10th Edition -Pharmacotherapy: A Pathophysiologic Approach, 6th Edition -Pharmacoepidemiology: Principles & Practice -Pharmacy and Federal Drug Law Review. Tertiary Resources Other general product information q AHFS Drug Information® http://www.ahfsdruginformation.com q Clinical Pharmacology http://www.clinicalpharmacology.com q Facts & Comparisons® http://www.factsandcomparisons.com q Drug Information Handbook http://www.lexi.com q Handbook of Nonprescription Drugs: An Interactive Approach to Self-Care http://www.pharmacist.com q Physicians’ Desk Reference® http://www.pdr.net q USP Dictionary http://www.usp.org q Epocrates® http://www.epocrates.com Tertiary Sources adverse effects Meyler’s Side Effects of Drugs http://www.elsevier.com Side Effects of Drugs Annual: A Worldwide Yearly Survey of New Data and Trends in Adverse Drug Reactions. http://www.elsevier.com For further resources for drug interaction , etc. Look to drug information chapter 3. The e book version a vailable at access pharmacy website which is a vailable at kemerburgaz e library. Secondary Resources « literature» Refers to references that either index or abstract the primary literature, with the goal of directing the user to relevant primary literature. Advantage Disadvantage Can use for multiple purposes Systems do not index all terms the same. A practitioner keep a breast of Special research strategy recently published information (boolen ) Recent or detailed information on aspecified treatment or disease. Secondary literature Index Providing bibliographic citation information (e.g., title, author, and citation of the article), while abstracting also includes a brief description Abstract Provided by the article or resource cited. Example of secondary databases § CANCERLIT http://www.cancer.gov this resource is most useful when looking for information about oncology therapies or quality of life issues. § COCHRANE LIBRARY http://www.cochrane.org ü This database has three components: indexes of Cochrane reviews about a variety of medical treatments, conditions, and alternative therapies; abstracts of international systematic reviews; and a bibliography of systematic reviews in worldwide literature. ü These evidence-based medicine reviews are based on extensive analysis of current literature and provide treatment recommendations Secondary literatue «source» MEDLINE® http://www.nlm.nih.gov ü Coverage includes basic and clinical sciences as well as nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, and many other health care disciplines. Information comes from more than 5000 journals in 40 different languages. USEFUL RESOURCES FOR COMMON CATEGORIES OF DRUG INFORMATION Type of Request Useful Tertiary Sources Secondary Resources General Product Information Major compendia,∗ MEDLINE®, EMBASE®, Handbook of IPA, IDIS Nonprescription Drugs,3 product labelin Adverse Effects Meyler’s Side Effects of Reactions Weekly, Drugs,4 Side Effects of MEDLINE®, EMBASE®, Drugs Annual,5 product IPA, IDIS labeling, major compendia∗ Dosage Recommendations Major compendia,∗ Drug MEDLINE®, IPA, IDIS, (General and organ Prescribing in Renal Failure EMBASE® impairment) Drug Interactions Hansten and Horn’s Drug Reactions Weekly, IPA Interaction Analysis and Management,22 Drug For further Interaction Facts,23 example : Drug Stockley’s Drug information book Interactions,24 Food- Medication Interactions,25 Drug Therapy Monitoring System,26 major compendia Primary resources ü Primary literature consists of clinical research studies and reports, both published and unpublished. ü Not all literature published in a journal is classified as primary literature, for example, review articles or editorials are not primary literature. ü There are several types of publications considered primary, including controlled trials, cohort studies, case series, and case reports. Primary literature Advantage Disadvantage Access to detailed information Misleading conclusions based on only one trial without the context of other research. Ability to personally assess the validity Need to have good skills in medical and applicability of study results. literature evaluation. More recent than tertiary or secondary The time needed to evaluate the large literature. volume of literature available. OBTAINING THE PRIMARY LITERATURE ü Once literature has been identified in a secondary searching system, the actual articles can be obtained in various ways. ü Many databases link users directly to the article of interest. ü PubMed links users to open access journal publications and articles resulting from NIH-funded research through PubMed Central. (http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/). ü many articles are not available via open access routes; in those cases alternative techniques may be needed. Once a citation is identified, utilizing a local library catalog is a good next step. Often a local library may carry the journal needed, or may be affiliated with other facilities that can provide that article. Alternative Sources ü At times even well-designed searches of standard medical literature do not yield sufficient information to make clinical decisions or recommendations. ü In these cases alternative resources may need to be employed. ü a general Internet search for information «This can be especially helpful to serve as a starting point for questions about uncommon diseases, new terms, drugs in development, or marketed OTC products and combination dietary supplements». ü Example : it may be necessary to search for a manufacturer Web site to identify the specific individual ingredients and then look for information on the individual components. ü This is also helpful in identifying information or specific product claims provided by the manufacturer. ü Internet searches may be useful for topics that have recently been in the news, where information is changing more rapidly than standard paper resources can be updated. ü Some search engines are geared toward scholarly content (such as Google Scholar, http://scholar.google.com) or scientific research, rather than general information. ü These might be more useful for identifying recent research about a disease or disorder. ü several caveats to finding information on the Internet includes: 1. carefully evaluate the quality of all information provided.