Learning Concepts PDF

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: Scan theory induces changes in & > role-playing - exercise in awarness the brain that diminish pain perception Hypnosis Split and ConSCI ousness altered state of allowing for in an consciousness changes perceptions and behaviors that result from suggestions made by a hypnotist Mesmerizing · Can · be used therapeutically Characteristics in : a hypnotized person ability to focus intently ignoring , all extraneous Stimuli heightened imagination an unresting and receptive attitude decreased pain awareness high responsivity to suggestions Learning Concepts learning : a relatively enduring change in behavior or thinking that results from experiences habituations basic form of learning evident when an organism does not respond as strongly or as often to an event following multiple exposures to it Stimulus : event or occurrence that generally leads to a response S Classical Conditionings two different stimuli are associated operant Conditioning : connections between behaviors and Types of Learning Consequences are made Observational Conditionings learning occurs by watching and imitating others  Classical Conditioning : learning process in which two stimuli become associated with each other when an originally neutral stimulus is conditioned to elicit an involuntary response · Pavlov conditioned dogs to salivate in response neutral Stimulus : stimulus that does to auditory stimuli such as bells not cause a relevant automatic or · noticed the dogs had been conditioned to link reflexive response and sounds with certain sights eating Unconditioned Stimulus (US) Unconditioned Response (UR) Stimulus that automatically triggers an involuntary reflexive , involuntary response to an unconditioned without response any learning needed Stimulus Stimulus (CS) Conditioned Conditioned Response (CR) previously neutral stimulus that an organism learns to learned response to a conditioned stimulus associate with an unconditioned Stimulus Acquisitions the initial learning phase in both classical and operant conditioning. ex ) Pavlov paradigm · meat is always an unconditioned stimulus the dog never has to learn to it · the dog's salivating is initially an unconditioned response to the meat but eventually becomes a conditioned response  Stimulus Generalization Stimulus Discrimination after an association is forged between the CS and the ability to differentiate between a particular the CR , the learner often responds to similar CS and other significantly different Stimuli is Stimuli as if they are the original CR Stimulus differentiation extinctions the process by which the conditioned response decreases after repeated exposure to the conditioned Stimulus in the absence of the conditioned stimulus spontaneous recovery : the reappearance of a conditioned response following its extinction High Order Conditionings with repeated pairings of a conditioned stimulus and a second neutral stimulus , that second neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned Stimulus as well Conditioned Taste Aversions a form of classical conditioning that occurs when an organism learns to associate the taste of a particular food or drink with illness has adaptive value · Garcia's Rats demonstrated that rats linked sick feelings with tustes and feelings importance biological preparedness · of 'Little Albert' conditioning conducted by John B Watson. & Rosalie Rayner US = loud noise ; UR= fear CS = white rat ; Ch= fear evidence of Stimulus generalization ·  Operant Conditionings involves learning that occurs when voluntary actions become associated with their consequences Skinner believed that all thoughts, emotions ,. ex ) Edward Thorndike and behaviors (psychological put a cat in a latched cage and planted food outside the door are shaped by factors in the environment initially , the cats pawed around haphazardly until they managed to unlatch the door and then eat the food Me Behavorism as the trials went on , the felines learned to free themselves more quickly · Law of Effect * Reinforcers (behavioral change due to a result of pleasurable outcome events , Stimuli , and other that consequences increase likelihood of behavior the a recurring Reinforcement process of increasing the frequency of behaviors with consequences  Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement the removal the process by which reinforcers are added or of an unpleasant stimulus following presented following target behavior the target behavior that the likelihood a , increasing a increases of likelihood of it again it occurring again occurring Primary Reinforcers Secondary Reinforcers satisfies a biological need does not satisfy a biological need but often gains ex. ) food , water, physical contact power through its association with a primary reinforce.) Money ex , good grades 'Dopamine Gold Mine' social media engagements (likes retweets) serve as reinforcers, making you more likely to post more · , - teen examin set heavily liked photos posted by the individual showed a heightened activity in the nucleus accumbens usingfMRIto implicated in drug-seeking behaviors and over-eating Successive Approximations. method that uses reinforcers to condition a series of small steps that gradually approach the target behavior Shaping process by which a person observes the behaviors of another organism providing , reinforcers if the organism performs at a required level instinctive drift I Continuous Reinforcement Partial Reinforcement every target behavior is reinforced target behaviors are reinforced intermittenly , ideal for behaviors during establishing new not continuous the works better for behaviors acquisition phase maintaining. ex ) Uber drivers Partial Reinforcement Effect the tendency for behaviors acquired through intermittent reinforcement to be those more resistant to extinction than acquired through continuous reinforcement Schedules : Fixed-ratio schedule > - Subject must exhibit a preset number of desired responses Variable-ratio Schedule or behaviors before reinforcer is a given 3 Fixed-interval produces Schedule high response a rate but with a Characteristic S , Variable interval - Schedule dip immediately following the reinforcement ↓ the reinforcer comes after an interval of subject must exhibit a specific number of desired time goes by , but the length of the responses or behaviors before a reinforcer is given , (within but C interval changes from trial to trial the number changes across trials based average interval a predetermined range on an produces a high response rate and behaviors that are length) difficult to extinguish · tends to be behavior # fluctuates precalculated average encourage steady patterns around of a a reinforcer is given for the first target behavior after specific time interval occurring a the target behavior tends to increase as each time interval comes to an end The of punishment goal is to decrease or stop a behavior Positive Punishments something aversive or disagreeable is applied following a target behavior ex) incurring a fine for returning a library book late Negative Punishment: taking ex) being away something valuable from following a target behavior grounded driving after misbehaving  Prosocial Behaviors actions that are kind , generous , and beneficial to others & observing both children these by watching · and adults can learn behaviors models Latent Learning : a type of learning that occurs without awareness and regardless of reinforcement the learning need it · is not evident until there is a to use ex. ) Tolman's Rats C · rats learned how to navigate a maze at remarkably different rates Cognitive Maps : a mental representation of physical space eX) we remember locations , objects , and details of our surroundings these layout without realizing it and bring information together in a mental learning can occur in the absence of reinforcement · "Place cells" or "grid cells" in the brain allow us to form cognitive maps of our surroundings