KMY2043 Psychology of Learning Revision Notes PDF

KMY2043 Psychology of Learning Revision Notes for Group Topic 1 – 7 PSYCHOLOGY OF LEARNING - Psychology of Learning is a branch of psychology that focuses on how individual acquire, pro...

KMY2043 Psychology of Learning Revision Notes for Group Topic 1 – 7 PSYCHOLOGY OF LEARNING - Psychology of Learning is a branch of psychology that focuses on how individual acquire, process, and retain knowledge, skills, attitudes, and behaviours. (KSA) - It explores both observable behaviours and the internal processes involved in learning. - Key frameworks: Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning, Connectionism, Behaviourism, Social Learning, Cognitive Learning - Learning distinguishes in between rationalism and empiricism. - Criteria of learning: (a) Learning involves changes: People learn when they become capable of doing something differently. For example, mastering a new skill like riding a bike represents a noticeable behavioral change. (b) Learning endures over time: Learning occurs when people permanent changes, not temporary due to fatigue or mood. For example, cycling and swimming. (c) Learning occurs through experience: A result of interaction with the environment, not biological maturation or temporary states. For example, learning to speak a language is based on exposure, practice, and reinforcement, not mere age. Learning is a process not an event. Keep going! Keep growing! Keep learning! The future depends on what you do today.  KMY2043 Psychology of Learning Revision Notes for Group Topic 1 – 7 EXPERIMENTAL METHODS - Showing cause and effect relationships - Discuss the central features of different methods of assessing learning. - Six steps in the process of research: (1) Identifying the research problem. (2) Construct the hypothesis (null vs alternative). (3) Design methodology. (4) Collecting data. (5) Analysing data. (6) Interpreting the data. (7) Reporting the research finding. - Eight steps in the experimental process: (1) Develop hypothesis. (2) Create operational definitions for IV and DV. (3) Randomly sampling. (4) Randomly assign the control vs treatment group. (5) Expose the experimental group by giving a placebo treatment. (6) Control for confounding variables – single-blind & double-blind (7) Learn the impact of IV to DV. (8) Use Statistical analysis for finding discovery. Learning is a process not an event. Keep going! Keep growing! Keep learning! The future depends on what you do today.  KMY2043 Psychology of Learning Revision Notes for Group Topic 1 – 7 EXPERIMENTAL METHODS - Definition of Variables: Independent, dependent, confounding, extraneous - Experimental methods: to discover the effect of IV (s) (manipulated) on a DV (measured). - Type of experiments: lab (controlled), field (less artificial), natural (phenomenon), quasi (comparison) - Reliable & validity - Strengths: (a) Only the IV affects the DV (b) Measure DV accurately (c) Controlled (d) Informed consent – ethical (e) Right to withdraw – ethical - Weakness: (a) Representing real life (b) Hiding the experimental aims (c) Deception – innocence - Ethics of doing research: (a) Informed consent (b) Right to withdraw (c) Inform the nature of project (d) Participants: human vs animal (e) BPS guidelines, APA guidelines, UNIMAS animal ethics committee Learning is a process not an event. Keep going! Keep growing! Keep learning! The future depends on what you do today.  KMY2043 Psychology of Learning Revision Notes for Group Topic 1 – 7 Key Concept with Examples: Classical Learning occurs through Example: Learning Mechanism: Phobia Treatment: Using Conditioning association between a neutral A teacher uses a specific bell tone Neural connections systematic desensitization stimulus and unconditioned before announcing recess. Overtime, between stimulus and to reduce fear (e.g., stimulus, leading to a students feel excited or eager when response strengthen pairing relaxation conditioned response. they hear the bell tone, even without with reinforcement. techniques with exposure an announcement. to a feared object). Operant Learning occurs through the Example: Learning Mechanism: Classroom Management: Conditioning consequences of behavior, A student receives praise (positive Behavior is shaped by Teachers reward on-task which can either reinforce or reinforcement) for answering a reinforcement and behavior with stickers or punish actions to increase or question correctly, increasing their punishment. tokens. decrease their likelihood. willingness to participate in the future. A student avoids detention (negative reinforcement) by completing their homework on time. Connectionism Learning happens through Example: Learning Mechanism: Skill Development: A trial-and-error, with successful A cat in Thorndike's puzzle box Neural connections musician improves their responses being reinforced and learns to press a lever to escape and between stimulus and performance through trial unsuccessful ones fading over access food. Initially, it tries various response strengthen and error, reinforcing time. Edward Thorndike’s Law behaviors, but the successful one is with reinforcement. successful techniques. of Effect explains that reinforced and repeated. behaviors followed by satisfying outcomes are more likely to be repeated. Behaviorism Behaviorism focuses on Example: Learning Mechanism: Habit Formation: A parent observable and measurable A teacher uses a token economy Learning is seen as a uses a reward chart to behaviors rather than internal system in class where students earn result of external stimuli encourage children to mental processes. It tokens for good behavior, which and consequences, complete chores. emphasizes the environment's they can exchange for rewards. without emphasis on role in shaping behavior. thoughts or feelings. Learning is a process not an event. Keep going! Keep growing! Keep learning! The future depends on what you do today.  KMY2043 Psychology of Learning Revision Notes for Group Topic 1 – 7 Summary Table in between Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning and Connectionism Feature Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Connectionism Founder Ivan Pavlov B.F.Skinner Edward Thorndike Key Mechanism Stimulus pairing Reinforcement / Punishment Law of Effect, Trial and error Type of Behaviour Involuntary / Reflexive Voluntary Both reflexive and voluntary Role of Reinforcement Indirect Central Critical Focus of Learning Stimulus- Response Association Behaviour-Consequences Relationship Neural Connection (S-R) Cognitive Involvement Minimal Moderate Gradual and implicit Example Dogs salivating at a bell Student rewarded for participation Cat escaping from a puzzle box Extinction Conditioned S-R Reinforcement removal decrease Connection weakens without responses practice Application Phobia therapy Classroom Management Skill drills, adaptive learning Learning Process Passive (Stimulus triggers) Active (Behaviour shapes learning) Trial-and-error, habits Learning is a process not an event. Keep going! Keep growing! Keep learning! The future depends on what you do today.