UAE Social Studies Past Paper PDF - Unit 3- Lesson 4

KEYNOTES SUBJECT: UAE Social Studies GRADE 9 Unit 3- Lesson 4- The Trucial States Leading up to Nationalization Learning Objectives: At the end of the lesson, you should be able to: Identify key leaders of t...

KEYNOTES SUBJECT: UAE Social Studies GRADE 9 Unit 3- Lesson 4- The Trucial States Leading up to Nationalization Learning Objectives: At the end of the lesson, you should be able to: Identify key leaders of the Emirates during the 19th and 20th centuries. Understand the transitional role of the Trucial States in building our nation. Understand the Emirati people's resolve to live through World War II's hardships. Know about the transitions of the economy from fishing, trading and pearls to an oil-producing economy Armed Forces. Timeline of Maritime Treaties British attacks on Ras al-Khaimah and other towns- 1809-1819 In two separate attacks, the British used marines and naval forces to attack and burn to the ground buildings and towns of Ras-al-Khaimah and other coastal towns in the Southern Gulf region. After destroying the local ships of the Qawasim and Omani towns they forced the signing of the General Maritime Treaty (1820). The Emirates of Dubai is established-1830 In 1830 Sheikh Maktoum Ibn Butti established the Emirate of Dubai. By 1833 the Al Maktoum family relocated to Dubai. In 1894 Sheikh Maktoum bin Hasher al-Maktoum became ruler of Dubai. Over the next few generations, Dubai grew and developed its port. British arrival/interference in the Gulf- 1853 CE-1971 CE In 1853 the British forced local coastal rulers to sign the Perpetual Maritime Treaty. In 1892 a new treaty called the Exclusive Treaty of 1892 gave the British a monopoly and complete control over what ships could sail from Gulf ports, limited the size and number of these ships and forced resident seamen to obtain permits after they paid fees for the right to sail and engage in trade. Sheikh Zayed Bin Sultan al-Nahyan and the founding of the UAE in 1971- 1918 CE Sheikh Zayed was born in 1919 and became the ruler in 1966 and then the first President of the United Arab Emirates in 1971. He ruled until he died in 2004. Japan Invents Cultured Pearls – 1928 CE In 1928 the Japanese invented a method of raising oysters to create cultured pearls on sea farms. The new technology created a plummet in the price and demand for pearls and ended the profits of a local industry that had prospered for 7,500 years. The Airport in Sharjah - 1932 CE The first airport in the region is established in Sharjah. 1950-1939 World War II and Aftermath – 1939ce- 1950 CE The UAE experienced severe hardship during the World War II years of 1939 to 1945 as food shipments from India were diverted or transferred away from Gulf ports to support the British and Allied armies in their fight against the Germans and Italians. The Trucial Scouts – 1951-1971 The Trucial Scouts were the first modern security forces who acted to protect the ports, airports and border regions. These local Emirati soldiers would become the core and founding military leaders of the new UAE Armed Forces after the United Arab Emirates was established in 1971. A Combination of Effort Many past leaders also deserve recognition for their part in shaping the nation. In Abu Dhabi, Sheikh Dhiyab bin Isa made the momentous decision 250 years ago to establish the new settlement on Abu Dhabi Island that now serves as the UAE’s capital. Sheikh Shakhbut bin Dhiyab and Sheikh Zayed bin Khalifa provided steady leadership for most of the nineteenth century, and under Sheikh Zayed the emirate of Abu Dhabi became the most important power in the area. The cautious Sheikh Shakhbut bin Sultan managed to bring the emirate through the harsh years of the world economic depression and the Second World War to the beginning of the new era of oil production and the wealth that followed. In Dubai, Sheikh Maktoum bin Butti established the emirate in the 1830s. Its subsequent growth to become a trading center owed much to the wisdom of Sheikh Maktoum bin Hasher, who made Dubai a port that was friendly to business. His son, Sheikh Saeed bin Maktoum, continued that process, leading Dubai into the new opportunities of the 1950s. In the north, Sheikh Rahma bin Matar al-Qasimi created the Qawasim state in the first half of the eighteenth century. He laid the foundations of what became a major regional power. Half a century later, Sheikh Sultan bin Saqr al-Qasimi led that state for more than 50 years. Slowly, it changed from a major regional naval power to a key partner in laying the foundations of the UAE of today. Increasing Trade with the World By the early twentieth century, the establishment of a postal service, ports, and the growth of the pearling trade meant that the UAE’s economy expanded internationally. Goods coming into Dubai could be transported to other emirates, either in small boats or overland. Connections between the individual emirates were thus strengthened. Links by sea with the rest of the Gulf, East Africa and India grew. These two types of connections—to other emirates and the outside world—were to remain important in the eventual forging of a single country. People thought of themselves as part of Arabia and the Arabian Gulf but also different from their neighbours in the region. The beginning of the twentieth century looked like it would bring prosperity to the UAE, built upon this long tradition of trade, economy and community. However, the dark clouds of war were on the horizon. World War I and the 1920s The outbreak of World War I (1914-1918) brought conflict to the region, as British forces fought against the Ottoman Empire in Iraq and Palestine. The UAE was not directly involved in the war. However, its position between the Middle East and India made it strategically important. There were also changes in the Arabian Gulf region during this time. In 1902, a new Saudi state was founded in Riyadh. It extended its control over eastern Arabia and then conquered Mecca and the rest of the Hijaz in the 1920s. By the end of World War, I, the major empires of central and eastern Europe, as well as the Ottoman Empire collapsed. This, in turn, affected trade and stability around the world. This marked the beginning of tough times for the UAE that continued for several decades. The UAE was particularly affected by events far afield in Japan. In 1928, the Japanese began to harvest cultured pearls grown in special farms, and within a few years, these flooded the world markets. Leadership and Response in the UAE The leaders and people of the UAE exhibited strength and resilience during this time. In 1928 Sheikh Shakhbut bin Sultan became ruler of Abu Dhabi. He ruled for nearly forty years and was then succeeded by his younger brother, Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan in 1966, who was to become the founding father of the United Arab Emirates. In 1912, Sheikh Saeed bin Maktoum came to power in Dubai, ruling until 1958. In 1932 an airport was established in Sharjah. This was used by Imperial Airways, which later became British Airways, for transporting goods and people and thus opened the country to the world beyond the Middle East. In Dubai, Sheikh Maktoum bin Butti established the emirate in the 1830s. Its subsequent growth to become a trading center owed much to the wisdom of Sheikh Maktoum bin Hasher, who made Dubai a port that was friendly to business. His son, Sheikh Saeed bin Maktoum, continued that process, leading Dubai into the new opportunities of the 1950s. In the north, Sheikh Rahma bin Matar al-Qasimi created the Qawasim state in the first half of the eighteenth century. 1939-1950s: World War II and its aftermath Despite the political stability of the 1930s, the UAE’s leaders and people faced new challenges as events developed on the world stage. Although there was no fighting in the UAE, it did not escape the impact of the war. The airport in Sharjah became a base for the British Royal Air Force (RAF). In the space of two years, from 1941 to 1943, rice tripled in price as a result of shortages. During this period the British had controlled much of the economy and international affairs of the country. This desire for control was not matched by a willingness to develop infrastructure such as schools, roads and hospitals. Sometimes the British used their position for outcomes that were only beneficial to their interests. When Sheikh Zayed came to power, he ensured that all the country’s wealth was used for developing the land and its people. The Trucial Scouts Security was an important concern during these decades. In 1951, a local military force that was to become known as the Trucial Scouts was established. Initially, it had British Officers as well as officers from other Arab countries, like Jordan, and was headquartered at Sharjah Airport, then the only airport in the country. Initially consisting of fewer than 100 men, the force rapidly expanded. It was funded by the British Government but served the local rulers and people along with the newly formed local police forces. The local recruits benefited not just from regular salaries, but also from basic training and education. In 1971, it became the core of the UAE Armed Forces after the establishment of the UAE federation, and many of its soldiers later became high- ranking officers. 1950-1960. The Emerging Trucial States In 1952 the Trucial States Council was established. This brought the rulers of the different emirates together twice a year to discuss a variety of topics, including nationality laws and travel documents. A Trucial States Development Fund was also created which helped the leaders plan future developments in infrastructure. Education and Health were a particular focus for investment. Although it was many decades before the formation of the Gulf Co-Operation Council, the countries of the Arabian Gulf assisted each other during this time. Kuwait provided important aid for the UAE, especially in health and education in the northern emirates. By 1959, modern schools existed in several places across the country. As education spread, the people became more aware of events elsewhere in the region. The concept of Arab nationalism, spreading across the Middle East, also helped to stimulate new ideas about the future. In 1952, Fujairah secured recognition as a separate emirate. In the 1950s and 1960s British ‘Political Agents’, similar to today’s Ambassadors, were appointed in Dubai and Abu Dhabi. 1960-1970: The Discovery of Oil The people of the UAE had exploited various resources throughout their history. During the Umm an-Nar period (2500-2000 BCE), the copper of the al-Hajar mountains was sent to Mesopotamia, bringing great wealth to the country. The invention of the falaj in the Iron Age (1300–300 BCE) allowed people to access water buried deep in the ground to grow crops, such as dates. As a result, oases grew in al-Ain and other places. The pearling industry, which started over 7,000 years ago, flourished until the recent past. The country has, therefore, always had resources. When used carefully, they have provided wealth and opportunities for people. Oil is no different. It is only the most recent natural resource to have transformed people’s lives. As early as 1922, people were aware of the possibility that the UAE might contain vast quantities of this precious resource. This was important because a major change was occurring in the world’s economy. The invention of the automobile and other industries meant that oil was in high demand. Foreign companies flocked to the UAE to obtain concession agreements. On 11th January 1939, Sheikh Shakhbut, then ruler of Abu Dhabi, signed a milestone  concession agreement which permitted oil exploration by foreign companies for 75 years. World War II delayed the search for oil, but after the end of the war, it began in earnest. In the 1950s, several wells were dug finding only minor traces of oil and gas. Then, in 1959, commercial quantities of oil were finally found at Umm Shaif, offshore from Abu Dhabi, and then onshore at Bab the next year. A few years later in 1966, oil was found in Dubai’s offshore Fateh field, and production began in 1969. Sharjah followed, with the discovery of the offshore Mubarak field, where exports began in 1974. *****************************************************************************