Macromolecules Worksheet PDF

Elements & Macromolecules in Organisms Most common elements in living things are ​carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen​. These four elements constitute about ​95% of your body weight.​ All compounds can be classified in two broad categories --- ​organic and inorganic compounds​. Organic comp...

Elements & Macromolecules in Organisms Most common elements in living things are ​carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen​. These four elements constitute about ​95% of your body weight.​ All compounds can be classified in two broad categories --- ​organic and inorganic compounds​. Organic compounds are made primarily of ​carbon​. Carbon has ​four outer electrons​ and can form four bonds. Carbon can form ​single​ bonds with another atom and also bond to other carbon molecules forming ​double, triple, or quadruple bonds​. Organic compounds also contain ​hydrogen​. Since hydrogen has only one electron, it can form only ​single bonds​. Each small organic molecule can be a unit of a large organic molecule called a ​macromolecule. ​There are​ four classes of macromolecules​ (polysaccharides or ​carbohydrates​, triglycerides or lipids​, polypeptides or ​proteins​, and ​nucleic acids​ such as DNA & RNA). Carbohydrates and lipids​ are made of only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen ​(CHO​). ​Proteins​ are made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen ​(CHON).​ ​Nucleic acids​ such as DNA and RNA contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus ​(CHON P). Use the drawing of the ​amino acid on this worksheet​ (look ahead to another page for this sketch and remember that the NUMBER OF LINES from a single atom is their NUMBER OF BONDS) to determine the number of bonds formed by: ______ 2 Oxygen _______Hydrogen 1 _______ 3 Nitrogen The body also needs trace amounts of other elements such as calcium, potassium, and sulfur for proper functioning of muscles, nerves, etc. C ​ olor​ each of the ​elements on the next page ​according to the color listed next to the element's symbol. Then ​Color code​ the squirrel ​with the correct proportion of each element's color. Now ​color code​ the carrot with the same colors as you used on the squirrel. 1 Questions: 1. Name the 4 main elements that make up 95% of an organism. The 4 main elements are nitrogen, carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. 2. Name the 4 types of bonds carbon can form. Single, double, triple, or quadruple bonds. 3. What are macromolecules? Large organic molecule. 4. Name the 4 classes of macromolecules. 2 Nucleic acid, protein, lipids, and carbohydrates. 5. Give 2 examples of nucleic acids. DNA and RNA 6. What elements make up carbohydrates & lipids (symbols)? C, H, O 7. Name 3 elements your body needs trace amounts of for proper functioning. Calcium, potassium, and sulfur. The ​four main classes of organic compounds​ (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids) that are essential to the proper functioning of all living things are known as ​polymers or macromolecules​. All of these compounds are built primarily of ​carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen​ but in different ratios. This gives each compound different ​properties. Carbohydrates are used by the body for ​energy​ and ​structural support ​in cell walls of plants and exoskeletons of insects and crustaceans. They are made of smaller subunits called monosaccharides​. Monosaccharides have carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ​1:2:1 ratio​. Monosaccharides or ​simple sugars​ include ​glucose, galactose, and fructose​. Although their chemical formulas are the same, they have ​different structural formulas. ​These simple sugars combine to make ​disaccharides​ (double sugars like sucrose) and polysaccharides​ (long chains like cellulose, chitin, and glycogen). 3 Questions: 8. Macromolecules are also known as _____________. polymers 9. If all the macromolecules are made mainly of the elements ​CHO, how are they different? The ratios of elements are different. 10. Name 2 ways your body uses carbohydrates​. Energy and support in cell walls. 11. What are the subunits called that make up carbohydrates? monosaccharides. 12. What is the ratio of C, H, and O in monosaccharides? 1:2:1 13. Name 3 monosaccharides. Glucose, Fructose, Galactose 14. Monosaccharides are ___________ simple sugars. 15. What are disaccharides & give an example? Disaccharides are when simple sugars combine forming double sugars. Example is sucrose. 16. Long chains of sugars are ______________. Polyaccharides Name three. cellulose, chitin, and glycoge Proteins​ are made of subunits called ​amino acids​ and are used to build cells and do much of the work inside organisms. They also act as enzymes​ helping to control metabolic reactions in organisms. Amino acids contain two ​functional groups​, the ​carboxyl group (-COOH)​ and the ​amino group (-NH​2​). 4  Condensation​ (removal of a water molecule) links amino acids link together to form chains called ​polypeptides​. Polypeptide chains join to form proteins. The bonds holding amino acids to each other are known as ​peptide bonds​. Questions: 17. What subunits make up proteins? Amino Acids 18. Proteins also act as __________ enzymes in cells to control reactions. 19. Name the 2 functional groups in amino acids. Amino and carboxyl group. 20. Amino acids are linked together to make proteins by removing a molecule of ________ water in a process called ____________. condensation 21. Chains of amino acids make _______________ Polypeptides which can join together to make a __________. protien. 22. __________ Peptide bonds form when water is removed to hold _________ amino acids together. Lipids​ are large, ​nonpola​r (won't dissolve in water) molecules. Phospholipids​ make up cell membranes. Lipids also serve as waxy coverings ​(cuticle)​ on plants, ​pigments​ (chlorophyll), and ​steroids​. Lipids have ​more carbon and hydrogen atoms​ than oxygen atoms. Fats are made of a ​glycerol​ (alcohol) and t​ hree fatty acid chains​. This subunit is called a ​triglyceride​. The fatty acid chains may be ​saturated (only single bonds between carbons) or ​unsaturated​ (contain at least one double bond). A ​carboxyl functional group​ (-COOH) is found on the end of the fatty acid that does NOT attach to glycerol. 5 Questions: 23. Lipids are nonpolar. What does this mean? They don't dissolve in water. 24. What ​WILL​ lipids (oils and fats) dissolve in? (Question for thought) Lipids will dissolve in nonpolor solvents. 25. _________________ Phospholipids​ makes up cell membranes. 26. Name a waxy lipid covering plants. cuticle 27. Plant pigments like ______________ chlorophyll are also __________. important in photosynthesis 28. Lipids have more ___________ carbon and _______ hydrogen than they do oxygen atoms. 29. Fats are made of an alcohol called __________ glycerol and three __________ fatty _________ acid chains. This is known as a ____________. triglyceride 30. If there are all SINGLE bonds between _______ carbons in the fatty acid chain, then it is said to be ____________. saturated 31. If there is a DOUBLE bond between _________ carbons in the fatty acid chain, then it is said to be ____________. unsaturated Nucleic acids​ carry the genetic information in a cell. ​DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid​ contains all the instructions for making every protein needed by a living thing. ​RNA​ copies and transfers this genetic information so that proteins can be made. The subunits that make up nucleic acids are called ​nucleotides​. Questions: 6  36. Nucleic acids carry __________ genetic information in a molecule called ____________ DNA or _____________ deoxyribonucleic ___________ acid. 37. DNA has the instructions for making a cell's ____________. protein 38. The nucleic acid _________ RNA copies DNA so _________ proteins can be made. 39. __________ Nucleotides are the subunits making up nucleic acid. 40. The 3 parts of a nucleotide are a 5 carbon ________, sugar a phosphate, and a nitrogen __________. base 41. ________ is a high energy molecule made from a ___________ nucleotide, adenosine with _______ three phosphates. ATP(adenosine triphosphate) 7  Acids and Bases​ The degree of ​acidity​ or ​alkalinity (basic)​ is important in organisms. The body must constantly maintain a near neutral pH (7) in the blood and body tissues. To do this, the body produces ​buffers ​that can ​neutralize​ acids. Acidic and basic conditions in the body occur due to different ​metabolic (chemical) reactions​ taking place throughout the body. 1. What does alkalinity mean? The degree of basic something is. 2. What pH must organisms maintain? A neutral pH level of 7. 3. What characteristic of life would maintaining this balance be? (See textbook) This would be homeostasis. 4. What chemicals does the body produce to keep neutral pH? The body produces buffers to keep the pH neutral. 5. Buffers ____________ neutralize acids in the body. 6. Acidic and basic conditions occur due to metabolic(chemical) _____________ reactions in the body. Water is one of the most important molecules in the body. Cells are made mostly of water and water is required for almost every metabolic reaction in the body. The force of attraction between water molecules is so strong that the oxygen atom of one molecule can actually remove the hydrogen from other water molecules. This reaction is known as d​issociation​, and it takes place in our cells. Water (​H​2​0) dissociates ​into ​H+​​ a​ nd​ OH​-​ ions. ​A charged atom or molecule is called an​ ion. The ​OH​-​ ion is ​called​ ​the​ hydroxide ion, ​while the​ H​+​ ion ​is​ ​called the​ hydrogen ion.​ ​Free H​+​ ions​ can react with another water molecule to form the ​H3​​ O​+ ​or hydronium ion. ​The human body requires a ​neutral pH​ for many reasons. One 1  reason cells like a neutral pH is for proteins. ​Basic or acidic solutions denature proteins (change their shape) so they no longer work. 7. What is dissociation? Qoxygen atom of one molecule removes the hydrogen atom of the water molecules. 8. What is the chemical formula for water? The chemical formula for water is H2O 9. What is an ion? A charged atom or molecule is called an ion(Not neutral charge). 10. Name the 2 ions form when water dissociates. Hydrogen and hydroxide ions. 11. What is the hydroxide ion? Hydroxide ions are associated with bases and have a negative charge. 12. What is a hydrogen ion? Hydrogen ions are associated with acids and have a positive charge. A water molecule combined with a positively charged 13. What is the hydronium ion and its formula? hydrogen ion. ​H​3​O​+ ​ cidity or alkalinity ​is a measure of the relative amount of ​H+​ ​and OH​-​ ions A dissolved in a solution. ​Neutral solutions ​have an equal number of ​H+​ ​and OH​-​ ions. Acids​ have more ​H​3​O​+ ​ions (H+) ​than ​OH​- ​ions. Acids​ taste ​sour​ and can be ​corrosive. Digestive fluids ​in the​ ​body are acidic and must be neutralized by buffers. ​Bases ​contain more ​OH​- ​ions ​than ​H3​​ O​+ ​ions. Bases ​taste​ bitter ​and​ feel slippery. When an acid is combined with a base, ​neutralization​ occurs. The result of neutralization is a ​salt​ and ​water​. Neutralization helps return our body ​pH​ to ​neutral. The process of our bodies maintaining neutral pH so that proteins can work properly without being denaturated (unfolded) is known as ​homeostasis​. 14. How do you measure for acidity or alkalinity? Bases contain more hydroxide ions than hydronium ions(or hydrogen ions) while acids contain more hydronium ions(or hydrogen ions) than hydroxide. 15. What is a neutral solution? They have the same number of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions. 2  16. Acids have more ___________ hydronium ions and taste _____________. sour And can be ________________. corrosive 17. Bases contain more _____________ hydroxide ions than ____________ hydronium ions. 18. ______________ digestive fluids are acid in the body and must be _________________ neutralized by _________________. buffers 19. Bases taste ________________ bitter slippery and feel __________________. 20. What is neutralization? Neutralization helps make a substance neutral rather than acidic or basic. 21. What 2 things are produced by neutralization? Salt and Water 22. Neutralization keeps our pH at ________________ 7(neutral) and is an example of maintaining ______________________. homeostasis Color the following diagrams according to the key. 3 Questions: 1. Why is the water molecule so important to organisms? ______________________________________________________________ The water molecule is so important because almost every cell is made up of water and is required ______________________________________________________________ for a lot of chemical reactions. 2. What ions form when water dissociates? ______________________________________________________________ Hydroxide and hydrogen ions. 3. What is meant by the term alkalinity? ______________________________________________________________ How basic a substance is. 4. What is produced by the body to help neutralize acidic conditions? Buffers 4 ______________________________________________________________ 5. What is the name for the ​OH​- ​ions​? ______________________________________________________________ Hydroxide ions 6. What is the name for the ​H+​​ ion​? _____________________________________________________________ Hydrogen ions 7. How does the hydronium ion form? What is its formula? ______________________________________________________________ Hydronium ions form from water molecules reacting with hydrogen ions. H3O ______________________________________________________________ 8. Why do most proteins need near a neutral pH? ______________________________________________________________ So they can work properly and not get denatured. 9. What two substances form from an acid-base neutralization? ______________________________________________________________ Salt and Water 10. Acids have an excess of ____________ hydrogen ions. 5  Enzymes We've been talking about various biological molecules and that they are needed for reactions in the body (DNA, Protein synthesis, Cellular respiration etc.) and how molecules can change. You should know that it doesn't happen on its own. If you leave a blob of protein in a petri dish will it just break down to the amino acids? No. What will break down proteins? Enzymes! Enzymes are the biological substance (proteins) that act as CATALYSTS and help complex reactions occur everywhere in life. A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction by reducing the amount of energy needed to start that reaction. This is called lowering the activation energy. ACTIVATION ENERGY can be thought of as a hill that must be gotten over. When a catalyst acts, it lowers the energy required to get over the HILL and the reaction can proceed. An enzyme is an organic catalyst meaning that it is a protein that catalyzes reactions in living organisms. Most reactions in the body require enzymes LOCKS AND KEYS A door that is locked needs a key that is just the right shape to fit in that lock. Otherwise you're stuck in the cold. Enzymes work in a similar way. Enzymes complete very specific jobs and do nothing else. They are very specific locks and the compounds they work with are the special keys. Here's the deal... There are four steps in the process of an enzyme working. (1) An enzyme and a SUBSTRATE are in the same area. The substrate is the biological molecule that the enzyme will work on. (2) The enzyme grabs onto the substrate with a special area called the ACTIVE SITE. The active site is a specially shaped area of the enzyme that fits around the substrate. The active site is the keyhole of the lock. (3) A process called CATALYSIS happens. Catalysis is when the substrate is changed. It could be broken down or combined with another molecule to make something new. (4) The enzyme lets go. Big idea - When the enzyme lets go, it returns to normal, ready to do another reaction. The substrate is no longer the same. The substrate is now called the PRODUCT or products ENZYME CONTROLS Enzymes sometimes need to be controlled when done with their function. Other times they are controlled because of poisons. DENATURING occurs when the control changes the enzymes shape (1) TEMPERATURE: Proteins change shape (denature) as temperatures change. Because so much of an enzyme's activity is based on its shape, temperature changes can mess up the process and the enzyme won't work. (2) ACTIVATORS: Sometimes you need an enzyme to work faster and your body creates an activator. Other times you might eat something that acts as an activator. Activators make enzymes work harder and faster. Activators can help the enzyme bind to the substrate (3) pH LEVELS: In the same way that temperature can change the shape of proteins, the pH of the environment does the same thing. The proteins denature if too acid or too basic (4) INHIBITORS: Inhibitors either slow down or stop the activity of an enzyme. An inhibitor can be a COMPETETIVE INHIBITOR and block the active site or it can be an ALLOSTERIC INHIBITOR and bond to another spot causing the shape to change Remember - When the shape changes, the enzyme will not work the same way. A nasty example of an inhibitor is snake venom or cyanide. Mr. Martinez Biology 2013-14 Silva Health Magnet www.meestermartinez.com  Number: _______ Name ___________________________________________________ Period _____ Date ________________ Enzyme Worksheet A catalyst speeds up the reactions in organs, by reducing the amount of energy 1) What is a catalyst? ____________________________________________________________________ required for it to happen, meaning it reduces the activation energy. ____________________________________________________________________________________ An enzyme is a biological catalyst in an organism, that helps chemical reactions 2) What is an enzyme? ___________________________________________________________________ occur in life. ____________________________________________________________________________________ The active site is where the enzyme and substrate bind together 3) What is the active site and what is its job? _________________________________________________ and is shaped for specific substrates ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Substrates are reactants for chemically catalyzed reactions. 4) What is a substrate? __________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ The product is the substrate after working with the Enzyme 5) What is the product? __________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 6) Explain how an Enzyme works using the terms from 1 – 5 ____________________________________ An enzyme acts as a biological catalyst by ____________________________________________________________________________________ speeding up the reaction and uses substrates ____________________________________________________________________________________ by working on them in the active site, and certain substrates can fit into certain enzymes. At the end ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ of the process, the substrate becomes a product rather than a reactant. 7) What is denaturing and what causes it to occur? Denaturing is when an enzyme changes shape and a ____________________________________________ change in temperature or pH level can cause it to ____________________________________________________________________________________ occur ____________________________________________________________________________________ 8) What 4 things can affect the way enzymes work? Explain how each thing affects an enzyme. ________ 4 things that can affect the way enzymes work are activators, causing enzymes to work faster, change in ____________________________________________________________________________________ pH level, as they can denature if it is too acidic or basic, inhibitors, as they can prevent substrates from ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ coming into contact with the enzyme, and change in temperature, changing the shape of an enzyme. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ A lock and a key could be used to described an 9) How can a lock and key be used to describe an enzyme? ______________________________________ enzyme because the enzyme houses a specific ____________________________________________________________________________________ shaped substrate. This would mean that an ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ enzyme is a lock and the substrate is the key. ____________________________________________________________________________________ Enzymes generally bond with only one type 10) Why do enzymes generally only bind to one type of substrate? _________________________________ of substrate because they are the only ____________________________________________________________________________________ substrate that will fit into the active site. ____________________________________________________________________________________ Mr. Martinez Biology 2013-14 Silva Health Magnet www.meestermartinez.com 11) Label the following terms in the following picture c Enzyme___ d Product(s)___ a Substrate___ b Active site___ Graph 1 Graph 2 Graph 3 12) Using graph 1, explain how enzymes work. Include the term activation energy and compare the two Enzymes are biological catalysts meaning that they speed up curves, explaining which is with the enzyme. _______________________________________________ processes in organisms by lowering the activation energy. ____________________________________________________________________________________ In the first curve the activataion energy is higher while the ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ bottom one is shorter. This means the bottom one is with ____________________________________________________________________________________ the enzyme because it has lower activation energy. 13) Using graph 2, explain how temperature affects enzyme activity. Use the word denature._____________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ Temperature affects enzyme activity because when it isn't at optimal temperature there is not much activity occuring within ____________________________________________________________________________________ the enzyme. This is because when the temperature is too cold or hot the enzyme will denature preventing any activity to occur. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 14) Using graph 3, explain how pH affects enzyme activity. Relate to temperature effects.______________ pH level affects enzyme activity because when it isn't at optimal pH levelthere is not much activity occuring within ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ the enzyme. This is because when the pH Level is too acidic or basic the enzyme will denature preventing any activity to ____________________________________________________________________________________ occur. ____________________________________________________________________________________ Mr. Martinez Biology 2013-14 Silva Health Magnet www.meestermartinez.com  Chemistry PowerPoint Notes​ 1. What makes up everything in the universe? Matter makes up everything in the universe *Note made by me 2. Name 2 properties of all matter. Matter - Anything that occupies space or has mass. The 2 properties of all matter is mass and weight 3. Define mass. Quantity of matter an object has. 4. How does weight differ from mass? Weight is the pull of gravity on an object and mass is the amount of matter an object has. 5. What are elements? Elements are pure substances that can't be broken down chemically into smaller matter. 6. Name the 4 elements that make up most of a living thing. The 4 elements that make up most of a living things are oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen. 7. What is used to represent an element? An element is represented by an unique chemical symbol, that consists of 1-2 letters and the first letter is always capitalized. 8. Name the smallest part of an element. *Note by me The smallest part of an element is an atom. Properties of atoms - Determine the structure and properties of the matter they 9. What are the 2 main regions of an atom? compose. The 2 main regions of an atom are the nucleus and the electron cloud. 10. Where is the nucleus of an atom found and what does it contain? The nucleus of an atom is found at the center and it contains protons(positive charge) and neutrons(no charge). 11. What is the charge on a proton? A neutron? Protons have a positive charge and a neutron has a neutral charge. 12. All atoms of the same element have the ________ same number of protons. 13. The number of protons in an atom determines the *Note by me _________________________. Atomic Number Atomic mass is a decimal because it finds the average of all isotopes, 14. What is the charge on an electron? since there are different isotopes of Electrons have a negative charge. atoms. 15. If you know the number of protons in an atom, how can you determine the number of electrons? The number of protons and electrons are the same so you can determine the amount of electrons by only knowing the amount of protons. 16. Do all the atoms of the same element have the same number of neutrons? They could have the same amount of neutrons, but don't have to, but if they don't have the same amount of neutrons as their element is supposed to it will be an isotope. 17. Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons are called ___________. isotope. 18. The mass of an atom is centered in the nucleus. ___________. 19. The number of protons PLUS neutrons in an atom determines its ___________________. atomic mass. 20. What atomic particle has a negative charge? An electron has a negative charge. 21. Why isn’t the mass of an electron used to determine the atomic mass of an element? Electrons aren't used to determine atomic mass because they have no mass. 22. Where are electrons found? Electrons are found outside the nucleus. 23. Which electrons in an atom have the most energy? Electrons in the outer energy levels have more energy than in the inner levels. 24. How many energy levels are there & name them? There are seven energy levels. They are K(closest to nucleus), L, M, N, O, P, and Q. 25. How many electrons will each energy level hold? K can hold 2 electrons and L-Q can only hold 8 electrons. 26. Elements are arranged on a __________________ Periodic Table by their atomic _____________. Number 27. What are Periods & what do they tell you about elements? The periods are horizontal rows on the periodic table and tell us the number of energy levels. 28.What are Families & what do they tell you about elements? The families & are the vertical groups and tell us the outermost number of electrons. 29. Two or more elements combined together make a _____________. compound 30. Chemical ______________ formula represent compounds. 31. _____________ Molecules are the smallest part of a compound. 32. ______________ Subscripts in chemical formulas tell the number of atoms of each element. 33. _____________ Coefficients in a formula tell the number of molecules. 34. Compounds have ____________ different properties than its elements. 35. The outermost _______________ number of electrons in elements determine if they will combine. 36. Elements with ___________ filled outer energy levels are stable & won’t react. 37. Why do elements tend to react with other elements? Elements tend to react with other elements to become more stable.(Chemical reactions) 38. Chemical _____________ equations represent chemical reactions. 39. ______________ products appear on the right of the equation, while ___________ reactants are on the left. 40. Chemical bonds store ____________. energy 41. How do covalent bonds form? Covalent bonds form when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons. 42. How do ions form? Ions are formed when atoms lose or gain electrons. When atoms gain electrons they are negative ions but when they lose them they are positive ions. 43. Positive ions _________ lose electrons, while negative ions ___________ gain electrons. 44. Define energy. The ability to do work or cause change. 43. Give some examples of different forms of energy. Chemical, thermal, electrical, mechanical, and sound energy. 44. Atoms are in constant ________________, motion which determines the atom’s ____________. state 45. List the 3 main states of matter. Solid, Liquid, and gas  46. _______________ Thermal energy must be added or removed to change the state of matter. 47. In reactions the amount of product must ____________ be the same to the amount of reactants. *note by me 48. Most of an organism’s energy comes from _____________ sugar in foods. Reduction reaction - reactant gains 49. _______________ chemical reactions release energy. electrons becoming more 50. Give an example of an exergonic reaction in cells. Cellular respiration negative. 51. _________________ Endergonic reactions store energy. 52. Give an example of an endergonic reaction in cells. *Note by me Photosynthesis is an example of endergonic reactions. Oxidation reaction is when reactant *note by me loses electrons becoming more Catalysts in positive 53. Most reactions in cells are _________________. endergonic organisms are biological 54. _________________ activation energy is the energy needed to start a reaction. catalysts 55. Catalysts _____________ reduce the amount of activation energy needed. 56. Catalysts in organisms are called ______________ enzymes and are usually ______________. made up of proteins 57. Enzymes act on ____________ substrates which join at the _______________ active site. *Note by me 58. Can enzymes be reused? substrates are reactants in enzyme catalyzed Enzymes are reusable. reactions. 59. Define a solution. A solution is a mixture in which 2 or more substances are uniformly distributed in another substance. 60. The _____________ solute is dissolved in the ____________ solvent in a solution. 61. _______________ Water is the universal solvent. 62. A solution becomes _____________ saturated when no more solute will dissolve. 63. ______________ Aqueous solutions have water as the solvent & are important to ______________. to living things 64. What is the dissociation of water? Breaking apart of the water molecule into two ions of opposite charge(due to strong attraction of oxygen atom of one molecule for Hydrogen atom of another water molecule). *Note by me 65. Write the equation for this. concentration is the H2O 🡪 H+ (hydrogen ion) + OH- (hydroxide ion) measurement of the H+ + H2O 🡪 H3O (hydronium ion) amount of solute 66. OH is the ______________ hydroxide ion, while H+ is the ______________ hydrogen ion. Note by me 67. Acids produce _____________ hydronium ions, while bases have an excess of one of the important ________ hydroxide ions. aspects of a living system is the degree 68. The pH _______ scale measures the concentration of H+ ions and goes of acidity or alkalinity from ____________. 0-14 69. From 0 to 7 are ___________, acids a pH of 7 is __________, neutral & above 7 to 14 are _________. basic Buffers 70. _____________ are used in the body to control pH and keep it near a pH of ______ 7 or neutral. *Note by me Buffers also neutralize small amounts of acids or bases in a solution.