Macromolecules Worksheet PDF

Elements & Macromolecules in Organisms Most common elements in living things are ​carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen​. These four elements constitute about ​95% of your body weight.​ All compounds can be classified in two broad categories --- ​organic and inorganic compounds​. Organic comp...

Elements & Macromolecules in Organisms Most common elements in living things are ​carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen​. These four elements constitute about ​95% of your body weight.​ All compounds can be classified in two broad categories --- ​organic and inorganic compounds​. Organic compounds are made primarily of ​carbon​. Carbon has ​four outer electrons​ and can form four bonds. Carbon can form ​single​ bonds with another atom and also bond to other carbon molecules forming ​double, triple, or quadruple bonds​. Organic compounds also contain ​hydrogen​. Since hydrogen has only one electron, it can form only ​single bonds​. Each small organic molecule can be a unit of a large organic molecule called a ​macromolecule. ​There are​ four classes of macromolecules​ (polysaccharides or ​carbohydrates​, triglycerides or lipids​, polypeptides or ​proteins​, and ​nucleic acids​ such as DNA & RNA). Carbohydrates and lipids​ are made of only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen ​(CHO​). ​Proteins​ are made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen ​(CHON).​ ​Nucleic acids​ such as DNA and RNA contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus ​(CHON P). Use the drawing of the ​amino acid on this worksheet​ (look ahead to another page for this sketch and remember that the NUMBER OF LINES from a single atom is their NUMBER OF BONDS) to determine the number of bonds formed by: ______ 2 Oxygen _______Hydrogen 1 _______ 3 Nitrogen The body also needs trace amounts of other elements such as calcium, potassium, and sulfur for proper functioning of muscles, nerves, etc. C ​ olor​ each of the ​elements on the next page ​according to the color listed next to the element's symbol. Then ​Color code​ the squirrel ​with the correct proportion of each element's color. Now ​color code​ the carrot with the same colors as you used on the squirrel. 1 Questions: 1. Name the 4 main elements that make up 95% of an organism. The 4 main elements are nitrogen, carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. 2. Name the 4 types of bonds carbon can form. Single, double, triple, or quadruple bonds. 3. What are macromolecules? Large organic molecule. 4. Name the 4 classes of macromolecules. 2 Nucleic acid, protein, lipids, and carbohydrates. 5. Give 2 examples of nucleic acids. DNA and RNA 6. What elements make up carbohydrates & lipids (symbols)? C, H, O 7. Name 3 elements your body needs trace amounts of for proper functioning. Calcium, potassium, and sulfur. The ​four main classes of organic compounds​ (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids) that are essential to the proper functioning of all living things are known as ​polymers or macromolecules​. All of these compounds are built primarily of ​carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen​ but in different ratios. This gives each compound different ​properties. Carbohydrates are used by the body for ​energy​ and ​structural support ​in cell walls of plants and exoskeletons of insects and crustaceans. They are made of smaller subunits called monosaccharides​. Monosaccharides have carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ​1:2:1 ratio​. Monosaccharides or ​simple sugars​ include ​glucose, galactose, and fructose​. Although their chemical formulas are the same, they have ​different structural formulas. ​These simple sugars combine to make ​disaccharides​ (double sugars like sucrose) and polysaccharides​ (long chains like cellulose, chitin, and glycogen). 3 Questions: 8. Macromolecules are also known as _____________. polymers 9. If all the macromolecules are made mainly of the elements ​CHO, how are they different? The ratios of elements are different. 10. Name 2 ways your body uses carbohydrates​. Energy and support in cell walls. 11. What are the subunits called that make up carbohydrates? monosaccharides. 12. What is the ratio of C, H, and O in monosaccharides? 1:2:1 13. Name 3 monosaccharides. Glucose, Fructose, Galactose 14. Monosaccharides are ___________ simple sugars. 15. What are disaccharides & give an example? Disaccharides are when simple sugars combine forming double sugars. Example is sucrose. 16. Long chains of sugars are ______________. Polyaccharides Name three. cellulose, chitin, and glycoge Proteins​ are made of subunits called ​amino acids​ and are used to build cells and do much of the work inside organisms. They also act as enzymes​ helping to control metabolic reactions in organisms. Amino acids contain two ​functional groups​, the ​carboxyl group (-COOH)​ and the ​amino group (-NH​2​). 4  Condensation​ (removal of a water molecule) links amino acids link together to form chains called ​polypeptides​. Polypeptide chains join to form proteins. The bonds holding amino acids to each other are known as ​peptide bonds​. Questions: 17. What subunits make up proteins? Amino Acids 18. Proteins also act as __________ enzymes in cells to control reactions. 19. Name the 2 functional groups in amino acids. Amino and carboxyl group. 20. Amino acids are linked together to make proteins by removing a molecule of ________ water in a process called ____________. condensation 21. Chains of amino acids make _______________ Polypeptides which can join together to make a __________. protien. 22. __________ Peptide bonds form when water is removed to hold _________ amino acids together. Lipids​ are large, ​nonpola​r (won't dissolve in water) molecules. Phospholipids​ make up cell membranes. Lipids also serve as waxy coverings ​(cuticle)​ on plants, ​pigments​ (chlorophyll), and ​steroids​. Lipids have ​more carbon and hydrogen atoms​ than oxygen atoms. Fats are made of a ​glycerol​ (alcohol) and t​ hree fatty acid chains​. This subunit is called a ​triglyceride​. The fatty acid chains may be ​saturated (only single bonds between carbons) or ​unsaturated​ (contain at least one double bond). A ​carboxyl functional group​ (-COOH) is found on the end of the fatty acid that does NOT attach to glycerol. 5 Questions: 23. Lipids are nonpolar. What does this mean? They don't dissolve in water. 24. What ​WILL​ lipids (oils and fats) dissolve in? (Question for thought) Lipids will dissolve in nonpolor solvents. 25. _________________ Phospholipids​ makes up cell membranes. 26. Name a waxy lipid covering plants. cuticle 27. Plant pigments like ______________ chlorophyll are also __________. important in photosynthesis 28. Lipids have more ___________ carbon and _______ hydrogen than they do oxygen atoms. 29. Fats are made of an alcohol called __________ glycerol and three __________ fatty _________ acid chains. This is known as a ____________. triglyceride 30. If there are all SINGLE bonds between _______ carbons in the fatty acid chain, then it is said to be ____________. saturated 31. If there is a DOUBLE bond between _________ carbons in the fatty acid chain, then it is said to be ____________. unsaturated Nucleic acids​ carry the genetic information in a cell. ​DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid​ contains all the instructions for making every protein needed by a living thing. ​RNA​ copies and transfers this genetic information so that proteins can be made. The subunits that make up nucleic acids are called ​nucleotides​. Questions: 6  36. Nucleic acids carry __________ genetic information in a molecule called ____________ DNA or _____________ deoxyribonucleic ___________ acid. 37. DNA has the instructions for making a cell's ____________. protein 38. The nucleic acid _________ RNA copies DNA so _________ proteins can be made. 39. __________ Nucleotides are the subunits making up nucleic acid. 40. The 3 parts of a nucleotide are a 5 carbon ________, sugar a phosphate, and a nitrogen __________. base 41. ________ is a high energy molecule made from a ___________ nucleotide, adenosine with _______ three phosphates. ATP(adenosine triphosphate) 7