Territorial Expansion and Sectional Crisis 1844-1861 PDF

Jons Supnet, Inderpal Singh, Sergio Sanchez, Zeyd Ali November 22th, 2024 Territorial Expansion and Sectionalism Conflict 1834-1861 Nat Turner Rebellion Causes and Independence Texas Annexation Conflict (1831)...

Jons Supnet, Inderpal Singh, Sergio Sanchez, Zeyd Ali November 22th, 2024 Territorial Expansion and Sectionalism Conflict 1834-1861 Nat Turner Rebellion Causes and Independence Texas Annexation Conflict (1831) of Texas (1834) (1834-1845) - Influential slave rebellion - Mexico outlawed slavery - Annexation first denied by Jackson - Rebelled against unsafe working - Required all immigrants to convert to due to balance of slave & free states. conditions Catholicism - Threat of costly war with Mexico, did - Deaths of around 60 white individuals - Settlers refused not want to Annexation Texas due to - Lead to retaliatory measures by slave - New Government became more fierce fear that Mexico might be hostile to the owners - Sam Houston declared Texas United States - Southerners scared of slave rebellions independent - John Taylor, next president attempted - More than 100 African Americans - General Santa Anna captured, surprise to annex Texas, due to British influence executed attack - Failed to annex, Congress did not - Inspiration for abolitionists - Mexican Leader forced to sign treaty pass. - Congress (Mexican) refused to honor it - Causes of Mexican- Treaty of Guadalupe Wilmot Proviso American War (1844- Hidalgo (1848) - Pennsylvania Congressman David 1845) - Treaty AFTER the Mexican- American Wilmot proposed a bill that would forbid slavery in all new territories -- The U.S annexation of Texas caused War acquired in Mexico. diplomatic trouble - Mexico's army was a disaster - Shot down in Senate, passed - President Polk ordered General Zachary to - After the fall of Mexico City, forced to House of Reps two times. agree with US Terms - Prelude to Civil War, perchance? move his army toward the Rio Grande which - Mexico recognized the Rio Grande as Mexico owned after the Mexican the Southern Border of Texas Government denied their offer - United States took possession of - Mexican army kills 11 American soldiers on California and New Mexico, paid $15 Rio Grande millys - - Responsible for any claims of American Citizens against Mexico - Treaty ratified Manifest Destiny Gadsden Purchase (1853) Panic of 1857 - Southerns dissatisfied with territorial - Economic boom ended in 1857 gains from Mexico - Prices dropped, including Midwestern - President Pierce succeeded in adding a - MORE territory, the yearn for more of Farmers bit of land to the American Southwest that sweet sweet land - Prices dropped really fast for a Railroad - Unemployment increased in the North - Looking at land from Latin America where plantations worked by slaves were - Mexico agreed to sell thousands of - Cotton prices remained high economically feasible. acres of semidesert land to the U.S for - South less affected - President Polk offered to buy Cuba for $10 million - Southerners thought that they were the $100 million dollars (???) - this land forms the southern sections of G, thought that their economy was more - Refused to sell, last remeance of present day New Mexico and Arizona superior. Spain's once glorious empire - Southerns took it up on there hands to forcefully take land in Cuba - Died lol - Ostend Manifesto, President Pierce adopted Pro-Southern policies - Secretly negotiated to buy Cuba from Spain - Leaked to the Press - Congress got mad - Pierce dropped the Ostend Manifesto Free-Soil Movement Popular Sovereignty in Election of 1848  - Northern Dems and Whigs supported the New Territories Wilmot Proviso - Democrats nominated Senator - All African Americans, free and enslaved - Democratic senator, Lewis Cass , Cass and adopted a platform excluded from Mexican cession. proposed a compromise solution pledged to Popular Sovereignty - Abolitionists Advocated for eliminated - Whigs nominated General Zachary - Instead of congress determining if slavery everywhere, like in the North, and Taylor who has never been involved slavery should be allowed in New many Northerners opposed Westward with politics Expansion of slavery, however, did not do western territory, the people who settled their should be able to vote - Free-Soil party nominated former it in the South. for it President Martin Van Buren - Sought to keep the West a land of territory for the whites only, so white - this approach is known as squatter - the latter group were known as majority won't have to compete with labor sovereignty or Popular sovereignty "barnburners " due to their defection of slaves or free blacks threatening to destroy Democratic - Northerners who opposed allowing Party slavery in these territories organized the - General Zahchary defeated Cass Free-Soil Party because of the vote from the Free- - "free soil, free labor, free men" soil party - Advocated for free homesteads - also for Internal Improvements Compromise of 1850 Fugitive Slave Law Abolitionist Movement - Gold Rush of 1849 got an influx of 100,000 settlers in California - Purpose of this law is to capture slaves that had - Abolition of Slavery escaped to a Northern state, capture them, and to - Other countries have already adopted anti- - 1849, California adopted a Constitution that slave laws banned slavery. return them back. - The argument of Free & Slave States, to create an equal balance it - Even though that President Taylor was a southern - Law placed fugitive slave class under the - South relied on slaves, whereas the North relied on factory workers slaveholder, he still supported the admission of supervision of the Federal government. - Abolitionists believed that slavery is evil, and - Captured person who claim to be free were wanted to get rid of it from the United States both California and New Mexico as free states - However, many laws are pro-slavery, such as - Taylor's plan got the radicals talking, talked about DENIED a right of trial by jury the Fugitive Slave law secession - Citizens who attempted to hide a runway subject o - Henry Clay proposed to admit California as Free heavy penalties State, Divide remainder of Mexican cession into two territories, Utah and New Mexico, allow the settlers to figure out the Slavery issue. - Ban Slave Trade in District of Columbia - Adopt a new Fugitive Slave Law and enforce it. - Passage of this Compromise brought time for California - California was added as Free, North's power increased Underground Railroad Impact of Uncle Tom’s Election of 1852 Cabin - signs of trouble for the Whig party - fabled network of "conductors " and - Whigs nominated another military "stations" that was a loose network of - About an enslaved man hero, General Winfield Scott named Tom, and his brutal - Scott discovered sectional issues Northern free Africans and ex-slaves with slave owner, Simon Legree some help from a few white abolitionists - Harriet Beecher Stowe cannot be held in check showed the uncruel truths - Whig party was on the verge of - most famous conductor is an escaped about slavery slave woman, Harriet Tubman - Many Northerners and even splitting apart due to antislavery and Europeans were shocked, and Southern factories falling into - Harriet Tubman helped 300 slaves viewed slavery as evil escape by making at least 19 trips into - Southerners were mad, arguments the South calling them "untruths" - Democrats nominated a safe - When President Lincoln met compromise candidate, Franklin - Abolitionists and free blacks helped the author, he considered that organize vigilance committees to protect Uncle Tom's Cabin started a Pierce "great war", referring to the - Pierce and Democrats won the fugitive slaves from slave catchers Civil War. electoral college so quick that the Whig Party's days were almost over Kansas-Nebraska Act “Bleeding Kansas” Know-Nothing Party (1854)  - Stephen Douglas expected the issue of slavery to be settled - Democrats in control of peacefully -A mid -1850's growing ethnic national policy - Slaveholders from Missouri started - Senator A. Douglas to set up homesteads in Kansas, tension in the North between native- proposed a plan to build a with the mission to get some land for born protestant Americans and railroad, and the promotion the South of western settlement immigrant Germans and Irish - Northern Abolitionists established - Senator Douglas wanted to the New England Emigrant Aid Catholics get Southern approval for Company this plan to build such a - led to the formation of the - Transportation for antislavery massive railroad settlers to be settled into Kansas American party (Know-Nothing - He introduced a bill to Party) divide Nebraska Territory - Fighting broke out into two parts - Proslavery Missourians crossed - Know-nothings drew support away the border to create a proslavery - Kansas and Nebraska legislature from the Whigs as they were being - Allowed settlers to - Antislavery settlers refused to split through the 1852 election determine of slavery was recognize this new government allowed or not -Know-nothings lost influence quickly - Territories located north of - Created there own legislature as sectional issues became the 36'30 line - Proslavery forces attacked them - Gave settlers opportunity to paramount again - actually expand slavery, -Know-nothings did help weaken the which has been forbidden by Whigs and won a couple of local and the Missouri Compromise - And so, actually repealed states elections the Missouri Compromise, and expanded slavery Republican Party Election of 1856 Lecompton Constitution - Literally created after the -Republicans show their test of strength (1857) passing of the Kansas- for the first time the 1856 presidential Nebraska Act election - Composed of a collation of Basically when Buchanan was Free-Soldiers - Nominee for president was a senator - antislavery Whigs and Democrats from California, John C. Fremont known as struggling to reject or accept a - First platform called the the "Path Finder" repealing of Kansas-Nebraska - Republican Platform called for no proslavery constitution for Act, and Fugitive Slave Law - Founded March 20th, 1854 expansion of slavery, free homesteads, Kansas. Buchanan took this to and a probusiness protective tariff - Know-nothings competed with their Congress where they rejected Candidate, President Millard Fillmore him because of many - Democrats nominated James Buchanan -Democrats did win but Republicans made democratics joining a strong showing for a sectional party republicans to reject the -foreshadowed the powerful emerging political party that'll win all four Constitution. presidential elections between 1860-1932 Dred Scott v. Sanford Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1857) -Focus of the nation was on Stephen Douglas's campaign for reelection as - Sectionalist Crisis - Supreme Court added fuel to the a senator from Ilinois fire, when concluded a proslavery - Lincoln acted as a moderate against case, and opinion went towards the expansion of slavery proslavery - Dred Scott argued that his - Abraham Lincoln was the one challenging residence on free soil made him a him for the Senate seat free citizen - Lincoln was not an abolitionist, yet as a - Sued for his freedom moderate, he was against slavery and spoke of slavery s a moral issue  - Case reached the Supreme -Douglas won his campaign for reelection Court - Chief Justice Roger Taney, a southern Democrat ruled that: - Dred Scott had no right to sue the federal court, because the Farmers of the Constitution did not intend African Americans to be U.S Citizens - Congress did no have the power to deprive any person of property, without due process of law (going through the courts) - Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional John Brown’s Raid at Election of 1860 Secession of the South Harpers Ferry (1859) - the election of Lincoln was enough After the raiding of John Brown, - John Brown led a small rebellion, for Southern leaders to advocate for succession a slave uprising in Virginia. more Americans basically - Led a small band of followers, including his four sons, and some understood the country was on the former slaves - December 1860 would be the days a - His plan was to use guns from an arsenal to arm Virginia's Slaves edge of life or death. In the 1860s, convention in South Carolina was held that - Expected to rise up in a general revolt the Democratic Party basically split would decide if slaves states would - Robert E. Lee captured Brown in a two-day seige and held their convention in succeed. - Brown and his six followers were tried in trial for treason, and were Charleston. Another one in - Throughout the next 2 weeks, decisions to hanged - Moderates in the North, including Baltimore as well. When Douglas succeed were made; and by February of Republican leaders condemned Brown's use of violence campaigned across the country - Southerns did not believe the 1821, the Confederacy was created. Republicans, believe that the Lincoln won 59% of electoral votes North's plan was that slaves will - This new nation was similar to the revolt to destroy the south but only 39.8% of the popular vote - His words during the trial was American government, though with new used as a chant by the Northerns made him a minority president. in the Civil War laws about slavery. - Jefferson Davis was elected president