ITP Lessons PDF

**Topic 1: Neurotransmitters and Its Elements** - **Components of Neurons** - **Cell Body** - **Cell body or the so-called SOMA contains Nucleus and Dendrites** - **Nucleus:** - **it is located in the very center of the SOMA** - **Dendrites:** - **is a bran...

**Topic 1: Neurotransmitters and Its Elements** - **Components of Neurons** - **Cell Body** - **Cell body or the so-called SOMA contains Nucleus and Dendrites** - **Nucleus:** - **it is located in the very center of the SOMA** - **Dendrites:** - **is a branch like figure attached from the SOMA** - **Responsible for receiving information to another neuron** - **Axon** - **Branching out from the Cell body all the way to terminal axon** - **Myelin Sheath** - **Layer that cover the nerves** - **Schwann Cell** - **Responsible in forming myelin sheath** - **It is not continuous and it keeps peripheral nerve fibers alive** - **Nodes of Ranvier** - **Spaces between myelin sheath** - **Terminal Axon** - **Nerve endings that transmit information to another neuron** **Topic 2: Transmission of Signal** Dendrites and terminal axon are part of the structures of the Neurons that receives and transmit information or signals. however, though billions of neurons found in the human body, there is no way that they are touching each other, there is a GAP between neurons to neurons and this gap is called SYNAPSE and the information or signals that is traveling the length of cell is carried by the Neurotransmitters. - - Screenshot (50) - **Action Potential occurs when a signal from other neuron travels down to the axon. When information was received by dendrites, it will pass through to the soma or cell body, going to the axon.** - **Resting Potential occurs when the information carried by the neurotransmitter is stuck inside the neuron because it has nowhere to go.** **Topic 3: Organization of the Nervous System** [2 division of the nervous system in Human] **- Central Nervous System (CNS)** has two parts, the Brain and the Spinal Cord **- Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)** is made of Neurons responsible for conveying message to the brain. Neurons found in PNS: Sensory Neuron, Motor Neuron and the Interneurons. **Central Nervous System (CNS).** Brain receives information from sensory neuron coming from the spinal cord and also information coming from its own nerve such as Olfactory and the optic nerve. While the Spinal Cord receive information primarily in the peripheral Nervous System. Spinal Cord composed of Five Divisions or parts: The Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, and Coccygeal. **Peripheral Nervous System (PNS). Another division of Nervous System is called Peripheral Nervous System (PNS), The fundamental task of PNS is the convey the message from the environment to CNS by connecting the nerves to different organs of the body and other part such as limbs and skin.** **Two Parts of Peripheral Nervous System** - **Somatic Nervous System** is a part of PNS, its main obligation is to transmit sensory and Motor information to CNS and Vice Versa. - - - **Autonomic Nervous System** is a component of Peripheral Nervous system that is responsible to all involuntary aspect of the body such as blood flow, respiratory rate, even the breathing of a person. The Autonomic Nervous system works without us knowing. Sympathetic and the Parasympathetic are two areas under Autonomic Nervous System - The **Sympathetic Nervous System** helps us to recognized and act in a situation that is stressful or threatening. "**FLIGHT or FIGHT Mode"** when this mode is activated due to threatening situation, the switch on button of our Sympathetic System and will produce bodily reaction such as. - - - - - - - - The **Parasympathetic Nervous System** on the other hand calms us down and bring back to normal when stressful or Threatening Situation have gone or over, thus triggered the Parasympathetic System and our body will have bodily reaction such as - - - - - - - **Topic 4: Endocrine System** - Endocrine system is one of the Human organs that is necessary in transmitting information to through our blood stream. Endocrine Gland secrete HORMONES, this hormone travelled to our blood stream going to particular organs or glands - Endocrine System are made up different types of glands, Pituitary gland, Thyroid and Parathyroid Gland, our pancreas and even our Ovaries and Testicles. **Pituitary Gland** this is the gland that controls the functions of other called as the master gland. this tiny little oval-shaped gland can be found under the brain and it connected to Hypothalamus. **Parts of Pituitary Gland** - **Anterior Lobe** is consisting of numerous kinds of cells that secrete different kinds of Hormones such as **Growth hormone** that responsible is physical development, another is **endorphin** a kind of hormones that helps to ease bodily pain. It also produces Cortisol, which a stress related hormone and many others - **Posterior Lobe** also secrete hormones however, it stayed in hypothalamus for a while until in such time. The most common hormone in this Lobe is the **Oxytocin** or love hormone **The Brain is the most complicated and biggest organ in the human Body and it is the so-called command or control center of the Nervous System. Specialized areas of the brain work together.** **Topic 5: Parts of the Brain** 1. **Left Hemisphere** **- Analytical, logical, detail- and fact-oriented, numerical, likely to think in words** **Right Hemisphere** **- Creative, free-thinking, able to see the big picture, intuitive, likely to visualize more than think in words** **The Left and The Right Hemisphere is connected by a group of fibers called CORPUS CALLUSOM** **The brain also has 4 Lobes with own functions** - - - - - 2. 3. **Topic 6: Sensation and Perception** - We are dependent on the importance of our senses to have a clear understanding on our surrounding. Our senses provide us information that could give us the sense of peace, but also warns us about dangers. So, all these aspects are in the realm of sensation and perception domain. **What is Sensation and Perception?** - **Sensation** is recognizing stimuli through our sense of smell, touch, taste, hear and see. - **Perception** is interpreting the information carried by our sensation. the Information from our senses are raw and meaningless until interpretation of that information become concrete for possible action. \- The Sensation which is carried out by the Sensory neuron is transmitted to spinal cord and the brain, while the brain will organize that information and send it back by the motor neuron for potential physical action. **Absolute Threshold** \- The minimum requirements of sensory input from the environment before sensory receptors pick it up and transmit it to the brain which said to be 50% of environmental sensory input. To understand it better the absolute threshold or the 50% of the sensory input is like your personal limitation in terms of sense. **For example:** if you are familiar to the eye test, when you visited the eye clinic, the optometrist will instruct you to look and read the letters on the board. There are different letters and numbers with different size. So, when you read all, your vision is 20/20. **Subliminal Message** \- The premise in absolute threshold is to have at least 50% of sensory input to produce sensation. But there is situation wherein, we sense something but we are not aware about it because it is below the threshold. **Topic 7: Consciousness** Consciousness defines individual's awareness to both internal and external stimuli. Individual become aware in response to internal stimuli such as hunger, physical pain, thirst, emotions and or thoughts. Furthermore, the most common source of External Stimuli is the outside world or the Environment such the feeling breeze of the wind, feeling the heat of the sun, hearing your classmate's conversation during class, or the comfort of your own bed. **Dual Processing** The Premise that the relevant data is analyzed at the very same time on a completely separate track which is conscious and unconscious **For example:** when you are walking at the park, and you noticed that there is an unattended cellphone (conscious) but at the same time unconsciously, you already identify what color is that cellphone, the size and the distant away from you and even in some cases associating it to same experiences. **Selective attention** Concentrating our awareness to a specific or single stimulus or to numbers of or cluster of stimuli. Selective attention is one of the capacities of our brain to focus on despite of Millions of information traveling to our nervous system **For example:** when you enter the classroom your eyes and mind will focus on a particular person (your Crush) never mind the other person (other stimuli) Or when you are talking to someone else and suddenly you hear your name from somewhere else and your attention become focus on that particular moment **Selective Inattention** Is a failure to recognized and perceived particular stimulus. Most commonly when the stimulus may cause anxiety, distress or simply unimportant. However, when you are to focus on Selective attention, you forget to recognized stimulus which is important but you didn't care **For example:** you are too focus on your cellphone because finally, your classmate whom you have a crush on texted you, but away from your awareness that there was an open hole few steps ahead of you and you fell. **Change Blindness** It's a Psychological Mechanism wherein transitions in the environment were not observed.